The 42nd Amendment added the words “Socialist,” “Secular,” and “Integrity” to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976:- It transferred five subjects from the State List to the Concurrent List, namely education, forests, protection of wild animals and birds, administration of justice, and weights and measures. This increased the legislative power of the Centre over the States.
Prelims Facts : Under the Montague Chelmsford report, the Government of India Act of 1919 provided for a bicameral legislature, or the Centre, as well as the provinces.
At present, However, only six states, which includes Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh having bicameral legislature.
Note :Before 2019, J&K was also bicameral but now it's unicameral legislature.
The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between the People's Republic of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan. In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and Uzbekistan met in Shanghai to announce a new organization with deeper political and economic cooperation. In June 2017, it expanded to eight states, with India and Pakistan.
Iran joined the group in July 2023, and Belarus in July 2024.
Several countries are engaged as observers or dialogue partners.
The SCO is governed by the Heads of State Council (HSC), its supreme decision-making body, which meets once a year.
The organization also contains the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS).
Short notes :- SCO Formation:2001 Members :10 India Joined :2017 SCO Summit 2024 host: Pakistan
EAM Jaishankar arrives in Islamabad to attend SCO meeting.
Do you know : When India became member of SCO ?
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, international security and defence organization established by China and Russia in 2001. It is the world's largest regional organization in terms of geographic scope and population, covering approximately 24% of the area of world (65% of Eurasia) and 42% of the world population. As of 2024, its combined nominal GDP accounts for around 23%, while its GDP based on PPP comprises approximately 36% of the world's total.
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