Daily English with Isaac 🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧

6 Minute English (2013-2019)

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Normal sentences transformed into impersonal passives.

1. The scientists believe that this discovery could change medicine.

• Impersonal passive: It is believed that this discovery could change medicine.

2. Experts claim that the economy will recover soon.

• Impersonal passive: It is claimed that the economy will recover soon.

3. The teacher said that students should submit their assignments early.

• Impersonal passive: It is said that students should submit their assignments early.

4. Analysts expect that interest rates will rise next year.

• Impersonal passive: It is expected that interest rates will rise next year.

5. The authorities understand that there are many challenges ahead.

• Impersonal passive: It is understood that there are many challenges ahead.

https://englishwithisaac.ghost.io/advanced-passives-review/

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https://englishwithisaac.ghost.io/causatives-have-and-get/

Causatives: Have and Get

We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or
for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it
themselves: maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. For example, we
can say:

• I cleaned my house. (This means I cleaned it myself.)
If I paid someone to clean it, of course I can say:
• A cleaner cleaned my house.
But, another way is to use a causative construction. So I can also say:
• I had my house cleaned.

In a sense, using a causative verb is similar to using a passive. The important thing is that the house is
now clean. We don't focus on who did the cleaning.

Have something done (have + object + past participle)

We usually use 'have something done' when we are talking about paying someone to do something for
us. It's often used for services. The form is 'subject + have + object + past participle'.
• I had my car washed.
• John will have his house painted.

Get something done (get + object + past participle)

We can also use 'subject + get + object + past participle'. This has the same meaning as 'have', but
is less formal.

• The students get their essays checked.
• I'll get my hair cut next week.
• He got his washing machine fixed.

Have someone do something (have + person + infinitive)
We can also use the construction 'subject + have + person + infinitive'. This has a very similar
meaning to 'have something done', which we've already talked about, but this time we say who did the
thing – we talk about the person who we asked to do the thing for us.

• I had the electrician look at my broken light.
• The doctor will have the nurse call the patients.
• The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard.

Get someone to do something (get + person + to + infinitive)

Finally, we can also use the construction 'get + someone + to + infinitive'. Again, this means that
you cause the other person to do the action, maybe by paying them to do it, or by asking them to do
it, or by persuading them to do it.

• She gets her son to do his homework by promising him ice cream when he's finished.
• I got the cleaner to clean under the cupboards.
Sometimes, this construction has the feeling that we needed to convince someone to do
something, while the other constructions on this page are neutral.

Improve Your Public Speaking Skills in English:

Follow these tips:

- Prepare Thoroughly: Research your topic in advance and familiarize yourself with relevant vocabulary and expressions in English.

- Practice Regularly: Stand in front of a mirror, record your practice sessions, or present to a small group of friends or peers who can provide constructive feedback.

- Focus on Your Message: Make sure your main points are clear. Use simple language to convey your ideas effectively, especially if English is not your first language.

- Use Confident Body Language: Maintain an open posture and make eye contact with your audience, which will help reinforce your message and build rapport.

- Speak Slowly and Clearly: Take your time when speaking to ensure your words are understood. This is especially important when using a second language.

- Engage Your Audience: Incorporate storytelling and ask questions to create a connection with your listeners. This helps keep their attention and makes your message more relatable.

Remember: Public speaking is a skill that requires practice and dedication to develop, especially when speaking in a language that is not your native tongue. Start with smaller groups and gradually build your confidence to become an effective public speaker in English.

Happy New Year, everyone! Wishing you all a fantastic 2025 filled with joy, growth, and success. Let’s make this year our best yet in learning and achieving our goals together!🌟🌟⚡️⚡️⚡️

🎄✨ Merry Christmas, everyone! ✨🎄

As we celebrate this wonderful season, I want to take a moment to express my heartfelt gratitude to each of you for being a part of our Daily Englishwithisaac 🌟Your enthusiasm and engagement have made this year truly special!
I hope you’re all enjoying this festive time with your family and friends, filled with joy, laughter, and relaxation. You all deserve it!

https://www.instagram.com/reel/DDsrod-NOva/?igsh=emFjYmxjMTQ3Yjhz

⚡️⚡️⚡️❤️❤️❤️

“Take off” is a phrasal verb in English that has several meanings, depending on the context in which it is used.

1. To remove something: For example, “Please take off your shoes before entering the house.”
2. To become airborne: Referring to airplanes, for instance, “The plane will take off in ten minutes.”
3. To leave suddenly or quickly: For example, “He took off without saying goodbye.”
4. To gain popularity or success rapidly: For example, “Her career took off after the hit movie.”
5. To take time off from work or responsibilities: For instance, “I’m going to take off a few days to relax.”

https://youtu.be/VHUrdELKjDw?si=gXul42DXYZdMOwgW

Example sentences

1. She would support her friends at the drop of a hat.

2. He decided to bite the bullet and confront his fears.

3. She was burning the midnight oil to finish her thesis.

4. He was caught between a rock and a hard place when deciding whether to move for a job or stay for his family.

5. After several failed attempts, he finally threw in the towel.

6. I've done all I can; now the ball is in your court.

7. The complaints we received are just the tip of the iceberg.

8. After their argument, they decided it was time to mend fences.

9. After seeing everyone use the new app, she finally jumped on the bandwagon.

10. Losing that job was a blessing in disguise; it led him to a better opportunity.

11. Social media can be a double-edged sword, providing connectivity but also leading to misinformation.

12. As a marketer, it’s essential to keep your ear to the ground to understand consumer behavior.

13. The company's innovative designs are really pushing the envelope in the tech industry.

14. She threw caution to the wind and decided to travel around the world.

15. He burned all his bridges after he left the company on bad terms.

1. At the drop of a hat - Doing something immediately without hesitation.

2. Bite the bullet - To face a difficult or unpleasant situation with courage.

3. Burning the midnight oil - Staying up late to work or study.

4. Caught between a rock and a hard place - Faced with two difficult choices.

5. Throw in the towel - To give up or admit defeat.

6. The ball is in your court - It's your decision or responsibility to take action.

7. The tip of the iceberg - Only a small part of a much larger issue.

8. Mend fences - To repair relationships or resolve differences.

9. Jumping on the bandwagon - Joining others in doing something that is popular.

10. A blessing in disguise - Something that seems bad at first but results in something good.

11. A double-edged sword - Something that has both positive and negative consequences.

12. Keeping your ear to the ground - Staying informed about current events or trends.

13. Pushing the envelope - To go beyond the limits of what is allowed or expected.

14. Throw caution to the wind - To act recklessly or take a risk without worry.

15. Burn the bridges - To destroy relationships or opportunities permanently.

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English prefixes

1. Un- (not)
- Example: Unhappy - She felt unhappy after hearing the bad news.

2. Re- (again)
- Example: Rewrite - I need to rewrite my essay to improve its clarity.

3. Pre- (before)
- Example: Preview - I watched the preview of the movie before deciding to see it.

4. Dis- (opposite of, not)
- Example: Disagree - They often disagree on political issues.

5. Mis- (wrongly)
- Example: Misunderstand - It’s easy to misunderstand instructions when they're unclear.

6. Inter- (between, among)
- Example: International - They traveled on an international flight to Europe.

7. In- (not, in, into)
- Example: Inaccurate - The report was found to be inaccurate.

8. Im- (not or into)
- Example: Impossible - The task seemed impossible at first.

9. Sub- (under)
- Example: Submarine - The submarine can dive deep into the ocean.

10. Super- (above, greater)
- Example: Superhuman - He displayed superhuman strength in the competition.

11. Trans- (across)
- Example: Transport - We need to transport these goods across the country.

12. Non- (not)
- Example: Nonprofit - She works for a nonprofit organization that helps the homeless.

13. Semi- (half)
- Example: Semiannual - The semiannual conference will be held in June.

14. Auto- (self)
- Example: Autobiography - She wrote her autobiography to share her life story.

15. Ex- (out of, former)
- Example: Ex-boyfriend - My ex-boyfriend reached out to me after so many years.

16. Over- (too much)
- Example: Overcook - Be careful not to overcook the vegetables.

17. Under- (too little)
- Example: Underestimate - Don’t underestimate her abilities; she’s very talented.

18. Bi- (two)
- Example: Bicycle - I ride my bicycle to school every day.

19. Tri- (three)
- Example: Triangle - A triangle has three sides.

20. Multi- (many)
- Example: Multicultural - The city is known for its multicultural communities.

https://youtu.be/RtU-oSBJ5iU?si=KEb7Sb2CMMDl8lnS

https://youtu.be/RtU-oSBJ5iU?si=x49-LBERdXSgb7tz.

BBC: Frozen Planet II

Genre: TV Mini Series, Nature, Documentary,
Stars: David Attenborough, Jamie McPherson, Helen Hobin

Following life in the frozen regions of the planet, including polar bears, Siberian tigers, snow monkeys, and penguins.

IMDB 9.0

Make up for

The phrase "make up for" means to compensate for something, usually to offset a loss, mistake, or deficiency. It often implies taking action to restore balance or provide something that was lacking. Here are a few examples of how it can be used:

1. In a Personal Context: "He worked overtime to make up for the time he missed last week."
2. In an Emotional Context: "She bought her friend a gift to make up for forgetting her birthday."
3. In a Professional Context: "The company offered a discount to make up for the late delivery of the product."

4 REASONS TO USE THESAURUS: CAMBRIDGE SYNONYM CHALLENGE

Do you use a thesaurus to improve your English? In this video, Greg shares 4 benefits of using a thesaurus before revealing the Cambridge Synonym Challenge: a fun vocabulary game to play with your friends.

Get clear explanations and examples of the differences between thousands of synonyms and antonyms, in both British and American English with the Cambridge English Thesaurus:
👉 https://bit.ly/3it8car

Chapters:
0:00:00 - A story about how George improved his vocabulary

Why should you use a Thesaurus?
0:01:53 - Increased accuracy
0:02:10 - Improved exam performance
0:02:28 - Learner autonomy
0:02:46 - Confidence
0:03:08 - About the Cambridge English Thesaurus
0:03:57 - The Cambridge Synonym Challenge

🌟🌟

Some phrases you can use to express your likes and dislikes:

Expressing Likes:
1. I really enjoy...
2. I love...
3. I'm a big fan of...
4. I'm passionate about...
5. I find pleasure in...
6. I’m fond of...
7. I take great delight in...
8. I appreciate...
9. I’m crazy about...
10. I can't get enough of...
11. I'm really into...
12. I have a soft spot for...
13. It brings me joy to...
14. I have a liking for...
15. I adore...
16. It excites me to...
17. I have a taste for...
18. I relish...
19. I'm thrilled by...
20. This captures my interest...

Expressing Dislikes:
1. I don’t care for...
2. I dislike...
3. I can't stand...
4. I'm not a fan of...
5. I’m not keen on...
6. I have no interest in...
7. It bothers me when...
8. I’m averse to...
9. I really detest...
10. I find it hard to enjoy...
11. I have an aversion to...
12. I find it unpleasant to...
13. It frustrates me that...
14. It doesn’t appeal to me...
15. I would rather not...
16. It turns me off...
17. I shun...
18. I would steer clear of...
19. I loathe...
20. I'm not enthusiastic about...

Expressing Likes:
1. I really enjoy hiking in the mountains during the fall season.

2. I love listening to classic rock music while driving.

3. I'm a big fan of sci-fi novels; they always ignite my imagination.

4. I'm passionate about cooking, especially trying out new recipes.

5. I find pleasure in watching the sunrise every morning.

6. I’m fond of animals and often volunteer at the local shelter.

7. I take great delight in attending live theater performances.

8. I appreciate good coffee; it makes my mornings much better.

9. I’m crazy about Italian cuisine; pasta is my favorite dish.

10. I can't get enough of traveling; there's so much to explore in the world.

11. I'm really into photography and capturing moments.

12. I have a soft spot for classic movies from the Golden Age of Hollywood.

13. It brings me joy to spend time with my family during the holidays.

14. I have a liking for mystery novels that keep me guessing until the end.

15. I adore the ocean; I feel at peace whenever I'm by the beach.

16. It excites me to learn about different cultures through travel.

17. I have a taste for fine art, particularly impressionism.

18. I relish long walks in the park during the springtime.

19. I'm thrilled by the idea of starting a new career path.

20. This captures my interest in environmental science and conservation.

Expressing Dislikes:

1. I don’t care for loud parties; I prefer a quiet night in.

2. I dislike horror movies; I find them too unsettling.

3. I can't stand unfair treatment of others; it makes me really upset.

4. I'm not a fan of crowded places, especially shopping malls.

5. I’m not keen on spicy food; it tends to upset my stomach.

6. I have no interest in reality TV shows; they feel so scripted to me.

7. It bothers me when people are rude to service workers.

8. I’m averse to discussing politics at family gatherings.

9. I really detest waking up early in the morning.

10. I find it hard to enjoy running; it's just not for me.

11. I have an aversion to heights; I always feel uneasy in tall buildings.

12. I find it unpleasant to deal with negative people.

13. It frustrates me that some people don’t follow through on their commitments.

14. It doesn’t appeal to me to eat fast food; I prefer healthier options.

15. I would rather not participate in team sports; I enjoy individual activities more.

16. It turns me off when folks talk over each other in conversations.

17. I shun gossip; it doesn't contribute positively to relationships.

18. I would steer clear of investing in risky ventures without proper research.

19. I loathe being late; I always strive to be on time.

20. I'm not enthusiastic about long meetings that could have been emails.

Time USA – February 26, 2024

Buried beneath the surface of its iconic red border, lies the most provocative ideas and topics of our time – there is simply no read quite as gripping as TIME Magazine.

It is the critically acclaimed and highly respected publication that rapidly responds to worldwide news and gives readers the stories they want to know about.

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- Realistic Conversations: Experience chat-like interactions that boost your confidence.
- Personalized Learning: Tailored lessons that adapt to your unique needs.

🌍 Ready to take your language skills to the next level? Don’t wait! Click the link below to try Talkio AI today and embark on your journey toward fluency!
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Improving Your Adjective Usage

1. Consider Context: The right adjective often depends on the context. For example, instead of saying "nice day," you might say:
- Sunny (if the sun is shining)
- Charming (if the day has a delightful atmosphere)
- Invigorating (if the day feels refreshing in terms of weather)

2. Express Emotions Clearly: Instead of "good," which is quite broad, you can be more specific about feelings:
- Joyful (for a feeling of great pleasure)
- Melancholic (for a reflective, sad feeling)
- Exhilarated (for a feeling of intense excitement)

3. Describing Places: Instead of "nice house," consider:
- Cozy (for a warm, inviting atmosphere)
- Spacious (for a feeling of ample room)
- Quaint (for a charming, unusual quality)

4. People Characteristics: Instead of "good friend," you might say:
- Altruistic (for someone who selflessly helps others)
- Diligent (for someone who is hardworking and careful)
- Charismatic (for someone who attracts and inspires others with their personality)

5. Events or Experiences: Instead of "nice event," think about:
- Memorable (for something that makes a lasting impression)
- Uplifting (for an event that inspires or raises spirits)
- Captivating (for something that holds attention intensely)

6. Nature Descriptions: Instead of "nice landscape," you might describe it as:
- Breathtaking (for something that evokes awe)
- Idyllic (for a scene that is extremely pleasant or picturesque)
- Verdant (for rich green vegetation)

Additional Examples

- Friend: Instead of “nice friend,” use:
- Loyal (steadfast and reliable)
- Empathetic (able to understand and share others' feelings)
- Witty (quick and inventive in verbal humor)

- Food: Instead of “good food,” describe it with:
- Delectable (delicious and mouthwatering)
- Savory (full of flavor, often in a salty sense)
- Succulent (juicy and tender, often used for meats)

- Books: Instead of “good book,” consider:
- Engrossing (completely absorbing or fascinating)
- Thought-provoking (stimulating careful consideration or reflection)
- Riveting (completely engrossing; compelling)

By utilizing more specific adjectives, you can communicate nuances more effectively and add depth to your language. Whether you're writing or speaking, this approach allows you to paint clearer mental images for your audience and engage them in a more profound way.

FLUENCY!

Do not over-use common adjectives such nice, great, good, bad and boring.

Choose adjectives that have a more precise meaning, e.g:

nice boy: sympathetic, caring, kind, charming, interesting

a nice time: pleasant, enjoyable, wonderful, relaxing

nice weather: beautiful, gorgeous, pleasant.

Check the meaning of the adjectives below.

Which adjectives have a) positive, b) negative or c) positive and negative connotations?

Adjectives to describe books: breath-taking,chilling compelling ,evocative fast-moving, humorous, light-hearted ,lightweight, macabre, nail-biting, poignant, predictable, sensational, sentimental shallow ,slow-moving ,tedious ,thought-provoking ,touching, and (un)convincing.

English Conversation

(Speak like a native speaker)🌟🌟

FOOD AND COOKING

Cook’s Country – December 2024 / January 2025
Great British Food – Issue 2 2024
Mediterranean Air Fryer Recipe Book – 1st Edition 2024

🌟 Unlock Your Language Potential with Talkio AI Tutors! 🌟

Have you ever dreamed of having a personal language tutor at your fingertips, ready to help you anytime, anywhere? With Talkio AI, that dream is now a reality!

Imagine engaging in conversations that feel just like chatting with a friend. Our AI Tutors are designed to provide an immersive and interactive experience, making learning a new language not only effective but also incredibly enjoyable!

Language learning is about more than just memorizing grammar and vocabulary; it’s about expressing yourself with confidence! With Talkio AI’s intelligent tutors, you can practice speaking, refine your skills, and conquer your language goals like never before.

✨ Why Choose Talkio AI?
- 24/7 Availability: Learn at your own pace, anytime and anywhere.
- Realistic Conversations: Experience chat-like interactions that boost your confidence.
- Personalized Learning: Tailored lessons that adapt to your unique needs.

🌍 Ready to take your language skills to the next level? Don’t wait! Click the link below to try Talkio AI today and embark on your journey toward fluency!
👉🏾 [Start Learning Now!](https://talkio.ai/?via=isaac)

💬 Special Offer Just for You! Use coupon code SPEAK20 at checkout to enjoy 20% off your subscription.

Let’s make language learning fun and accessible together! 🌟❤️

🌟 Unlock Your Language Potential with Talkio AI Tutors! 🌟

Ever dreamed of having a personal language tutor at your fingertips, ready to help you anytime, anywhere? With Talkio AI, that dream is now a reality!

Imagine engaging in conversations that feel just like chatting with a human—our AI Tutors are designed to do just that. They provide an immersive and interactive experience that makes learning a new language not only effective but also incredibly enjoyable.

Language learning goes beyond just memorizing grammar and vocabulary; it’s about expressing yourself with confidence! With Talkio AI’s intelligent tutors, you can practice speaking, refine your skills, and conquer your language goals like never before.

✨ Ready to take your language skills to the next level? Don’t wait! Click the link 👇🏾👇🏾👇🏾
https://talkio.ai/?via=isaac
to try Talkio AI today and start your journey towards fluency!

Let’s make language learning fun and accessible together! 🌍💬🌟❤️

#EnglishWithIsaac #TalkioAI #LanguageLearning #FluencyJourney

https://youtu.be/wysCle-n6ks?si=VCcdslDQgzJviyNX

E.G VS I.E

"e.g." and "i.e." are both abbreviations derived from Latin, and they are used to clarify or specify information in writing. However, they serve different purposes:

e.g. (exempli gratia)
- Meaning: "for example"
- Usage: It is used to provide one or more examples that illustrate a point.
- Example: You should eat more fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, oranges).

i.e. (id est)
- Meaning: "that is" or "in other words"
- Usage: It is used to clarify or restate something in a different way, often providing further explanation.
- Example: She prefers citrus fruits (i.e., fruits like oranges and lemons).

Summary
- Use e.g. when giving examples.
- Use i.e. when providing clarification or rephrasing.

English Comprehension Test🌟🌟

Passage:
In the heart of a bustling city, there was a small, quiet bookstore named "The Enchanted Page." It was a hidden gem that many people did not know about. The walls were lined with books of every genre, from classic literature to the latest thrillers. The owner, Mr. Thompson, was a kind and knowledgeable man who loved to share his passion for books with customers.

Every Saturday, Mr. Thompson held a book club where people of all ages gathered to discuss their favorite stories. One Saturday, a young girl named Lucy came to the book club for the first time. She was shy but curious about the stories. The other members welcomed her warmly and encouraged her to share her thoughts. As Lucy spoke about her favorite book, she felt a sense of belonging. The discussions opened her eyes to new perspectives and ideas.

After the book club meeting, Mr. Thompson invited Lucy to help him organize a special event for the store. They decided to host a "Story Night" where local authors could read their works to the community. Lucy was excited and took on the responsibility of creating colorful posters to advertise the event. She worked hard, and everyone was impressed by her creativity.

On the night of the event, the bookstore was filled with people eager to hear the stories. Lucy introduced each author with confidence and watched as the audience listened intently. By the end of the evening, she realized how much she loved stories and the sense of community that came with sharing them. The success of "Story Night" inspired Lucy to pursue her dream of becoming a writer one day.

Comprehension Questions:

1. What is the name of the bookstore mentioned in the passage?
a) The Book Nook
b) The Enchanted Page
c) The Reading Room
d) The Literary Corner

2. Who is the owner of the bookstore?
a) Lucy
b) Mr. Thompson
c) A local author
d) A customer

3. What event did Mr. Thompson and Lucy organize?
a) A writing competition
b) A book fair
c) A Story Night
d) A poetry reading

4. How did Lucy feel during her first book club meeting?
a) Confident
b) Bored
c) Shy but curious
d) Angry

5. What did Lucy realize by the end of the event?
a) She hated public speaking
b) She enjoyed writing and sharing stories
c) She preferred reading alone
d) She wanted to become a bookstore owner

Vocabulary Questions:
Match the words to their correct definitions.

6. bustling
a) Calm and quiet
b) Full of activity and movement
c) Empty and desolate
d) Slow and lazy

7. gem
a) A type of jewelry
b) A hidden treasure
c) A precious stone
d) A person of rare quality

8. perspectives
a) Opinions or viewpoints
b) Observations of nature
c) Stories told by characters
d) A collection of facts

9. responsibility
a) A duty or obligation
b) A fun activity
c) A personal goal
d) A type of book

10. community
a) A group of buildings
b) A place to read
c) A group of people living together
d) A collection of stores

https://englishwithisaac.ghost.io/unlock-your-language-potential-with-talkio-ai-tutors/

https://youtu.be/099hgtRoUZw?si=KzJXc_czv3dMe7ju

https://youtu.be/ddq8JIMhz7c?si=YfZrUFVLe5sYZks_

Family-Related Phrasal Verbs

1. Bring Up – To raise children.

• Example: She was lovingly brought up by her grandparents, who instilled strong values in her.

2. Take After – To resemble a family member in appearance or behavior.

• Example: He definitely takes after his father, both in looks and personality traits.

3. Grow Up – To mature or transition into adulthood.

• Example: I grew up in a small town, where the sense of community shaped who I am today.

4. Look After – To take care of someone.

• Example: She diligently looks after her younger siblings while her parents are at work, showing great responsibility.

5. Get Along – To have a harmonious relationship with someone.

• Example: My siblings and I get along exceptionally well, often sharing laughs and creating lasting memories.

6. Fall Out – To have a disagreement or argument with someone.

• Example: They fell out over a minor misunderstanding but eventually reconciled and moved forward.

7. Make Up – To reconcile after a disagreement.

• Example: After their argument, they made up quickly and are now back on friendly terms.

8. Look Up To – To admire or hold someone in high regard.

• Example: I’ve always looked up to my older brother for his wisdom and kindness.

9. Settle Down – To establish a stable, family-oriented life.

• Example: He dreams of settling down and starting a family of his own in the near future.

10. Run in the Family – When a trait or characteristic is common among family members.

• Example: It seems that blue eyes run in the family, as almost everyone has them!

"Unless" and "if" are both conditional conjunctions used to introduce conditions, but they have different implications and meanings. Here's a breakdown of their distinctions, along with examples:

"Unless"

- Meaning: "Unless" means "if not." It introduces a condition that must be avoided or prevented for the main clause to be true. It implies that an action will occur unless a certain condition is met.

- Usage: It is often used to express negative conditions or exceptions.

Examples:
1. Unless it rains, we will go for a picnic.
- Meaning: If it does not rain, then we will go for a picnic.

2. You won’t succeed unless you work hard.
- Meaning: You will not succeed if you do not work hard.

3. I won't attend the meeting unless I am invited.
- Meaning: I will only attend the meeting if I receive an invitation.

"If"

- Meaning: "If" introduces a condition that must be met for the main clause to be true. It can express possibilities, hypotheticals, or conditions that may or may not be fulfilled.

- Usage: It is used for both positive and negative conditions.

Examples:
1. If it rains, we will stay indoors.
- Meaning: We will stay indoors in the event that it rains.

2. You will succeed if you work hard.
- Meaning: You may succeed when you put in hard work.

3. I will go to the meeting if I finish my report.
- Meaning: I will attend the meeting contingent on finishing my report.

Key Differences:

- Condition Type:
- *Unless* expresses a negative condition (e.g., "not").
- *If* expresses a potential or uncertain condition (it can be either positive or negative).

- Implication:
- Using *unless* often implies a need to take preventative action or avoid something negative.
- Using *if* expresses a straightforward conditional relationship without the implication of avoiding a negative outcome.

Summary:
- Use "unless" to specify a requirement to avoid something (it’s like saying "if not").
- Use "if" to set up a conditional scenario that can lead to various outcomes depending on whether the condition is met.

Explain how the choice of linking adverb in the sentences below would affect the meaning.

1. The party was at my grandparents' house. Nonetheless /
Consequently, I invited a large number of friends.

2. Everything in the restaurant was expensive. Indeed /
Instead, Jack spent €5 on an ice cream.

3. We shouldn't take the laptop to the beach. Eventually /
Otherwise, it will stop working.


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National Geographic History – November/December 2024

National Geographic History not only inflames and quenches the curiosity of history buffs, it informs and entertains anyone who appreciates that the truth indeed is stranger than fiction. And that history is not just about our forebears. It’s about us. It’s about you.

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New Scientist International Edition – 12 October 2024

New Scientist covers the latest developments in science and technology that will impact your world.

New Scientist employs and commissions the best writers in their fields from all over the world.

Our editorial team provide cutting-edge news, award-winning features and reports, written in concise and clear language that puts discoveries and advances in the context of everyday life today and in the future.

10 Common Phrasal Verbs (with Meanings and Examples)

1. Back [x] up
- Meaning: To support or defend someone.
- Example: When the class was making fun of me, only the teacher backed me up.

2. Break down
- Meaning: To stop working, especially in reference to machines.
- Example: The ice cream machine at McDonald’s often breaks down.

3. Call around
- Meaning: To contact multiple people.
- Example: Roy called around to find a nearby mechanic.

4. Call [x] off
- Meaning: To cancel a planned event.
- Example: We called off the party.

5. Calm down
- Meaning: To relax after an energetic or irritated state.
- Example: I need a few minutes to calm down after that match.

6. Check [x] out
- Meaning: To examine a person or thing; can also mean to show interest in someone romantically or sexually.
- Example: I’ll check out the contract before signing it.

7. Cheer [x] up
- Meaning: To make someone happy, especially if they were previously sad.
- Example: Reading always cheers me up on a rainy day.

8. Clean up
- Meaning 1: To be extremely successful in an endeavor such as business, sports, or gambling.
- Example: Our hockey team cleaned up at the tournament and went home undefeated.
- Meaning 2: To stop engaging in questionable behavior, such as consuming drugs or alcohol.
- Example: Her boss said she had to either clean up or find a new job.

9. Clean [x] up
- Meaning: To tidy an area.
- Example: John cleaned up the living room.

10. Come around
- Meaning: To change one’s opinion or see a new point of view.
- Example: I never liked seafood, but I came around after trying fried calamari.

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Expressing Ability, Permission, and Obligation

1. Be Able to
- Example: "From tomorrow, we won't be able to park in this street."
- Usage: "Be able to" is often used to express the possibility or ability to do something in the future.

2. Be Allowed to and Be Permitted to
- Examples:
- "You're not allowed to smoke in any public buildings in our country."
- "It is not permitted to take phones into the exam room."
- Usage: Both "be allowed to" and "be permitted to" indicate permission. They are often used in formal contexts, with "permitted to" typically used in official notices or legal language.

3. Be Supposed to / Be Meant to
- Examples:
- "We are supposed to check out by 12:00. What's the time now?"
- "You aren't supposed to park here; it's reserved for teachers."
- Usage: "Be supposed to" or "be meant to" indicate what is expected of someone, often due to rules or obligations. There's usually an implication that these rules may not always be followed:
- "Students are not supposed to have guests after 12:00, but everyone does."

Key Points

1. Alternatives to "Can":
- Instead of using "can," the structure "person + be able to" or "be allowed to + infinitive" can be used to discuss abilities and permissions.

2. Formal Situations:
- The phrase "it + be permitted to + infinitive" is often used in formal contexts, such as signs or official announcements, to indicate what is allowed or not allowed. For example: "It is not permitted to take phones into the exam room."
- It's essential to note that "it isn't allowed to..." is incorrect; the correct form is "it is not permitted to..."

3. Indicating Expectations:
- "Be supposed to" or "be meant to" can convey expectations or rules about behavior. However, these expressions often suggest that the rules may be ignored or not strictly adhered to.

Summary

In summary, the phrases "be able to," "be allowed to," "be permitted to," and "be supposed / meant to" are useful for expressing ability, permission, and obligations. Understanding their nuances helps communicate effectively regarding what is possible, permitted, and expected.

Modal Verbs: Permission, Obligation, and Necessity

1. Permission

- Can / Could:
- "Can I use your phone? My battery seems to have died."

- May I...?:
- This is a more formal way to ask for permission. For example, "May I use your phone?"

2. Obligation

- Must:
- "If you want to apply for this job, you must be able to speak Spanish."

- Should / Ought to:
- "We should drive; it’ll be much quicker."
- "We ought to drive; it’ll be much quicker."

- Had Better:
- This phrase conveys stronger advice or warnings, often referring to the immediate future.
- "You’d better post the parcels today, or they won't get there in time."
- The negative form is had better not, not "hadn't better".

3. Necessity

- Mustn't vs. Don't Have To:
- Mustn't: Used to express an obligation not to do something.
- "You mustn't take photos during the performance."
- Don't Have To: Indicates the absence of obligation.
- "You don't have to tip here unless you think the service was especially good."

4. Understanding "Need"

- Need / Don't Need + to + Infinitive:
- "You usually need to check in at least two hours before a flight leaves."
- "You don't need to take a jacket; it's going to be hot today."

- Needn't:
- Used to indicate something is unnecessary.
- "We needn't lock the car; nobody will steal it in this village."

5. Expressing Past Necessity

- Needn't Have + Past Participle / Didn't Need To + Infinitive:
- When something was not necessary, but you did it:
- "We needn't have booked; the restaurant is empty!"
- When something was not necessary, and you did not do it:
- "We didn't need to book."
- Comparing the two:
- "We didn't need to book." (It wasn't necessary; we may or may not have booked.)
- "We needn't have booked." (We booked, but it wasn't necessary.)

Summary

In summary, the most common modal verbs for expressing permission and obligation are can / could, must, and should / ought to. Understanding the nuances of these modals, along with need, allows for clearer communication about necessity, obligation, and permission.

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Phrasal verbs are verbs which have a main verb and a particle which, together, create one meaning (e.g. you look for something you have lost; an adult looks after a child). You will come across a great many phrasal verbs when you listen to and read English, so it is important to learn about their meanings and about how they are used. There are over 5,000 phrasal verbs in English, but the English Phrasal Verbs in Use books focus on the ones you need to know for everyday spoken and written communication in English.

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