Medical Lab Technologists™ | Official (Channel)

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD is a chronic digestive disorder that occurs when stomach acid or bile frequently flows back up into the esophagus — the tube connecting your mouth to your stomach. This backwash (reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus.
Symptoms:
-Heartburn: A burning sensation in your chest that often occurs after eating and worsens when lying down.
-Regurgitation: The backward flow of stomach contents into the mouth.
-Chest pain: May mimic heart attack pain.
-Difficulty swallowing
-Chronic cough
-Hoarseness
-Sore throat
-Asthma
Causes:
-Weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES): The LES is a ring of muscle that normally prevents stomach acid from flowing back up into the esophagus. If it weakens or relaxes inappropriately, acid can reflux.
-Hiatal hernia: A condition where part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm (the muscle separating the chest and abdomen).
-Certain foods and drinks:
Fatty foods
Spicy foods
Citrus fruits
Tomato-based products
Alcohol
Caffeine
Chocolate
Peppermint
Onions
Garlic
Medications:
Some medications, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and some blood pressure medications, can relax the LES.
Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can relax the LES.
Obesity: Excess weight can increase pressure on the abdomen, forcing stomach acid back up into the esophagus.
Diagnosis:
Medical history and physical exam
Upper endoscopy: A procedure to examine the esophagus with a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera.
Esophageal manometry: Measures the pressure within the esophagus and LES.
24-hour pH monitoring: Monitors the acidity of the esophagus over a 24-hour period.
Treatment:

Lifestyle changes:
Dietary changes: Avoid trigger foods and eat smaller, more frequent meals.
Weight loss: If overweight or obese.
Elevate the head of the bed:
Quit smoking:
Avoid lying down after eating
Medications:
Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid.
H2 blockers: Reduce stomach acid production.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Strongly reduce stomach acid production.
Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be an option.

Identify the cells in the circled area

Fibroids, also known as uterine fibroids or leiomyomas, are noncancerous (benign) growths that develop in or around the uterus. These tumors are made of muscle and fibrous tissue and can vary in size, from small, pea-sized nodules to large masses.

1.Causes of Fibroids:
The exact cause of fibroids is not known, but several factors are thought to contribute:

Hormonal Influence: Estrogen and progesterone, two hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle, are believed to encourage the growth of fibroids.
Genetics: A family history of fibroids increases the risk of developing them.
Age: Fibroids are more common in women between the ages of 30 and 40 but can develop at any age.
Race: African-American women are at a higher risk for developing fibroids, and they tend to develop them earlier and have larger fibroids.
Other Factors: Obesity, vitamin D deficiency, and early onset of menstruation may increase the risk.
2.Symptoms of Fibroids:
Some women with fibroids may not experience any symptoms, but common symptoms include:

Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: Large fibroids can cause long, heavy periods or bleeding between periods.
Pelvic Pain or Pressure: Fibroids can cause a sensation of fullness or pressure in the pelvic area, leading to pain during intercourse or while urinating.
Frequent Urination: If fibroids press on the bladder, it can lead to frequent urination.
Back or Leg Pain: Large fibroids can put pressure on the back or legs, causing discomfort.
Infertility: Fibroids can sometimes interfere with pregnancy by blocking the fallopian tubes or affecting the implantation of the fertilized egg.
Abdominal Swelling: In some cases, fibroids can cause noticeable bulging in the abdomen.
3.Diagnosis of Fibroids:
Pelvic Exam: A doctor may feel the fibroids during a routine pelvic exam.
Ultrasound: This imaging test is often used to locate fibroids and assess their size.
MRI: In some cases, an MRI is used to get more detailed information about fibroid location and size.
Hysteroscopy: A small camera is inserted into the uterus to see inside and identify fibroids.
4.Treatment Options for Fibroids:
Treatment for fibroids depends on their size, location, symptoms, and the woman's overall health and preferences.

Medications:

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs): Pain relievers like ibuprofen can help manage symptoms like pelvic pain.
Hormonal Therapy: Birth control pills, progestin injections, or IUDs can help control heavy bleeding.
GnRH Agonists: Drugs like leuprolide lower estrogen levels, shrinking fibroids temporarily, but are typically used for a short period due to side effects.
Tranexamic Acid: This medication helps reduce heavy bleeding.
Minimally Invasive Procedures:

Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE): This procedure cuts off the blood supply to the fibroids, causing them to shrink.
MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (FUS): This non-invasive procedure uses high-frequency ultrasound waves to destroy fibroid tissue.
Laparoscopic or Robotic Myomectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgery to remove fibroids, preserving the uterus.
Surgical Treatment:

Hysterectomy: For women who are not concerned about fertility or if fibroids are large, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) is the most definitive treatment. It can be performed abdominally, vaginally, or laparoscopically.
Alternative and Complementary Treatments:

Some women use acupuncture or herbal remedies to manage fibroid symptoms, but these should always be discussed with a healthcare provider.
5.Prevention of Fibroids:
There is no guaranteed way to prevent fibroids, but maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and managing hormone levels through contraception may help lower the risk.

Tranexamic Acid: A medication that helps reduce bleeding by promoting clotting.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Drugs like ibuprofen can reduce bleeding and relieve pain.
Desmopressin: Used to treat bleeding disorders like von Willebrand disease.
Iron Supplements: To address iron deficiency anemia resulting from heavy blood loss.
Surgical Treatments:

Dilation and Curettage (D&C): A procedure to scrape the lining of the uterus, often done if there’s abnormal tissue.
Endometrial Ablation: A procedure that destroys the lining of the uterus to reduce or stop bleeding.
Hysterectomy: In severe cases, the uterus may need to be removed, particularly if other treatments are ineffective or if cancer is present.
Lifestyle Modifications:

Diet: A diet rich in iron can help counteract the effects of blood loss, particularly in cases of anemia.
Exercise: Regular exercise can help regulate hormonal balance, especially in conditions like PCOS.
Alternative Therapies:

Acupuncture: Some women find relief from heavy periods through acupuncture or herbal treatments, though these should be used in conjunction with conventional medical care.

Excessive menstrual bleeding, also known as menorrhagia, is when a woman experiences unusually heavy or prolonged menstrual periods. This condition can interfere with daily activities and may indicate an underlying health issue. While menstrual bleeding varies among women, the following are some signs of excessive bleeding:

Signs and Symptoms
Heavy Bleeding: Soaking through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour for several consecutive hours.
Prolonged Periods: Menstrual bleeding lasting longer than 7 days.
Blood Clots: Passing large blood clots larger than a quarter during menstruation.
Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak, often due to blood loss.
Anemia: Symptoms like dizziness, shortness of breath, or pale skin, which can result from prolonged or severe blood loss.
Causes of Excessive Menstrual Bleeding
There are several potential causes of menorrhagia, which can be related to hormonal imbalances, structural issues in the reproductive system, or other medical conditions:

Hormonal Imbalances:

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): This common condition can lead to irregular hormone levels, causing heavy periods.
Thyroid Disorders: Both an underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can affect menstrual bleeding.
Perimenopause: Hormonal fluctuations leading up to menopause can cause irregular and heavy periods.
Uterine Conditions:

Fibroids: Noncancerous tumors in the uterus can cause heavy bleeding.
Adenomyosis: When the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows into the muscle wall, it can cause painful and heavy periods.
Endometrial Hyperplasia: Thickening of the uterine lining can lead to excessive bleeding.
Endometriosis: Tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, causing pain and heavy bleeding.
Polyps: Benign growths on the cervix or uterus can cause excessive bleeding.
Bleeding Disorders:

Von Willebrand Disease or Platelet Disorders: Conditions that affect the blood's ability to clot can lead to excessive bleeding during menstruation.
Other Coagulation Disorders: Any condition that impairs clotting, like hemophilia, can also cause heavy periods.
Medications:

Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners): Medications like warfarin or aspirin can increase bleeding.
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): Some types of IUDs, especially non-hormonal ones, can cause heavier periods.
Pregnancy-Related Issues:

Miscarriage: Heavy bleeding can be a sign of a miscarriage, particularly in the early stages.
Ectopic Pregnancy: A pregnancy occurring outside the uterus can cause bleeding and is a medical emergency.
Infections:

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs can cause irregular and heavy periods.
Cancer:

Although rare, cancers of the uterus (endometrial cancer), cervix, or ovaries can lead to abnormal bleeding, including excessive menstrual bleeding.
Diagnosis
To determine the cause of excessive bleeding, a healthcare provider may perform the following:

Medical History and Physical Exam: The doctor will inquire about the patient's menstrual history, medical conditions, and family history of bleeding disorders.
Blood Tests: To check for anemia, thyroid issues, or bleeding disorders.
Ultrasound: A pelvic ultrasound can identify uterine fibroids, polyps, or other structural abnormalities.
Endometrial Biopsy: A sample of the uterine lining may be taken to check for conditions like endometrial hyperplasia or cancer.
Hysteroscopy: A procedure where a camera is inserted into the uterus to look for fibroids, polyps, or other abnormalities.
Treatment Options
Treatment for excessive menstrual bleeding depends on the underlying cause:

Medications:

Hormonal Treatments: Birth control pills, hormonal IUDs, or hormone therapy can regulate menstrual cycles and reduce bleeding.

This is true for some samples collected 😂

t-RNA

Note how bonds are formed between two strands of DNA

Roles of electrolytes in human body...

Happy New year, 2025 🎉✨💐❤️
May the Almighty God bless us in our activities for this new year and the forth coming

Genenral urine examination

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through distinct stages and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

Stages of Syphilis
Primary Stage:

A painless sore (chancre) appears at the site of infection (e.g., genitals, mouth, or rectum).
The sore heals on its own within 3–6 weeks, but the infection remains.
Secondary Stage:

Symptoms may include skin rashes (often on palms and soles), fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and muscle aches.
Symptoms can come and go for weeks or months.
Latent Stage:

No symptoms are present.
This stage can last for years, but the bacteria remain in the body.
Tertiary (Late) Stage:

Can occur years or decades later if untreated.
May cause damage to the heart, brain, nerves, eyes, and other organs.
Symptoms include paralysis, blindness, and dementia.
How It's Transmitted
Through direct contact with a syphilis sore during sexual activity.
From an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth (congenital syphilis).
Diagnosis
Blood Tests: Detect antibodies to the bacterium.
Microscopy: Examination of fluid from a sore under a microscope.
Treatment
Antibiotics: Penicillin is the most effective treatment. A single dose is sufficient in early stages, while late stages may require multiple doses.
Follow-up testing is essential to ensure the infection is cured.
Prevention
Use condoms during sexual activity.
Regular STI screening for sexually active individuals.
Avoid sexual contact with infected individuals.
Prenatal testing for pregnant women.

Herpes simplex is a common viral infection that causes painful blisters or sores. There are two types of the herpes simplex virus:
HSV-1: This type usually causes cold sores around the mouth and lips.
HSV-2: This type usually causes genital herpes, which affects the genital area.
Symptoms:
Blisters: These are small, fluid-filled blisters that can be painful.
Sores: The blisters may break open and form sores.
Itching: The affected area may be itchy.
Pain: You may feel pain in the affected area.
Fever: In some cases, you may experience a fever.
Transmission:
Herpes simplex is spread through skin-to-skin contact with someone who has the virus. This can happen during:
Oral sex: This can spread HSV-1 to the genitals.
Vaginal sex: This can spread HSV-2 to the genitals.
Anal sex: This can spread HSV-2 to the anus.
Skin-to-skin contact: This can spread HSV-1 or HSV-2 to the genitals or other parts of the body.
Treatment:
There is no cure for herpes simplex, but there are medications that can help manage the symptoms and reduce the frequency of outbreaks. These medications include:
Antiviral medications: These medications can help shorten the duration of outbreaks and reduce the severity of symptoms.
Pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can help relieve pain.
Prevention:
Practice safe sex: Use condoms to reduce the risk of transmission.
Avoid skin-to-skin contact with someone who has herpes.
If you have herpes, tell your sexual partners.

Identify the bacteria
Note the chain morphology!!!

Identify the cell

Identify the cell

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Identify TLC ?

Serum

Identify this Slide

*#Discontinuous #Sinuosoidal capillaries* 🌸

🩸 Characteristics :-
☀️ Capillaries with wide diameter.
☀️ Endothelial cells have big inter endothelial gaps.
☀️ Basement membrane is not effectively present.

What comes to your mind!
✨ This is the most permeable type so through it larger molecules will pass
As we know proteins are large molecules so this type of capillary relates to them.

☀️ Where we can find this type of capillaries:-
1⃣ liver ➡️ site of protein production so for passage of proteins into blood we need sinusoidal cap.
2⃣ Bone Marrow ➡️ site of blood cells production ➡️ cells are large need such capillary to pass into blood.
3⃣ Spleen ➡️ site for RBCs destruction so for RBCs to get there need such cap.
4⃣ Glands producing peptide hormones.
5⃣ lymph nodes ➡️ where WBCs are settled to be mature.

1. What is the normal range for hemoglobin (Hb) in adult males?
A) 12-16 g/dL
B) *13.5-17.5 g/dL*
C) 14-18 g/dL
D) 15-19 g/dL

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of sickle cell anemia?
A) Abnormal hemoglobin polymerization
B) Increased red blood cell (RBC) deformability
C) Reduced RBC lifespan
D) *All of the above*

3. What is the purpose of the reticulocyte count?
A) To diagnose anemia
B) *To evaluate bone marrow function*
C) To detect blood transfusion reactions
D) To monitor chemotherapy response

1. A patient has a platelet count of 50,000/μL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) *Thrombocytopenia*
B) Thrombocytosis
C) Leukopenia
D) Leukocytosis

2. Which coagulation factor is deficient in hemophilia A?
A) *Factor VIII*
B) Factor IX
C) Factor XI
D) Factor XII

3. A patient's blood smear shows a high percentage of blasts. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) *Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)*
B) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
C) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
D) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

4. What is the normal range for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
A) *0-10 mm/h*
B) 0-20 mm/h
C) 0-30 mm/h
D) 0-40 mm/h

5. A patient has a white blood cell (WBC) count of 80,000/μL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Leukopenia
B) *Leukocytosis*
C) Lymphocytosis
D) Neutrophilia

6. Which of the following is a characteristic of beta-thalassemia major?
A) Increased hemoglobin A2 levels
B) Decreased hemoglobin A2 levels
C) *Increased fetal hemoglobin levels*
D) Decreased fetal hemoglobin levels

7. A patient's blood smear shows a high percentage of eosinophils. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Asthma
B) Allergic rhinitis
C) Parasitic infection
D) *All of the above*

8. What is the purpose of the prothrombin time (PT) test?
A) To evaluate platelet function
B) *To evaluate coagulation factor function*
C) To diagnose bleeding disorders
D) To monitor anticoagulant therapy

9. A patient has a hematocrit (Hct) of 60%. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Anemia
B) *Polycythemia vera*
C) Thalassemia
D) Sickle cell disease

10. Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency anemia?
A) Increased serum iron levels
B) *Decreased serum iron levels*
C) *Increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)*
D) Decreased TIBC

11. A patient's blood smear shows a high percentage of lymphoblasts. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) *Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)*
B) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
C) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
D) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

12. What is the purpose of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) test?
A) To evaluate platelet function
B) *To evaluate coagulation factor function*
C) To diagnose bleeding disorders
D) To monitor anticoagulant therapy

urinary output in an adult is:
A. 1200-1500 ml✔️
B. 500-1200 ml
C. 2500-3500 ml
D. 1000-2000 ml

02. The urine volume more than 2000 ml is termed as:
A. Polyuria✔️
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria
D. Nocturia

03. Urine excretion less than 500 ml is known as:
A. Anuria
B. Nocturia
C. Polyuria
D. Oligouria✔️

04. The complete cessation of urine formation is known as:
A. Polyuria
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria✔️
D. Nocturia

05. The condition in which excretion of urine is more than 500 ml with less than 1.018 specific gravity at night is:
A. Polyuria
B. Oliguria
C. Anuria
D. Nocturia✔️

06. The normal specific gravity in random urine is
A. 1.001-1.035✔️
B. 1.205-1.305
C. 1.010-1.015
D. 1.05-1.010

07. Low specific gravity is formed in
A. Hyposthenuric urine✔️
B. Isosthenuric urine
C. Hypersthenuric urine
D. None

08. Urine with fixed specific gravity of about 1.010 known as
A. Hyposthenuric urine
B. Isosthenuric urine✔️
C. Hypersthenuric urine
D. Thenuric urine

09. Which are the methods used to estimate specific gravity in urine?
A. Urinometer
B. Strip method
C. Refractometer method
D. All of the above ✔️

10. Bence Jones proteinare determine by following methods
A. Heat and sulphosalicytic acid
B. Toluenesulfonic acid and electrophoresis
C. Both A and B ✔️
D. None

11. Presence of blood in urine known as
A. Hematuria✔️
B. Blood urea
C. Both A and B
D. None

12. Methods used to detect hematuria are:
A. Opthotoluidine test
B. Benzidine test
C. Paper strip
D. All of the above✔️

13. In which condition, the volume of urine is increased ?
A. Diabetic✔️
B. Polycythemia
C. Anemia
D. Leukemia

14. After passing through renal tubules, the urine is collected in
A. Kidney
B. Urinary bladder✔️
C. Gall bladder
D. Pancreas

15. The pH of freshly passed urine is
A. 6.0✔️
B. 7.0
C. 8.0
D. 9.0

16. Which type of electrolyte is present in urine ?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. All of the above✔️

17. In positive reaction of glucose in urine, the colour of precipitate seen is
A. White
B. Blue
C. Red✔️
D. Black

18. Test strips are used for which type of estimation in urine specimen.
A. Glucose
B. pH
C. Protein
D. All of the above✔️

19. While using strip in urine analysis which are the steps involved ?
A. Dipping strip in urine completely
B. Blotting the strip
C. Read the result at correct time
D. All of the above✔️

20. Calcium discharged by the body is excreted via
A. Stool
B. Urine
C. Both A and B✔️
D. None

21. Urine is a filtrate of which fluid ?
A. Blood✔️
B. CSF
C. Pleural fluid
D. Synovial fluid

22. Which of the following is the route of excretion of waste product
A. Intestine
B. Lungs
C. Skin
D. All of the above✔️

23. Functional unit of kidney is called ?
A. Nephron✔️
B. Pelvis
C. Hepatic cell
D. Capsule

24. What is the odor of normal urine ?
A. Aromatic✔️
B. Dirty
C. Fruity
D. Mousy

25. The color of urine is yellow due to presence of
A. Urochrome
B. Stercobilinogen
C. Bile
D. All of the above✔️

26. The chemical composition of urine depends on the
A. Food and fluid intake✔️
B. Color of the skin
C. Weight of the body
D. All of the above

Biologics (e.g., TNF inhibitors): Rarely needed, for refractory cases.
Physical therapy: Helps maintain joint function and mobility.
Prognosis
Often resolves within 3–12 months, but some individuals may experience chronic arthritis or recurring episodes.
Prevention
Prompt treatment of triggering infections.
Safe food handling and sexual practices to reduce infection risk.

Reactive Arthropathy is a type of joint inflammation that occurs as a reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body, typically in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary system. It falls under the broader category of reactive arthritis and is considered a form of spondyloarthritis, a group of inflammatory diseases.
Causes
Triggered by infections such as:
Gastrointestinal infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia).
Genitourinary infections (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma).
It is not caused by direct joint infection but by an immune response.
Symptoms
Joint-related:
Pain, swelling, and stiffness, often in the knees, ankles, or feet.
Asymmetric joint involvement.
Enthesitis: Inflammation where tendons or ligaments attach to bones, e.g., Achilles tendon.
Extra-articular symptoms:
Eyes: Conjunctivitis or uveitis.
Skin: Rashes like keratoderma blennorrhagicum.
Genitourinary tract: Dysuria or urethritis.
Risk Factors
Genetic predisposition: Strong association with HLA-B27 gene.
Recent bacterial infection.
Diagnosis
Clinical history of preceding infection.
Physical examination of joint symptoms.
Laboratory tests:
Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR).
Evidence of triggering infection (e.g., stool culture, PCR for Chlamydia).
Imaging:
X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound may show joint inflammation or damage.
HLA-B27 testing: Useful for confirmation in ambiguous cases.
Treatment
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) for pain and inflammation.
Corticosteroids: Intra-articular injections or systemic use for severe cases.
Antibiotics: For underlying infections (not for the joint symptoms directly).
DMARDs (e.g., sulfasalazine or methotrexate): For persistent or severe cases.
Biologics (e.g., TNF inhibitors): Rarely needed, for refractory cases.
Physical therapy: Helps maintain joint function and mobility.
Prognosis
Often resolves within 3–12 months, but some individuals may experience chronic arthritis or recurring episodes.
Prevention
Prompt treatment of triggering infections.
Safe food handling and sexual practices to reduce infection risk.Reactive Arthropathy is a type of joint inflammation that occurs as a reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body, typically in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary system. It falls under the broader category of reactive arthritis and is considered a form of spondyloarthritis, a group of inflammatory diseases.
Causes
Triggered by infections such as:
Gastrointestinal infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia).
Genitourinary infections (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma).
It is not caused by direct joint infection but by an immune response.
Symptoms
Joint-related:
Pain, swelling, and stiffness, often in the knees, ankles, or feet.
Asymmetric joint involvement.
Enthesitis: Inflammation where tendons or ligaments attach to bones, e.g., Achilles tendon.
Extra-articular symptoms:
Eyes: Conjunctivitis or uveitis.
Skin: Rashes like keratoderma blennorrhagicum.
Genitourinary tract: Dysuria or urethritis.
Risk Factors
Genetic predisposition: Strong association with HLA-B27 gene.
Recent bacterial infection.
Diagnosis
Clinical history of preceding infection.
Physical examination of joint symptoms.
Laboratory tests:
Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR).
Evidence of triggering infection (e.g., stool culture, PCR for Chlamydia).
Imaging:
X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound may show joint inflammation or damage.
HLA-B27 testing: Useful for confirmation in ambiguous cases.
Treatment
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) for pain and inflammation.
Corticosteroids: Intra-articular injections or systemic use for severe cases.
Antibiotics: For underlying infections (not for the joint symptoms directly).
DMARDs (e.g., sulfasalazine or methotrexate): For persistent or severe cases.

Medical Lab Technologists™ | Official (Channel) pinned «My Name is Angad Mandal. From Malda, West Bengal, And You ? Please share your #Intro Comments? Regards @Angad_Mandal»

My Name is Angad Mandal.
From Malda, West Bengal,

And You ?
Please share your #Intro Comments?

Regards
@Angad_Mandal

What's the PCV value ?

What's the PCV value ?

Identify the blood group

A-group, B-group and anti-D respectively

Identify the blood group

Identify blood group?

Why agitators use in blood bank?

Which wbc cell is present in dlc slide ,100x field

What type of muscles is this ?

Skeletal muscle - 👍
Cardiac Muscle - ❤️
Smooth muscle - 🥲

Syphilis card test Positive or Negative ?

Identify

What virion is this ?

Identify the bacteria?

Identify this bacteria?!!

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** Our purpose in creating this
You discuss here about Nursing.

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Identify?

Urine sample..

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Important Diagnostic Points :

1:-Fever + constipation +relative bradycardia =Typhoid

2:-Fever (3 weeks) then 10 days free +arthralgia +lymphadenopathy + History of contact with milk products =Brucella

3:-Fever+tender hepatomegaly +GIT upset =ambeobic liver abscess

4:-Fever +chills +sweats+jaundice+travelling to endemic area =malaria

5:-Fever +lymphadenopathy+history of dealing with cats =Toxoplasmosis

6:-Night Fever = T.B , lymphoma , brucella or Malaria

7:-Fever + arthritis +UTI =gonococcal or chlamydia infection

8:-Fever +strawberry tongue =scarlet fever or kowasaki disease

9:-Fever +diarrhea +Heamolytic anemia =Hemolytic uremic syndrome or TTP

10:-Fever +fatigue +lymphadenopathy +bil hilar lymphadenopathy =sarciodosis or histocytosis X

12:-Fever +relative bradycardia=Typhoid

13:-Fever +low platletes+sub conjuctival hge = Dengue fever

14:-Fever +rigidity +history of atypical anti psychotic within 1 week =Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome

15-Fever +neck rigidty+photophopia+headache -+ agitation= meningitis

16-Fever +headache +nick stiffness+manifestation of cerebral dysfunction(aphasia , convulsion , monoplegia or flexion U.L and extension L.L ) +- urinary incontinence=encephalitis

17:-Fever + cardiac murmer +vegetations on Echo= infected endocarditis

18:-Fever +High E.S.R >100+renal impairment+hypercalcemia in old age =multiple myloma

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Angad Mandal

How many parameters are in CBC?❓❓

Identify this test

Medical Lab Technicians™ | Official (Group)

** Our purpose in creating this Group is to help one another, and Medical Laboratory Technician Discussion Here.
** Laboratory is our art. We must develop each one of us and help one another's knowledge.


● Medical Lab Technicians™ | Official (Channel) : https://t.me/Medical_Lab_Technicians

● Medical Lab Technicians™ | Official (Group) : https://t.me/Medical_Lab_Technologists

● Medical Lab Technicians™ | Official (WhatsApp Group) :
https://chat.whatsapp.com/DETZ2z8Zl541Ut45rnZLeI

Medical Lab Technicians™ | Official (Group)

** Our purpose in creating this Group is to help one another, and Medical Laboratory Technician Discussion Here.
** Laboratory is our art. We must develop each one of us and help one another's knowledge.


● Medical Lab Technicians™ | Official (Channel) : https://t.me/Medical_Lab_Technicians

● Medical Lab Technicians™ | Official (Group) : https://t.me/Medical_Lab_Technologists

● Medical Lab Technicians™ | Official (WhatsApp Group) :
https://chat.whatsapp.com/DETZ2z8Zl541Ut45rnZLeI

Medical Lab Technologists™ | Official (Channel) pinned Deleted message

Do you have eco report format?
Kindly send it .
@Angad_Mandal

Identify cell.

Urine Crystals

Stool and Urine Microscopy

Important Diagnostic Points :

1:-Fever + constipation +relative bradycardia =Typhoid

2:-Fever (3 weeks) then 10 days free +arthralgia +lymphadenopathy + History of contact with milk products =Brucella

3:-Fever+tender hepatomegaly +GIT upset =ambeobic liver abscess

4:-Fever +chills +sweats+jaundice+travelling to endemic area =malaria

5:-Fever +lymphadenopathy+history of dealing with cats =Toxoplasmosis

6:-Night Fever = T.B , lymphoma , brucella or Malaria

7:-Fever + arthritis +UTI =gonococcal or chlamydia infection

8:-Fever +strawberry tongue =scarlet fever or kowasaki disease

9:-Fever +diarrhea +Heamolytic anemia =Hemolytic uremic syndrome or TTP

10:-Fever +fatigue +lymphadenopathy +bil hilar lymphadenopathy =sarciodosis or histocytosis X

12:-Fever +relative bradycardia=Typhoid

13:-Fever +low platletes+sub conjuctival hge = Dengue fever

14:-Fever +rigidity +history of atypical anti psychotic within 1 week =Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome

15-Fever +neck rigidty+photophopia+headache -+ agitation= meningitis

16-Fever +headache +nick stiffness+manifestation of cerebral dysfunction(aphasia , convulsion , monoplegia or flexion U.L and extension L.L ) +- urinary incontinence=encephalitis

17:-Fever + cardiac murmer +vegetations on Echo= infected endocarditis

18:-Fever +High E.S.R >100+renal impairment+hypercalcemia in old age =multiple myloma

💥 *Vitamins .. 😍🔥*

*Vitamin A*

Chemical Name: Retinol
Deficiency disease: night blindness
Source : Carrot, 🥛 Milk, 🥚 Egg, 🍓 Fruit.

*Vitamin – B1*

Chemical Name: Thiamine
Deficiency disease: Beri-beri
Source : Peanuts, Potatoes, Vegetables

*Vitamin – B2*

Chemical Name: Riboflabin
Deficiency diseases: skin eruptions, eye disease
Source : Egg, Milk, Green vegetables

*Vitamin – B5*

Chemical Name: Pantothenic Acid
Deficiency diseases: burning in feet, white hair
Source : Meat🍗,🥛 Milk, Tomato, Peanut

*Vitamin- B3*

Chemical Name: Nicotinamide (Niacin)
Deficiency disease: Menstrual disorder (pellagra)
Sources: meat🍖, peanuts, potatoes

*Vitamin- B6*

Chemical Name: Pyridoxine
Deficiency diseases: anemia, skin diseases
Source : milk, 🍗meat, vegetables

*Vitamin – H / B7*

Chemical Name: Biotin
Deficiency diseases: hair fall, skin diseases
Source : Yeast, Wheat, Egg

*Vitamin – B12*

Chemical Name: Cyanocobalamin
Deficiency diseases: Anemia, Pandu disease
Source : Meat, Jelly, Milk

*Vitamin-C*

Chemical Name: Ascorbic Acid
Deficiency diseases: scurvy, gingivitis
Source : Amla, Lemon, Orange, Orange

*Vitamin – D*

Chemical Name: Calciferol
Deficiency disease: Rickets
Sources: ☀ Sunlight, Milk, Eggs.

*Vitamin – E*

Chemical Name: Tocopherol
Deficiency disease: low fertility
Source: Green Vegetable,Butter,Milk🥛

*Vitamin-K*

Chemical Name: Phyloquinone
Deficiency disease: lack of blood clotting
Source: Tomato, Green Vegetables, Milk