Bole Addis Geography Learning

Tenure refers to the legal or customary rights to hold or occupy land or property.
The four forms of tenure

1. Statutory Tenure:
- Based on written laws or statutes.
- Governed by legal frameworks established by legislation.
- Provides clear legal rights and obligations.
- Examples include lease agreements and land ownership laws.

2. Customary Tenure:
- Rooted in the traditions and practices of a community.
- Does not rely on formal legal structures, but rather on communal norms.
- Often involves communal land use and rights passed through generations.
- Common in indigenous communities where land is owned collectively.

3. Informal Tenure:
- Not officially recognized by law or formal mechanisms.
- Can include squatting, informal settlements, or unregistered land use.
- Often lacks legal protection, making occupants vulnerable to eviction.
- Frequently arises in urban areas where formal housing is scarce.

4. Religious Tenure:
- Based on religious beliefs and practices regarding land use and ownership.
- Can involve land held by religious organizations or communities.
- Often includes specific rules about stewardship and use of land according to doctrine.
- Examples may include lands owned by churches or temples.

Each of these tenure forms has its own implications for land use, rights, and governance, reflecting the cultural, legal, and social contexts in which they operate.

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Ethiopia's 10-Year Development Plan (2021-2030) aims to achieve substantial economic growth and sustainable development. Here are some key areas of focus:

1. Economic Transformation: The plan emphasizes transitioning from agriculture-based to an industrialized economy, enhancing manufacturing capabilities, and promoting sectors like textiles, leather, and agro-processing.

2. Infrastructure Development: Investments in infrastructure, including transportation (roads, railways), energy (renewable sources), and telecommunications, are prioritized to facilitate economic activities and connect regions.

3. Human Capital Development: Emphasis is placed on improving education and health services to develop a skilled workforce and enhance overall well-being.

4. Agriculture and Food Security: Strategies include modernizing agriculture through technology, improving productivity, ensuring food security, and enhancing resilience against climate change.

5. Private Sector Engagement: Encouraging private-sector investment is vital to stimulating economic growth, creating jobs, and fostering innovation.

6. Social Inclusion and Equality: The plan aims to address poverty, promote gender equality, and ensure that development benefits all segments of society.

7. Environmental Sustainability: Attention is given to protecting natural resources, promoting sustainable practices, and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

8. Governance and Institutional Development: Strengthening governance, enhancing public sector efficiency, and establishing accountable institutions are essential for effective implementation of the plan.

9. Regional Integration and Trade: The plan encourages regional partnerships and trade expansion to leverage Ethiopia's strategic geographical position.

10. Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing mechanisms for tracking progress and making necessary adjustments to ensure targets are met effectively.

This comprehensive approach aims to propel Ethiopia into a mid-income country status by 2030, focusing on balanced economic growth, social equity, and sustainability.

The Ethiopian Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTPII) is a strategic framework implemented by the Ethiopian government aimed at fostering economic growth and achieving sustainable development. Here are key aspects of GTPII:

1. Duration: The plan spans from 2016 to 2020.

2. Objectives:
- Accelerate economic growth to sustain Ethiopia's status as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa.
- Enhance the performance of various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and services.

3. Focus Areas:
- Agriculture: Improve productivity through irrigation, research, and technology.
- Manufacturing: Promote industrialization with a focus on light manufacturing and export-oriented industries.
- Infrastructure Development: Enhance transportation, energy, and telecommunications infrastructure to support economic activities.
- Human Capital Development: Invest in education and health to improve workforce quality.

4. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Align with the United Nations' SDGs promoting economic growth, poverty reduction, and environmental sustainability.

5. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage private sector involvement in development projects to enhance efficiency and innovation.

6. Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement a robust monitoring system to assess progress and adapt strategies as needed.

7. Challenges:
- Addressing issues like unemployment, inflation, and regional disparities.
- Ensuring the sustainability of growth amid environmental concerns.

GTPII seeks to create a prosperous and inclusive economic environment in Ethiopia by leveraging its resources and improving the quality of life for its citizens.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations in 2015. They aim to address pressing global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. The goals are designed to be interconnected, recognizing that actions in one area can affect outcomes in others.

Sustainable development is a critical concept emphasized by the United Nations (UN) as a means to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.

### Key Aspects of Sustainable Development:

1. Definition: Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

2. Three Pillars:
- Economic Development: Encouraging economic growth and job creation while ensuring that economic activities are sustainable and equitable.
- Social Inclusion: Promoting social equity, gender equality, and inclusivity to ensure that all individuals can benefit from development efforts.
- Environmental Protection: Safeguarding the Earth's ecosystems and resources to sustain natural habitats and biodiversity.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) primarily refers to the Earth Summit held in 1992. However, if you're looking for a sequence of key United Nations conferences related to environment and development, here they are:

1. First UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference):
- Year: 1972
- Location: Stockholm, Sweden
- Focus: Addressing environmental issues at a global level, establishing principles for human interaction with the environment.

2. Second UN Conference on the Environment (UN Conference on Environment and Development - Earth Summit):
- Year: 1992
- Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Focus: Sustainable development, environmental protection, and the promotion of economic growth that does not harm the environment.

3. Third UN Conference on Sustainable Development (World Summit on Sustainable Development):
- Year: 2002
- Location: Johannesburg, South Africa
- Focus: Review and appraise progress made since the Earth Summit, reaffirming commitments to sustainable development.

4. Fourth UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio +20):
- Year: 2012
- Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Focus: Renewing the global commitment to sustainable development, discussing a green economy, and establishing mechanisms for accountability.

Each conference built upon the previous one, addressing evolving global environmental challenges and the importance of sustainable development.

Here’s a general overview of day and night lengths in Addis Ababa throughout the year:

1. January:
- Day: ~11 hours 49 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 11 minutes

2. February:
- Day: ~11 hours 50 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 10 minutes

3. March:
- Day: ~12 hours 2 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 58 minutes

4. April:
- Day: ~12 hours 13 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 47 minutes

5. May:
- Day: ~12 hours 12 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 48 minutes

6. June:
- Day: ~12 hours 3 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 57 minutes

7. July:
- Day: ~11 hours 49 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 11 minutes

8. August:
- Day: ~11 hours 46 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 14 minutes

9. September:
- Day: ~11 hours 58 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 42 minutes

10. October:
- Day: ~11 hours 53 minutes
- Night: ~11 hours 47 minutes

11. November:
- Day: ~11 hours 48 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 12 minutes

12. December:
- Day: ~11 hours 47 minutes
- Night: ~12 hours 13 minutes

These lengths of day and night are approximate and can vary slightly week by week. Overall, due to its location near the equator, Addis Ababa experiences relatively consistent day lengths throughout the year.

November and December are typically the coldest months in Addis Ababa due to several factors:

1. Altitude: Addis Ababa is situated at a high elevation of about 2,400 meters (7,874 feet) above sea level, which influences its temperature, making it cooler overall.

2. Rainy Season: The main rainy season in Ethiopia occurs from June to September. As the rains end in October, November sees a reduction in cloud cover, leading to cooler nights.

3. Dry Season: During November and December, the dry season sets in, which not only results in less humidity but also contributes to cooler daytime and nighttime temperatures.

4. Solar Angle: The sun's angle during these months causes reduced solar heating, leading to cooler temperatures.

5. Air Mass: The cooler air masses from the highlands and surrounding regions contribute to lower temperatures during this period.

These factors combined lead to noticeable drops in temperatures during November and December in Addis Ababa.

2015 Geography National Exam

2016 Geography National Exam

Climate change adaptation and mitigation are two complementary strategies to address climate change.
Adaptation involves adjusting practices, processes, and structures to minimize the negative effects of climate change, such as extreme weather or sea-level rise. This includes measures like building flood defenses, altering agricultural practices, and enhancing disaster preparedness.
Mitigation, on the other hand, focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming. This can be achieved through transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and conserving carbon sinks like forests.
Both strategies are essential for effectively managing climate impacts.

Greenhouse gases