Bole Addis Geography Learning

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#Geography Model Exam
#Grade 9 Old Curriculum
*Unit 1 & 2
* 30% (Questions)
#Grade 11 New Curriculum
*Unit 1,2,3 & 4
* 30% (Questions)
#Grade 12 New Curriculum
*Unit 1,2,3 & 4
* 40% (Questions)
#Total 100% (Questions)

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Demographic Questions

1. Which theory suggests that population growth is exponential while food supply grows at an arithmetic rate?
a) Demographic Transition Theory
b) Malthusian Theory
c) Neo-Malthusian Theory
d) Cornucopian Theory

2. The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. How many stages are primarily recognized in this model?
a) Three
b) Four
c) Five
d) Six

3. In the context of population growth, which factor is most commonly associated with reducing fertility rates?
a) Economic development
b) Increased mortality
c) Cultural traditions
d) Migration

4. According to the population pyramid theory, a population with a broad base and a narrow top typically indicates what?
a) Aging population
b) Declining population
c) Rapid population growth
d) Stable population

5. The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) includes stages that reflect changes in birth and death rates. What is the characteristic of Stage 2?
a) High birth and low death rates
b) Low birth and high death rates
c) Low birth and death rates
d) High birth and declining death rates

6. What does the concept of carrying capacity refer to in population studies?
a) The maximum population that an environment can sustain
b) The number of people in a given area
c) The ability of a society to maintain economic growth
d) The ratio of births to deaths in a population

7. Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by a decline in birth rates due to improved education and access to contraception?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4

8. What does the term "population density" refer to?
a) The number of births per year
b) The number of people living per unit area
c) The total population growth over time
d) The age distribution in a population

9. Which of the following is NOT typically a factor in reducing fertility rates in developing countries?
a) Increased female education and workforce participation
b) Access to family planning
c) Cultural pressures favoring large families
d) Economic development and urbanization

10. Which country is known for its one-child policy, aimed at controlling population growth?
a) India
b) China
c) Brazil
d) Japan

11. What type of policy encourages families to have more children by providing financial incentives?
a) Pro-natalist policy
b) Anti-natalist policy
c) Immigration policy
d) Urban development policy

12. Which of the following is a common measure in anti-natalist policies?
a) Tax benefits for families with children
b) Family planning services and contraception availability
c) Immigration incentives
d) Increased parental leave

13. Which of the following population policies aims to balance economic growth with population growth?
a) Malthusian policy
b) Sustainable development policy
c) Expansionist policy
d) Global migration policy

14. What is a primary objective of population policies?
a) To maintain cultural heritage
b) To improve education access
c) To manage population growth
d) To enhance technological development

15. Which of the following countries has implemented a two-child policy to replace the one-child policy?
a) India
b) China
c) Japan
d) Indonesia

16. Which organization is known for advocating for reproductive health and family planning worldwide?
a) UNESCO
b) WHO
c) UNFPA
d) UNICEF

17. What is a common feature of anti-natalist policies?
a) Subsidies for childcare
b) Public education on family planning
c) Tax deductions for families
d) Paid parental leave

18. Which country's population policy focused on encouraging emigration to reduce population pressure?
a) Italy
b) Mexico
c) Greece
d) Ireland

19. Which of the following strategies is commonly used to reduce fertility rates?
a) Improved access to education for women
b) Increasing marriage age
c) Enhancing job opportunities
d) All of the above

20. What is a challenge faced by countries implementing strict population control measures?
a) Economic growth
b) Aging population
c) Environmental sustainability
d) Increased migration

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Prepare yourself for the summary and model test.

Overview of #Ethiopian GDP, GNP, per capita income, and standard of living:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Current Estimates: As of 2023, Ethiopia's GDP is approximately $111 billion.
- Growth Rate: The economy has experienced high growth rates, often around 6-9% from 2010-2019, but the COVID-19 pandemic impacted growth in 2020.

Gross National Product (GNP)
- GNP Overview: GNP takes into account the value of goods and services produced by residents of a country, regardless of where they are located.
- Ethiopian GNP: Specific figures for GNP can vary but generally track closely with GDP, with slight adjustments for income from abroad.

Per Capita Income
- Current Estimate: As of 2023, Ethiopia's per capita income is about $950 to $1,100, highlighting a low-income economy given the large population.
- Income Distribution: There is significant income inequality, with urban areas experiencing higher incomes compared to rural regions.

Standard of Living
- General Conditions: Ethiopia has made progress in improving living standards, but many still face challenges.
- Access to Basic Services: Issues such as access to clean water, healthcare, and education remain prevalent.
- Human Development Index (HDI): Ethiopia ranks low on the HDI, indicating challenges in life expectancy, education, and income.

Measurement and Indicators of Economic Development

### GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
- Definition: The total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period.


### GNP (Gross National Product)
- Definition: The total monetary value of all goods and services produced by residents of a country, regardless of where the production takes place (includes foreign investments).


### Per Capita Income
- Definition: The average income earned per person in a given area (usually a country) in a specified year.


### Standard of Living
- Definition: The level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area.

#Development refers to the process of growth, progress, or evolution in various contexts, including economic, social, and personal dimensions. It encompasses improvements in quality of life, wealth, infrastructure, education, healthcare, and technology. In economics, it often indicates a country's transformation from a state of poverty to one of prosperity, involving industrialization and increased living standards.

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Theories on population growth and development

Karl Marx's population theory centers on the concept of surplus population, which he describes as a segment of the workforce that exceeds the needs of capitalist production. Unlike Malthus, who viewed population growth as a threat to resources, Marx argued that surplus population is a result of capitalist accumulation and technological advancement, leading to labor redundancy.Marx identifies two types of surplus population: relative surplus population, which arises from capitalist dynamics, and absolute surplus population, consisting of those completely outside the labor market. He posits that this surplus is necessary for maintaining low wages and ensuring capital profitability, thus creating a "reserve army of labor" that capital can exploit when needed.

Julian Simon's Ultimate Resource Theory asserts that human ingenuity is the key resource for overcoming challenges related to population growth and resource scarcity. In his book The Ultimate Resource (1981), Simon argues that rather than depleting resources, an increasing population fosters innovation and economic growth. He contends that as resources become scarce, prices rise, incentivizing the development of alternatives and new technologies, thus making resources effectively infinite from an economic perspective. This theory challenges Malthusian views by emphasizing creativity as the primary driver of progress and prosperity.

Ester Boserup (1910-1999) was a Danish economist renowned for her theory of agricultural intensification, which posits that population growth drives agricultural innovation rather than the reverse, as suggested by Malthusian theory. Her seminal work, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth (1965), argues that necessity fosters invention in agricultural practices to meet increasing food demands.
Boserup's ideas emphasize human adaptability and technological advancement in agriculture, asserting that societies will innovate to overcome challenges like food scarcity.
Her theories continue to influence discussions on population and resource management today.

Neo-Malthusianism is a modern interpretation of Thomas Malthus' theories, advocating for population control through contraception to prevent resource depletion and environmental degradation. This movement emphasizes that unchecked population growth can lead to significant social and ecological issues, promoting family planning and sustainable development as solutions. Neo-Malthusians argue that managing population growth is crucial for ensuring the earth's resources can support future generations, echoing Malthus' concerns about the balance between population and food supply.

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) proposed the Malthusian theory, which argues that population growth occurs exponentially while food supply increases arithmetically. In his 1798 work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, he suggested that unchecked population growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and war as resources become insufficient to support the growing population. Malthus identified two types of checks on population: positive checks (famine, disease) and preventive checks (moral restraint, delayed marriage) to curb growth. His ideas highlight the tension between population dynamics and resource availability.

Practice this unit three review questions and be ready for Tuesday test 3.
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The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007, outlines the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples. Here are some key points:

1. Self-Determination: Indigenous peoples have the right to determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.

2. Cultural Rights: They have the right to maintain, control, protect, and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and cultural expressions.

3. Land and Resources: Indigenous peoples have rights to their lands, territories, and resources. They should give free, prior, and informed consent before any development occurs on their traditional lands.

Ethiopian ethnic groups and examples of their indigenous conflict resolution practices:

1. Oromo:
- Gadaa System: This traditional system includes a form of democratic governance and conflict resolution. Elders, known as "Abba Gadaa," mediate disputes through community assemblies, emphasizing dialogue and consensus.

2. Amhara:
- Shimglina: This practice involves the use of respected elders to resolve conflicts, often gathering the parties involved for discussions. The resolution process may include reconciliation ceremonies to restore communal harmony.

3. Tigray:
- Mekonnen’s Role: Elders in Tigray deeply influence conflict resolution. They often host peace councils where disputants present their cases. The outcome usually focuses on maintaining relationships instead of punitive measures.

4. Afar:
- Rashaida System: This involves traditional elders mediating disputes through a series of communal gatherings. The process includes rituals, often seeking to restore social balance rather than assigning blame.

5. Sidama:
- Bacha Council: The Sidama people convene councils made up of elders to address conflicts. Through dialogue and negotiation, they restore relationships and promote community cohesion.

6. Somali:
- Xeer: This customary law includes conflict resolution through clan-based councils, known as "shurkad." Decisions are made collectively, focusing on restitution and reconciliation, often supported by oaths and publicly binding agreements.

7. Gurage:
- Binehe: Gurage communities use elder-led discussions to mediate local disputes. Their practices often include rituals that involve community feasting to symbolize unity and reconciliation after conflicts.

These examples illustrate the diversity of conflict resolution mechanisms in Ethiopia, emphasizing the central role of elders, community involvement, and restorative approaches across different ethnic groups. Each practice reflects the unique cultural values and social structures of the respective communities.

Governance of natural resources refers to the frameworks, rules, institutions, and processes that manage the utilization and conservation of natural resources, such as water, minerals, forests, and fisheries.

The Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) is an approach designed to understand and analyze the livelihoods of people, especially those in poverty. It emphasizes the interaction between the various factors that contribute to sustainable living. Here are the key components of the framework:

1. Livelihood Assets: These are the resources that people draw upon to make a living, categorized into five types:
- Human Capital: Skills, knowledge, education, and health.
- Social Capital: Networks, relationships, and community engagement.
- Natural Capital: Natural resources such as land, water, biodiversity.
- Physical Capital: Infrastructure and tools required for production.
- Financial Capital: Savings, loans, and financial resources.

2. Vulnerability Context: This includes the external factors that affect livelihoods, such as:
- Shocks (e.g., natural disasters, economic fluctuations).
- Trends (e.g., population changes, market trends).
- Seasonality (e.g., variations in employment due to seasonal work).

3. Livelihood Strategies: These are the ways in which people make a living using their assets. Strategies may include:
- Diversification of income sources.
- Migration for work.
- Engagement in agriculture, services, or trade.

4. Institutional Context: This refers to the policies, institutions, and processes that impact livelihoods, such as:
- Government policies and regulations.
- Community organizations and NGOs.
- Market systems and practices.

5. Outcomes: The results of the above components on people's well-being, which can include:
- Increased income and improved standard of living.
- Enhanced food security and health outcomes.
- Greater resilience to shocks and stresses.

The SLF promotes a holistic view of livelihoods and helps to identify pathways toward sustainable development, focusing on empowering vulnerable populations to enhance their resilience and adaptability in changing environments.

Transboundary natural resources refer to natural assets such as water, wildlife, forests, and minerals—that span across the borders of two or more countries. The management of these resources presents unique challenges and opportunities, necessitating cooperative strategies among nations to ensure sustainable use and conflict resolution.

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The Earth's lithosphere is divided into several tectonic plates that interact at plate boundaries. The seven major tectonic plates are:

1. Pacific Plate: The largest oceanic plate, located beneath the Pacific Ocean, known for its significant tectonic activity.

2. North American Plate: Covers North America as well as parts of the Atlantic Ocean, extending to the Arctic.

3. Eurasian Plate: Includes most of Europe and Asia, extending from the mid-Atlantic ridge to the Ural Mountains.

4. African Plate: Encompasses the continent of Africa and parts of the Atlantic Ocean, with notable rift valleys.

5. South American Plate: Covers South America and the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean.

6. Indo-Australian Plate: A combined plate that includes the Indian subcontinent and part of the Indian Ocean.

7. Antarctic Plate: Covers the continent of Antarctica and extends outward into the surrounding oceans.

These plates interact at three main types of boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform, leading to various geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain-building.

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Tenure refers to the legal or customary rights to hold or occupy land or property.
The four forms of tenure

1. Statutory Tenure:
- Based on written laws or statutes.
- Governed by legal frameworks established by legislation.
- Provides clear legal rights and obligations.
- Examples include lease agreements and land ownership laws.

2. Customary Tenure:
- Rooted in the traditions and practices of a community.
- Does not rely on formal legal structures, but rather on communal norms.
- Often involves communal land use and rights passed through generations.
- Common in indigenous communities where land is owned collectively.

3. Informal Tenure:
- Not officially recognized by law or formal mechanisms.
- Can include squatting, informal settlements, or unregistered land use.
- Often lacks legal protection, making occupants vulnerable to eviction.
- Frequently arises in urban areas where formal housing is scarce.

4. Religious Tenure:
- Based on religious beliefs and practices regarding land use and ownership.
- Can involve land held by religious organizations or communities.
- Often includes specific rules about stewardship and use of land according to doctrine.
- Examples may include lands owned by churches or temples.

Each of these tenure forms has its own implications for land use, rights, and governance, reflecting the cultural, legal, and social contexts in which they operate.

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Ethiopia's 10-Year Development Plan (2021-2030) aims to achieve substantial economic growth and sustainable development. Here are some key areas of focus:

1. Economic Transformation: The plan emphasizes transitioning from agriculture-based to an industrialized economy, enhancing manufacturing capabilities, and promoting sectors like textiles, leather, and agro-processing.

2. Infrastructure Development: Investments in infrastructure, including transportation (roads, railways), energy (renewable sources), and telecommunications, are prioritized to facilitate economic activities and connect regions.

3. Human Capital Development: Emphasis is placed on improving education and health services to develop a skilled workforce and enhance overall well-being.

4. Agriculture and Food Security: Strategies include modernizing agriculture through technology, improving productivity, ensuring food security, and enhancing resilience against climate change.

5. Private Sector Engagement: Encouraging private-sector investment is vital to stimulating economic growth, creating jobs, and fostering innovation.

6. Social Inclusion and Equality: The plan aims to address poverty, promote gender equality, and ensure that development benefits all segments of society.

7. Environmental Sustainability: Attention is given to protecting natural resources, promoting sustainable practices, and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

8. Governance and Institutional Development: Strengthening governance, enhancing public sector efficiency, and establishing accountable institutions are essential for effective implementation of the plan.

9. Regional Integration and Trade: The plan encourages regional partnerships and trade expansion to leverage Ethiopia's strategic geographical position.

10. Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing mechanisms for tracking progress and making necessary adjustments to ensure targets are met effectively.

This comprehensive approach aims to propel Ethiopia into a mid-income country status by 2030, focusing on balanced economic growth, social equity, and sustainability.

The Ethiopian Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTPII) is a strategic framework implemented by the Ethiopian government aimed at fostering economic growth and achieving sustainable development. Here are key aspects of GTPII:

1. Duration: The plan spans from 2016 to 2020.

2. Objectives:
- Accelerate economic growth to sustain Ethiopia's status as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa.
- Enhance the performance of various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and services.

3. Focus Areas:
- Agriculture: Improve productivity through irrigation, research, and technology.
- Manufacturing: Promote industrialization with a focus on light manufacturing and export-oriented industries.
- Infrastructure Development: Enhance transportation, energy, and telecommunications infrastructure to support economic activities.
- Human Capital Development: Invest in education and health to improve workforce quality.

4. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Align with the United Nations' SDGs promoting economic growth, poverty reduction, and environmental sustainability.

5. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage private sector involvement in development projects to enhance efficiency and innovation.

6. Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement a robust monitoring system to assess progress and adapt strategies as needed.

7. Challenges:
- Addressing issues like unemployment, inflation, and regional disparities.
- Ensuring the sustainability of growth amid environmental concerns.

GTPII seeks to create a prosperous and inclusive economic environment in Ethiopia by leveraging its resources and improving the quality of life for its citizens.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations in 2015. They aim to address pressing global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. The goals are designed to be interconnected, recognizing that actions in one area can affect outcomes in others.

Sustainable development is a critical concept emphasized by the United Nations (UN) as a means to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.

### Key Aspects of Sustainable Development:

1. Definition: Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

2. Three Pillars:
- Economic Development: Encouraging economic growth and job creation while ensuring that economic activities are sustainable and equitable.
- Social Inclusion: Promoting social equity, gender equality, and inclusivity to ensure that all individuals can benefit from development efforts.
- Environmental Protection: Safeguarding the Earth's ecosystems and resources to sustain natural habitats and biodiversity.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) primarily refers to the Earth Summit held in 1992. However, if you're looking for a sequence of key United Nations conferences related to environment and development, here they are:

1. First UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference):
- Year: 1972
- Location: Stockholm, Sweden
- Focus: Addressing environmental issues at a global level, establishing principles for human interaction with the environment.

2. Second UN Conference on the Environment (UN Conference on Environment and Development - Earth Summit):
- Year: 1992
- Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Focus: Sustainable development, environmental protection, and the promotion of economic growth that does not harm the environment.

3. Third UN Conference on Sustainable Development (World Summit on Sustainable Development):
- Year: 2002
- Location: Johannesburg, South Africa
- Focus: Review and appraise progress made since the Earth Summit, reaffirming commitments to sustainable development.

4. Fourth UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio +20):
- Year: 2012
- Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Focus: Renewing the global commitment to sustainable development, discussing a green economy, and establishing mechanisms for accountability.

Each conference built upon the previous one, addressing evolving global environmental challenges and the importance of sustainable development.

Here’s a general overview of day and night lengths in Addis Ababa throughout the year:

1. January:
- Day: ~11 hours 49 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 11 minutes

2. February:
- Day: ~11 hours 50 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 10 minutes

3. March:
- Day: ~12 hours 2 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 58 minutes

4. April:
- Day: ~12 hours 13 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 47 minutes

5. May:
- Day: ~12 hours 12 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 48 minutes

6. June:
- Day: ~12 hours 3 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 57 minutes

7. July:
- Day: ~11 hours 49 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 11 minutes

8. August:
- Day: ~11 hours 46 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 14 minutes

9. September:
- Day: ~11 hours 58 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 42 minutes

10. October:
- Day: ~11 hours 53 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 47 minutes

11. November:
- Day: ~11 hours 48 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 12 minutes

12. December:
- Day: ~11 hours 47 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 13 minutes

These lengths of day and night are approximate and can vary slightly week by week. Overall, due to its location near the equator, Addis Ababa experiences relatively consistent day lengths throughout the year.

November and December are typically the coldest months in Addis Ababa due to several factors:

1. Altitude: Addis Ababa is situated at a high elevation of about 2,400 meters (7,874 feet) above sea level, which influences its temperature, making it cooler overall.

2. Rainy Season: The main rainy season in Ethiopia occurs from June to September. As the rains end in October, November sees a reduction in cloud cover, leading to cooler nights.

3. Dry Season: During November and December, the dry season sets in, which not only results in less humidity but also contributes to cooler daytime and nighttime temperatures.

4. Solar Angle: The sun's angle during these months causes reduced solar heating, leading to cooler temperatures.

5. Air Mass: The cooler air masses from the highlands and surrounding regions contribute to lower temperatures during this period.

These factors combined lead to noticeable drops in temperatures during November and December in Addis Ababa.

2015 Geography National Exam

2016 Geography National Exam

Climate change adaptation and mitigation are two complementary strategies to address climate change.
Adaptation involves adjusting practices, processes, and structures to minimize the negative effects of climate change, such as extreme weather or sea-level rise. This includes measures like building flood defenses, altering agricultural practices, and enhancing disaster preparedness.
Mitigation, on the other hand, focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming. This can be achieved through transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and conserving carbon sinks like forests.
Both strategies are essential for effectively managing climate impacts.

Greenhouse gases

Aerosols

Solar cycle

Climate change and its causes

Sun, Earth and Moon movement model

Sunspots are dark regions on the Sun's surface caused by magnetic disturbances, following an approximately 11-year cycle known as the solar cycle. During solar maximum, sunspot numbers peak, leading to an increase in total solar irradiance (TSI) by about 0.1% despite sunspots being cooler and darker than surrounding areas. This increase is offset by brighter regions called faculae, which emit more radiation. The cycle influences Earth's climate, with variations in sunspot activity correlating with changes in temperature and atmospheric conditions over time.

Milankovitch cycles are variations in Earth's orbit and axial tilt that influence climate over thousands of years. Named after Serbian mathematician Milutin Milankovitch, these cycles include:
Eccentricity: Changes in the shape of Earth's orbit, occurring over approximately 100,000 years.
Obliquity: Variations in the tilt of Earth's axis (21.5° to 24.5°) every 41,000 years.
Precession: The wobble of Earth's axis, completing a cycle every 19,000 to 23,000 years.

Tomorrow you will have Geography classroom test (only unit one)
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Grade 9 and 10 old curriculum student textbook

Geography Text Book for Grade 9

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Landforms associated with river courses

Sheet erosion is the uniform removal of soil in thin layers, and it occurs when soil particles are carried evenly over the soil surface by rainwater that does not infiltrate into the ground.

Rill erosion is the type of erosion that occurs as water flows over a hillslope and cuts shallow, curvy channels into the top soil.

Gully erosion is a widespread and often dramatic form of soil erosion caused by flowing surface water.

Erosional Landforms Formed by Running Water (Fluvial Landforms) 

2009.Ice Age Dawn of the Dinosaurs

Ice age 3 enjoy and recognize the three cave formation

Limestone cave formations

Weathering and its types

Exogenic forces

Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock from inside the Earth to the surface.
Volcanism occurs because of Earth’s internal heat, and is associated with tectonic processes and a part of the rock cycle.