Pathology videos & books

Correct Answer -D
Ans. is d i.e., Polymorphonuclear cells
Aschoff bodies
* Aschoff bodies are focal inflammatory lesions seen during acute
rheumatic fever
They consist of foci of swollen eosinophillic collagen surrounded by
Lymphocytes (primarily T cells)
Occasional plasma cells
Aschoff giant cells (macrophages of rheumatic fever)
Antitschkow cells
(Antischkow cells are modified macrophages with abundant
cytoplasm and central round to ovoid nuclei in which the chromatin
is disposed in the central, slender wavy ribbon like pattern-caterpillar
cells)
Histiocytes
Fibrobla

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Correct Answer - B Ans.is `b'i.e., Nicotine and carbon monoxide and tar Mechanisms for smoking-induced Coronary heart disease Carbon monoxide induces atherogenesis. Nicotine stimulation of adrenergic drive raising both BP and myocardial oxygen demand. Lipid metabolism with fall in protective high-density lipoproteins. Note .. Tar is associated with carcinogenesis (not atherosclerosis). But amongst the given options option b is the best answer as it consists of both nicotine and CO

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Answer -C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cytoplasmic vacuole
o Fatty changes occur in alcoholic steatosis (fatty liver). It is
manifested by appearence of lipid vacuole in the cytoplasm, which is
a sign of reversible injury.
○ Other three options (loss of cell membrane, nuclear karyolysis and
pyknosis) are signs of irreversible injur

Correct Answer -D
Ans. is d i.e., Polymorphonuclear cells
Aschoff bodies
* Aschoff bodies are focal inflammatory lesions seen during acute
rheumatic fever
They consist of foci of swollen eosinophillic collagen surrounded by
Lymphocytes (primarily T cells)
Occasional plasma cells
Aschoff giant cells (macrophages of rheumatic fever)
Antitschkow cells
(Antischkow cells are modified macrophages with abundant
cytoplasm and central round to ovoid nuclei in which the chromatin
is disposed in the central, slender wavy ribbon like pattern-caterpillar
cells)
Histiocytes
Fibrobla

Correct Answer - B Ans.is `b'i.e., Nicotine and carbon monoxide and tar Mechanisms for smoking-induced Coronary heart disease Carbon monoxide induces atherogenesis. Nicotine stimulation of adrenergic drive raising both BP and myocardial oxygen demand. Lipid metabolism with fall in protective high-density lipoproteins. Note .. Tar is associated with carcinogenesis (not atherosclerosis). But amongst the given options option b is the best answer as it consists of both nicotine and CO

Correct Answer -C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Waviness of fibers • Variable waviness of fibres at border is the earliest histological finding (see tables of previous explanation)

Correct Answer -C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Most commonly involved artery is abdominal aorta It is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults,is an acute and chronic, often granulomatous, inflammation of arteries of large to small size It affects principally the arteries in the head-especially the temporal arteries- but also the vertebral and ophthalmic arteries and the aorta, where it may cause thoracic aortic aneurysm

Correct Answer-B Ans. is `b'i.e., Nicotine and carbon monoxide and tar Mechanisms for smoking-induced Coronary heart disease Carbon monoxide induces atherogenesis. Nicotine stimulation of adrenergic drive raising both BP and myocardial oxygen demand. Lipid metabolism with fall in protective high-density lipoproteins. Note .. Tar associated with carcinogenesis (not atherosclerosis). But S! amongst the given options option b is the best answer as it consists of both nicotine and CO

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Correct Answer-A
Ans. A. CLL evolving into aggressive lymphoma .

Richter's transformation or Richter's syndrome is a complication of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or hairy cell leukemia (HCL) in which the leukemia changes into a fast-growing diffuse large B cellymphoma

Correct Answer - C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Most commonly involved artery is abdominal aorta It is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults, is an acute and chronic, often granulomatous, inflammation of arteries of large to small size It affects principally the arteries in the head-especially the temporal arteries- but also the vertebral and ophthalmic arteries and the aorta, where it may cause thoracic aortic aneurysm

Correct Answer -C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy • Rupture occurs in advanced atherosclerotic lesion. • In advanced atheroma, smooth muscle cells undergo apoptosis and advanced atheromatous plaque often have mostly fibrous character with lack of smooth muscle cells that are seen in less advanced lesion.

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A previously healthy, 27-year-old agricultural worker develops nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, cough with wheezing and dyspnoea, salivation, and lacrimation 1 hour after leaving work in a field. On examination, he is afebrile with a heart rate of 50/min and blood pressure of 90/55 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show plasma cholinesterase activity less than 50% of normal. Atropine is given intravenously, and his condition improves. He was most likely exposed to which of the following substances?

A Aflatoxin
B Cyclodiene
C Dioxin
D Ergot alkaloid
E Organophosphate

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Correct Answer - B Minute 1- to 2-mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called petechiae. These are most commonly associated with locally increased intravascular pressure, low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), or defective platelet function (as in uremia).
Ref: Robbins 8th edition Chapter 4.

For answer
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So yeah the singer justin bieber is suffering from a condition ----------- which affects------- nerve....

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D) Ramsay hunt syndrome, VIIth nerve
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A 30-year-old woman presents with complaints of fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath on exertion for the past few weeks. On physical examination, a systolic murmur is noted at the left sternal border, with no signs of heart failure or valvular abnormalities. Laboratory findings reveal a hemoglobin of 7.5 g/dL, MCV of 72 fL, and low ferritin levels. Her reticulocyte count is slightly elevated. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the murmur in this patient?

A) Iron-deficiency anemia
B) Thalassemia minor
C) Aortic regurgitation
D) Mitral valve prolapse
E) Sickle cell disease

PGI PG CHANDIGARH 2009

Q.]During acclimitisation, decreased sweating is due to down regulation of?

a) Epinephrine receptors

b) Norepinephrine receptors

c) Acetylcholine receptors

d) Dopamine receptors

Correct Answer - C The next step in the process of leukocyte recruitment is migration of the leukocytes through the endothelium, called transmigration or diapedesis.
Transmigration of leukocytes occurs mainly in post-capillary venules. Chemokines act on the adherent leukocytes and stimulate the cells to migrate through interendothelial spaces toward the chemical concentration gradient, that is, toward the site of injury or infection where the chemokines are being produced.
Ref: Robbins 8th edition, Chapter 2.

Crct ans
1 option
IL 1

Correct Answer -C Apocrine glands

Correct Answer - D Ans. is 'd' i.e., Old age .. Old age is a non-modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). ?. Other three (given in question) are modifiable risk factors

Correct Answer -C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy . Rupture occurs in advanced atherosclerotic lesion. . In advanced atheroma, smooth muscle cells undergo apoptosis and advanced atheromatous plaque often have mostly fibrous character with lack of smooth muscle cells that are seen in less advanced lesion.

Wishing you all bright and prosperous Diwali. Let this Diwali be a time of renewal and prosperity in both our professional and personal lives.

Correct Answer - C Ans. is 'c' i.e., Monckebergs sclerosis First see types of arteries Based on their size and structural features, arteries are divided into three types. Large or Elastic arteries Aorta • Its large branches, eg. - Innominate, Subclavian, common carotid. iliac • Pulmonary arteries. Medium sized or muscular arteries • Small branches of aorta Coronary, Renal T • Small arteries and arterioles • Within substance of the tissue • Now see their affection ? Arteriosclerosis • Dont get confuse with atherosclerosis. .| Arteriosclerosis means hardening of arteries by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial wall. o There are three patterns of arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis • Characterized by intimal lesions, i.e. atheromas, which project into vascular lumen and may obstruct it. o This is the most common
pattern of arteriosclerosis. • It involves elastic arteries, and large & medium size muscular arteries. Arteriolosclerosis .| Seen in arterioles of patiens with hypertension and diabetes • Two anatomic variants are common --> hyaline and hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis. Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis • It is seen in small and medium sized muscular arteries • It is a degenerative and apparently non-inflammatory disease • Media of these arteries becomes calcified. • It occurs in patients older than 50 years.

Correct Answer - A A i.e. Axon reflex

Correct Answer - B Minute 1- tO 2-mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces are called petechiae. These are most commonly associated with locally increased intravascular pressure, low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), or defective platelet function (as in uremia).
Ref: Robbins 8th edition Chapter 4.

Correct Answer - C Ans: C. Both of the above Bridging necrosis is a more severe form of hepatocellular injury in acute viral hepatitis and may progress to fulminant hepatitis or chronic hepatitis. Bridging necrosis is characterized by bands of necrosis linking portal tracts to central hepatic veins, one central hepatic vein to another, or & portal tract to another tract. In severe cases of acute hepatitis, confluent necrosis of hepatocytes may lead to bridging necrosis connecting portal-to-portal, central-to- central, or portal-to-central regions of adjacent lobules. Hepatocyte swelling and regeneration compress sinusoids, and the more or less radial array of hepatocyte plates around terminal hepatic veins are lost. Bridging fibrosis is an important component of severe examples of chronic viral hepatitis and steatohepatitis

Correct Answer
Option B
Brain

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Correct Answer - C
Answer- C. Membrane defect

* Among the defects in hexose monophosphate shunt, the most
common is G6PD deficiency.

* G6PD gene is located on the X chromosome and its deficiency is,
therefore, a sex (X)-linked trait affecting males, while the females
are carriers and are asymptomatic.

* PATHOGENESIS: Normally, red blood cells are well protected
against oxidant stress because of an adequate generation of
reduced glutathione via the hexose monophosphate shunt.

* Individuals with inherited deficiency of G6PD, an enzyme required for hexosemonophosphate shunt for glucose metabolism, fail to develop adequate levels of reduced glutathione in their red cells.

* The clinical manifestations are those of acute hemolytic anemia
within hours of exposure to oxidant stress.

* The hemolysis is, however, self-limiting even if the exposure to the oxidant is continued since it affects the older red cells only

@sketchymedical

Correct Answer - D
Answer- D. 2

A normal CD4/CD8 ratio is 2.0, with CD4 lymphocytes equal to or
greater than 400/mm3 and CD8 lymphocytes equal to 200 to
800/mm3.

@sketchymedical

Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Squamous cell carcinoma

-MYC and RB - small cell cancer
RAS and p16 - non-small cell cancer
p53 - both small and non-small cell, but highest in squamous cell
carcinoma
K-RAS –adenocarcinoma

@sketchymedical

Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Bronchi and bronchioles

-Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a condition
characterized by a hypersensitivity response to the Aspergillus (most
commonly Aspergillus fumigatus).

-An allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a form of lung disease that occurs in some people who are allergic to Aspergillus.

-With ABPA, this allergic reaction causes the immune system to
overreact to Aspergillus leading to lung inflammation.
-ABPA causes bronchospasm (tightening of airway muscles) and
mucus buildup resulting in coughing, breathing difficulty and airway obstruction.

*it also causes airway inflammation, leading to bronchiectasis—a
condition marked by abnormal dilation of the bronchi and
bronchioles.

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 5 weeks
* Once blood is removed from the donor, it starts a sequences of in
vitro changes that change its physiological properties.
* Ensuring the blood and its products transfusion safe, their storage is a must.

* The main aim is to minimize damage to store blood.
* Addition of some additive solutions increases the viability of blood, particularly RBCs:
Additive Shelf life of RBC
Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) 21
days
Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) 21 days
Citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine (CPD-A)
35 days
Saline-adenine-Glucose-Mannitol (SAGM)
42 days

@sketchymedical