UPSC Geography Mapping Quiz Notes PDF

📗 भारत के प्रमुख दर्रे  📗

■ काराकोरम दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ जोजिला दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ पीरपंजाल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ बनिहाल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ बुर्जिल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ शिपकीला दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ रोहतांग दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ बड़ालाचा दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ लिपुलेख दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ माना दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ नीति दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ नाथूला दर्रा - सिक्किम
■ जैलेप्लो दर्रा - सिक्किम
■ बोम्डिला दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ यांग्याप दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ दिफू दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ तुजु दर्रा - मणिपुर


📗 Major passes of India 📗

■ Karakoram Pass – Jammu and Kashmir
■ Zojila Pass – Jammu and Kashmir
■ Pirpanjal Pass – Jammu and Kashmir
■ Banihal Pass – Jammu Kashmir
■ Burjil Pass - Jammu Kashmir
■ Shipkila Pass – Himachal Pradesh
■ Rohtang Pass – Himachal Pradesh
■ Badalacha Pass – Himachal Pradesh
■ Lipulekh Pass – Uttarakhand
■ Mana Pass – Uttarakhand
■ Niti Pass - Uttarakhand
■ Nathula Pass - Sikkim
■ Jalapelo Pass – Sikkim
■ Bomdila Pass – Arunachal Pradesh
■ Yangyap Pass – Arunachal Pradesh
■ Diphu Pass – Arunachal Pradesh
■ Tuju Pass – Manipur

#map

MAJOR PORTS in India with the state it is located

▪️ Kandla Port - Gujarat

▪️ Mumbai - Maharashtra

▪️ Mormugoa - Goa

▪️ Visakhapatanam - Andhra Pradesh

▪️ Jawaharlal Nehru Port - Maharashtra

▪️ Paradip - Odhisa

▪️ Kolkata & Haldia - West Bengal

▪️ New Mangalore Port - Karnataka

▪️ Tuticorin - Tamilnadu

▪️ Cochin - Kerala

▪️ Encore - Tamilnadu

▪️ Chennai Port - Tamil Nadu

🟢👋 Brief details about Hills in INDIA

📍 Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu:
   - Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
   - Flora: Known for lush tea and coffee plantations, shola forests.
   - Fauna: Home to Nilgiri Tahr, Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, and various bird species.
   - Ecotone: Forms an ecotone between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, resulting in unique biodiversity.

📍Chail Hill, Himachal Pradesh:
   - Location: A serene hill station.
   - Flora: Dense deodar and pine forests.
   - Fauna: Diverse bird species, including the cheer pheasant and kalij pheasant.
   - Ecotone: Part of the Himalayan ecotone, providing habitat for several species.

📍Matheran Hill Station, Maharashtra:
   - Location: Pollution-free hill station near Mumbai.
   - Flora: Diverse plant species, including evergreen forests.
   - Fauna: Various bird species and some reptiles.
   - Ecotone: Situated in the Western Ghats, offering a transition zone for biodiversity.

📍Daringbadi Hill Station, Odisha:
   - Location: Known as the "Kashmir of Odisha."
   - Flora: Surrounded by pine forests and coffee plantations.
   - Fauna: Variety of bird species and small mammals.
   - Ecotone: Located in the Eastern Ghats, contributing to regional biodiversity.

📍Amarkantak Hill, Madhya Pradesh:
   - Location: A pilgrimage town where rivers originate.
   - Flora: Surrounded by lush forests and medicinal plants.
   - Fauna: Home to various bird species and smaller mammals.
   - Ecotone: Marks the meeting point of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, creating a unique ecotone.

📍Barmura Hill, Tripura:
   - Location: Known for its scenic beauty.
   - Flora: Covered in tropical and subtropical forests.
   - Fauna: Rich in avian biodiversity and unique reptiles.
   - Ecotone: Located in northeastern India, connecting various ecosystems.

📍Girnar Hill, Gujarat:
   - Location: Significant pilgrimage site for Hindus and Jains.
   - Flora: Mix of deciduous and evergreen vegetation.
   - Fauna: Known for diverse birdlife and small mammals.
   - Ecotone: Part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.

📍Satmala Hill, Maharashtra:
   - Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
   - Flora: Features deciduous and evergreen forests.
   - Fauna: Home to various bird species and small mammals.
   - Ecotone: Contributes to the unique biodiversity of the Western Ghats.

📍Patkai Bum Hills, Arunachal Pradesh:
   - Location: Part of the Eastern Himalayas.
   - Flora: Covered in lush tropical rainforests.
   - Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife, including endangered species.
   - Ecotone: Connects the Indo-Burma and Himalayan ecosystems, resulting in high biodiversity.

📍Kudagu Hills, Karnataka:
    - Location: Also known as Coorg, famous for coffee plantations.
    - Flora: Features coffee and spice plantations, evergreen forests.
    - Fauna: Ideal for birdwatching with numerous avian species.
    - Ecotone: Part of the Western Ghats, contributing to the region's rich biodiversity.

These hills not only provide breathtaking landscapes but also serve as important ecological zones, supporting a wide range of plant and animal life due to their unique positioning within India's diverse ecosystems.

♻️ Largest Island in the World ♻️
================================

🔹 Greenland
➨ Location: between Arctic and Atlantic Oceans
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 2,175,600

🔹 New Guinea
➨ Location: South-west Pacific Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 785,753

🔹 Borneo
➨ Location: between Indian and Pacific Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 748,168

🔹 Madagascar
➨ Location: Indian Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 587,713

🔹 Baffin
➨ Location: North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 503,944

🔹 Sumatra
➨ Location: Indian Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 443,066

🔹 Honshu
➨ Location: Pacific Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 225,800

🔹 Great Britain
➨ Location: North Atlantic Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 229,957

🔹 Victoria
➨ Location: Arctic Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 220,548

🔹 Ellesmere
➨ Location: Arctic Ocean
➨ Area (Sq. Km.): 183,965

🌼🌺 Gardens in India 🌺🌼
  

🌷Auroville Botanical Gardens ➖ Auroville, Tamil Nadu

🌷Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden ➖ Kolkata, West Bengal

🌷Brindhavan Garden ➖ Mysore, Karanataka

🌷Chambal Garden ➖ Kota, Rajasthan

🌷Chashme Shahi ➖ Srinagar, J & K

🌷Company garden ➖ Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh

🌷Hanging Garden ➖ Mumbai , Maharashtra

🌷Jallianwala Bagh ➖ Amristar, Punjab

🌷Jawaharlal Nehru Botanical Garden ➖ Gangtok, Sikkim

🌷Jhansi Botanical Garden ➖ Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh

🌷Kalindi Kunj ➖ New Delhi

🌷Lal Bagh ➖ Bangalore, Karnataka

🌷Law garden ➖ Ahmedabad, Gujarat

🌷Lloyd’s Botanical Garden ➖ Darjeeling, West Bengal

🌷Lodi Garden ➖ New Delhi

🌷Mughal garden ➖ New Delhi

🌷Malampuzha Garden ➖ Palakkad, Kerala

🌷Nishat Bagh ➖ Srinagar , J & K

🌷Pilikula Botanical Garden ➖ Mangalore, Karnataka

🌷Pinjore Garden ➖ Panchkula , Haryana

🌷Rock Garden ➖Darjeeling

🌷Rock Garden of Chandigarh ➖ Chandigarh

🌷Saharanpur Botanical Garden ➖ Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh

🌷Sajjan Niwas Garden(Gulab Bagh) ➖ Udaipur, Rajasthan

🌷Sarita Udyan ➖ Gandhinagar, Gujarat

🌷Shalimar Bagh ➖ Srinagar, J & K

🌷Sim’s Park ➖ Coonoor, Tamil nadu

🌷The Royal Botanical Garden ➖ Howrah, West Bengal

🌷Tulip Garden ➖ Srinagar, J & K

🏵SARGASSO SEA

🛡This is a region in the western Atlantic Ocean between the Azores and the West Indies around 35⁰N.

🛡In this part of the Atlantic Ocean floats the Sargasso seaweed.

🛡It is the breeding place of eels (a snake-like fish).

🛡Columbus faced a serious problem in the crossing of this sea.

🛡Even today, the navigators face some problems in this part of the Atlantic Ocean

🏵Betwa River

🛡Betwa or Vetravati originates in Vindhya Range just north of   Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh and flow through Orchha to Uttar Pradesh.

🛡It meets Yamuna at Hamirpur town in Uttar Pradesh.

🛡Length: 590 km

🛡Tributary- Dhasan

🛡Dams :Rajghat Dam ,Matatila Dam ,Parichha Dam ,Dhurwara Dam

🛡MAJOR PORTS in India with the state it is located

🚢 Kandla Port - Gujarat

🚢 Mumbai - Maharashtra

🚢 Mormugoa - Goa

🚢 Visakhapatanam - Andhra Pradesh

🚢 Jawaharlal Nehru Port - Maharashtra

🚢 Paradip - Odhisa

🚢 Kolkata & Haldia - West Bengal

🚢 New Mangalore Port - Karnataka

🚢 Tuticorin - Tamilnadu

🚢 Cochin - Kerala

🚢 Encore - Tamilnadu

🚢 Chennai Port - Tamil Nadu

🥳 Famous Tribes of the World 🥳
==============================

🔹 Abhors tribe➖Arunachal Pradesh and Assam
🔹 Afridis tribe➖Pakistan
🔹 Akuntsu (Akunt'su or Akunsu) tribe➖Brazil
🔹 Awa tribe➖Brazil
🔹 Batak tribe➖Indonesia
🔹 Bantus tribe➖Africa
🔹 Berbers tribe➖Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
🔹 Boers tribe➖South Africa
🔹 Bindibu tribe➖Western Australia
🔹 Cossacks tribe➖Russia
🔹 Eskimos tribe➖Greenland, Canada
🔹 Flemings tribe➖Belgium
🔹 Gaucho tribe➖Uruguay, Argentina
🔹 Hamits tribe➖Africa
🔹 Jarawas tribe➖Andaman and Nicobar Islands
🔹 Korowai tribe➖Papua (New Guinea)
🔹 Kyrgyz (Kirghiz) tribe➖Central Asia
🔹 Kikuyu tribe➖Kenya
🔹 Kurds (Kurdish) tribe➖Iraq
🔹 Magyars tribe➖Hungary
🔹 Maoris tribe➖New Zealand
🔹 Masai tribe➖East Africa
🔹 Negroes tribe➖Africa
🔹 Papuans tribe➖New Guinea
🔹 Pygmies tribe➖Congo Basin (Africa)
🔹 Red Indians tribe➖North America
🔹 Sentinelese tribe➖Andaman and Nicobar Islands
🔹 Veddas tribe➖Sri Lanka
🔹 Zulus tribe➖South Africa
🔹 Zoe tribe➖Brazil

One Liner Gk Competitive Exam
सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्नोत्तरी

01. अंडमान निकोबार द्वीप समूह कहाँ स्थित है?
– बंगाल की खाड़ी में

02. अंडमान निकोबार द्वीप समूह की सबसे ऊँची चोटी कौन सी है?
– सैडल पीक

03. अरब सागर में स्थित भारतीय द्वीपों की मुख्य विशिष्टता क्या है?
– सभी द्वीप प्रवाल उदगम के हैं

04. अरावली पर्वत श्रेणी का सर्वोच्च शिखर क्या कहलाता है?
– गुरू शिखर

05. आदम का पुल किन दो देशों के मध्य स्थित है?
– भारत और श्रीलंका के

06. आवो जनजाति किस राज्य से सम्बंधित है?
– असम से

07. इन्दिरा गांधी राष्ट्रीय उड़ान अकादमी कहाँ है?
– फुरसतगंज, उत्तर प्रदेश

08. ईश्वर का निवास स्थान किस नगर को कहा जाता है?
– प्रयाग को

09. कर्क रेखा किन राज्यों से होकर गुजरती है?
– राजस्थान, गुजरात, मध्यप्रदेश,  छत्तीसगढ़, झारखण्ड, पश्चिम बंगाल, त्रिपुरा और मिजोरम

10. कार्डामम पहाड़ी या इलायची की पहाड़ी कहाँ स्थित है?
– केरल में

11. कावेरी जल विवाद किन राज्यों के बीच है?
– कर्नाटक और तमिलनाडु

12. किस देश के साथ न्यूमूर द्वीप के कारण भारत का विवाद है?
– बांग्लादेश के साथ

13. किस नदी को बिहार का शोक कहा जाता है?
– कोसी नदी

14. किस बन्दरगाह को भारत का प्रवेश द्वार कहा जाता है?
– मुम्बई

15. किस राज्य की समुद्र तटरेखा सबसे लंबी है?
– गुजरात की

16. किस स्थान पर 1911 ई.में विश्व की प्रथम हवाई डाक सेवा प्रारम्भ की गई थी
– इलाहबाद और नैनी के मध्य

17. कोंकण रेलमार्ग किस पर्वत श्रृंखला से होकर गुजरता है?
– पश्चिमी घाट

18. कोया जनजाति किस राज्य से सम्बंधित है?
– आंध्र प्रदेश

19. कोलकाता और मुम्बई को कौन सा दर्रा जोड़ता है?
– भोरघाट

20. कौन सा बन्दरगाह भारतीय सामुद्रिक व्यापार का पूर्वी द्वार कहलाता है?
– कोलकाता, हल्दिया

21. कौन सा महत्वपूर्ण अक्षांश भारत को दो भागों में बंटता है?
– 23°3′ उत्तर

22. कौन सी नदी बंगाल का शोक कही जाती है?
– दामोदर नदी

23. कौन सी नदी भ्रंश द्रोणी से होकर बहती है?
– नर्मदा नदी

24. कौन सी पर्वत माला सह्याद्रि के नाम से जानी जाती है?
– पश्चिमी घाट

25. क्षेत्रफल क अनुसार सबसे बड़ा जिला कौन सा है?
– कच्छ, गुजरात में

26. क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से भारत का विश्व में कौन सा स्थान है?
– सातवाँ स्थान

27. क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से भारत के तीन बड़े राज्यों का क्रम क्या है?
– राजस्थान, मध्यप्रदेश, महाराष्ट्र

28. खरीफ़ की फसल कौन सी है? ज्वार, बाजरा, मक्का, चावल, तिल आदि

29. खारे पानी की सबसे बड़ी झील कौन सी है?
– सांभर झील, राजस्थान

30. गंगा एवं ब्रह्मपुत्र की संयुक्त जलधारा किस नाम से जानी जाती है?
– मेघना नदी

31. गंगा नदी का उदगम स्थल कौन सा है?
– गंगोत्री, उत्तराखण्ड

32. गुजरात व महाराष्ट्र नया राज्य कब बने?
– 1 मई 1960 को

33. गोवा राज्य का गठन कब हुआ? –
30 मई 1987 को

34. चकमा व हलमात किस राज्य की जनजातियां हैं?
– त्रिपुरा की

35. छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य का गठन कब हुआ?
– 1 नवम्बर 2000 को

36. जनसंख्या की दृष्टि से भारत का विश्व में कौन सा स्थान है?
– दूसरा

37. जम्मू – कश्मीर का वह हिस्सा जो चीन के अधिकार में है, क्या कहलाता है?
– ऑक्साई चीन

38. जायद की फसल कौन सी है?
– खरबूजा, खीरा, ककड़ी आदि

39. जावर की खान किस खनिज के लिये प्रसिद्ध है?
– जस्ता उत्पादन के लिए

40. जोजिला दर्रा किस राज्य में स्थित है?
– जम्मू-कश्मीर

41. झारखण्ड राज्य जा निर्माण कब हुआ?
– 15 नवम्बर 2000 को

42. टिहरी बांध किन नदियों के संगम पर है?
– भागीरथी और भीलांगना नदी के

43. टोडा जनजाति कहाँ पाई जाती है?
– नीलगिरी पहाड़ियों में

44. डूरंड रेखा जो भारत और अफगानिस्तान के बीच है, कब निर्धारित की गई?
– 1896 में

45. डेल्टा न बनाने वाली भारत की सबसे लंबी नदी कौन सी है?
– नर्मदा नदी

46. डॉल्फिन नोज नामक चट्टान के पीछे कौन सा बन्दरगाह है?
– विशाखापत्तनम, आंध्र प्रदेश में

47. तेलंगाना राज्य कब बना?
– 2 जून 2014 को

48. दक्कन का पठार किन राज्यों में स्थित है?
– महाराष्ट्र, मध्यप्रदेश, गुजरात, कर्नाटक और आंध्रप्रदेश में

49. दक्षिण भारत की गंगा किस नदी को कहा जाता है?
– कावेरी नदी को

50. दक्षिण भारत की सबसे ऊँची चोटी कौन सी है?
– अन्नाईमुडी

The UNESCO Protected Biosphere Reserves list in India

✅ Components of Maps

🔹 Distance
➖ Maps are drawings, which reduce the entire world or a part of it to fit on a sheet of paper. A scale is being used to do this accurately. A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map

🔹 Direction
➖ There are 4 cardinal points namely-North, South, East, West.
Other four intermediate directions are north-east (NE), southeast(SE), south-west (SW) and north-west (NW)
➖ It is possible to locate any place more accurately with the help of these intermediate directions.

🔹 Symbols
➖ Different features such as buildings, roads, bridges, trees, railway lines or well. So, they are shown by using certain letters, shades, colours, pictures and lines on the maps. These symbols give a lot of information in a limited space.
➖ With the use of these symbols, maps can be drawn easily and are simple to read.

✅ Types of Maps

🔹Physical or Relief Maps
➖ Maps showing natural features of the earth such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers, oceans etc. are known as physical or relief maps.

🔹Political Maps
➖ Maps showing cities, towns, villages, states, and different countries of the world with their boundaries are called political maps.

🔹Thematic Maps
➖ Maps that focus on specific information like road maps, rainfall maps, distribution of forests, industries etc. are called thematic maps.

🔹Sketch
➖ It is a drawing mainly based on memory and spot observation and not to scale

🔹Plan
➖ It is a drawing of a small area on a large scale.
➖ A large-scale map gives a lot of information.

📌GANGA River

✔️Origin:-
Gangotri Glacier, Eastern Himalayas, Uttarakhand

✔️Right Bank:-
Yamuna River, Chambal River, Banas River, Sind River, Betwa River, Ken River, Son River

✔️Left Bank:-
Ramganga River, Ghaghra River, Kali River, Gandak River, Burhi Gandak Kosi River

✔️States:-
Uttrakhand--> UP--> Bihar--> Jharkhand--> West Bengal

✔️Basin:-
Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Delhi  (Total 11)

📌Maikal Range (Hills)

📌Main Point👇

✔️1st:-  The Maikal Hills are range of hills in the state of Chhattisgarh India. 

✔️2nd:-  The Maikal Hills are an eastern part of the Satpuras in Kawardha District of Chhattisgarh

✔️3rd:-  This densely forested and thinly populated range gives rise to several streams and rivers including the tributaries of Narmada and Wainganga rivers.

✔️4th:-  The hills are inhabited by two tribal peoples, the Baigas and the Gonds

✔️5th:-  The hills are known to contain bauxite, an ore for aluminium.

🟩NATURAL GAS🔻

🔲Why in News: Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways informed Lok Sabha that the share of natural gas in the primary energy mix in India is envisaged to increase to 15% by 2030 by boosting domestic production and procuring LNG.

🔲LNG imports are under Open General Licensing (OGL) category and establishment of LNG infrastructure, including LNG terminals, is also under 100% FDI (automatic route).

🔲The market of natural gas is being created by expansion of gas infrastructure, including City Gas Distribution, Gas Grid Network and establishment of LNG retail outlets.

🔲This Ministry has notified mass emission standards for Liquefied Natural Gas- driven vehicles.

🔲It has also notified mass emission norms for agricultural tractors, power tillers, construction equipment vehicles and combined harvesters driven by dual fuel diesel with Liquefied Natural Gas engines.

🟩Chabahar Port🔻

🔲Chabahar port is located in the Gulf of Oman, near Iran’s border with Pakistan.

🔲In 2016, India and Iran had signed an agreement to construct a rail line from Chabahar port to Zahedan. Now Iran has started the development of the rail line on its own.

🔲It is the only major Oceanic port of Iran that lies beyond the Strait of Hormuz and has direct access to the Indian Ocean.

🔲It connects to Afghanistan at the Zaranj and Deleram highway.

🔲The port serves as the nearest port entry, after Pakistani ports, for India into Central Asia.

📌Sugar Production in India

✔️India has been the largest consumer ( 15% share) and second largest producer of sugar (20% share) in the world.
✔️Location of Sugar Industry in India: Sugar industry is broadly distributed over two major areas of production:
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana and Punjab in the north and
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in the south.
✔️South India has tropical climate which is suitable for higher sucrose content giving higher yield per unit area as compared to north India.

📌Challenges for Sugar Industry in India

✔️Dependence on Monsoon: Apart from irrigation equipped northern states, Sugarcane is largely grown in rainfed regions of central and southern India. So, a good monsoon becomes extremely important.
✔️Low Productivity: India has the largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world but the yield per hectare is extremely low and is even lower in North India than in South India.
✔️Low Sugar Recovery rate: Average rate of sugar recovery from the sugar cane is less than 10% whereas in other sugar producing areas like Java, Hawaii and Australia, it is 14%.
✔️Government Pricing Policy: The government policy, based on a dual price system, discourages the entrepreneurs from making investment for further growth and improvement.
✔️Short smashing season: Sugar creation is an occasional industry with a short smashing season-changing regularly from 4 to 7 months in a year.

📌GANGA River

✔️Origin:-
Gangotri Glacier, Eastern Himalayas, Uttarakhand

✔️Right Bank:-
Yamuna River, Chambal River, Banas River, Sind River, Betwa River, Ken River, Son River

✔️Left Bank:-
Ramganga River, Ghaghra River, Kali River, Gandak River, Burhi Gandak Kosi River

✔️States:-
Uttrakhand--> UP--> Bihar--> Jharkhand--> West Bengal

✔️Basin:-
Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Delhi  (Total 11)