Lem 2016

1. Value Your Time
Treat every minute as valuable—allocate it to what matters most.

2. Plan Ahead
Successful people plan their days the night before to stay focused.

3. Learn to Say No
Protect your time by declining tasks that don’t align with your goals.

4. Work on High-Value Tasks
Prioritize tasks that have the biggest impact on your success.

5. Block Distractions
Create focused time blocks and eliminate distractions like social media.

@model_Exam

ከ9-10

5 ሚሊዮን የኢትዮጵያ ኮደሮች ኢንሼቲቪ ለመሰልጠን ተመዝግበዋ? ካልተመዘገቡ ዛሬውኑ በመመዝገብ የዚህ ታላቅ እድል ተቋዳሽ ይሁኑ!!

በርካታ ኢትዮጵያውያን የ “አምስት ሚሊዮን ኢትዮጵያውያን ኮደርስ'' ስልጠናዎችን በመሰልጠንና የዲጂታል ክሕሎታቸውን በማዳበር ለአሁናዊና ለመጪው ጊዜ እራሳቸውን ብቁና ዝግጁ አድርገዋል፡፡ እርስዎስ “የ5 ሚሊዮን የኢትዮጵያ ኮደሮች ኢንሼቲቪ” ለመሰልጠን ተመዝግበዋ? ካልተመዘገቡ ዛሬውኑ በመመዝገብ የዚህ ታላቅ እድል ተቋዳሽ ይሁኑ!!

በመርሃ ግብሩ መሰረት እ.ኤ.አ በ2026 አምስት ሚሊዮን ኢትዮጵያዊያንን በዌብ ፕሮግራሚንግ፣ በአንድሮይድ ማበልፀግ፣ ዳታ ሳይንስ እና አርቴፊሻል ኢንተለጀንስ መሠረታዊ የዲጂታል ክሂሎት የሚያስጨብጥ ይሆናል።

ለመመዝገብ፡http://www.ethiocoders.et

ቀን 03/04/2017 ዓ.ም
አስቸኳይ የስብሰባ ጥሪ
ለትምህርት ቤታችን የ12ኛ ክፍል የተማሪ ወላጆች በሙሉ ቅዳሜ ታህሳስ 05/04/2017 ዓ.ም. በተማሪዎች ውጤት ዙሪያ ውይይት በማስፈለጉ ከጠዋቱ 2:30 በትምህርት ቤቱ አዳራሽ እንድትገኙ እናሳስባለን ።
ት/ቤቱ

💠 Viruses:
Viruses are tiny infectious agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism.
They are considered at the edge of living and non-living entities. 🦠

💠 Characteristics of Viruses 🦠

👉 Structure:
   ➤ Genetic Material: Can be DNA or RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded. 📜
   ➤ Capsid: A protein coat that protects the viral genome. 🛡
   ➤ Envelope: Some viruses have a lipid envelope derived from the host cell membrane. 🌐

👉 Size: Generally much smaller than bacteria, ranging from 20 nm to 300 nm. 📏

👉 Lack of Cellular Structure: Viruses do not have cellular machinery and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own. ❌

👉 Reproduction: Must infect a host cell to replicate; they hijack the host's cellular machinery to produce new virus particles. 🔄

👉 Host Specificity: Many viruses are specific to particular hosts or cell types.

💠 Viral Symmetry 🔍

🔻 Helical Symmetry: Viral capsids are shaped like rods or spirals, with the genetic material coiled inside
(e.g., Tobacco Mosaic Virus). 🔄

🔻 Icosahedral Symmetry: Virus particles have a spherical shape with 20 triangular faces
(e.g., Adenovirus). ⚽️

🔻 Complex Symmetry: Some viruses have more intricate structures, combining elements of helical and icosahedral symmetry
(e.g., Bacteriophages). ⚙️

💠 Classification of Viruses 📚

Viruses are classified based on several criteria:

➤ Type of Genetic Material:
   - DNA Viruses: Contain DNA (e.g., Herpesvirus).
   - RNA Viruses: Contain RNA (e.g., Influenza virus).

➤ Strand Type:
   - Single-stranded (ss) or Double-stranded (ds).

➤ Capsid Shape:
   - Helical, icosahedral, or complex.

➤ Presence of Envelope:
   - Enveloped viruses (e.g., HIV) vs. non-enveloped viruses (e.g., Poliovirus).

➤ Host Organism:
   - Animal viruses, plant viruses, bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria), etc.

➤ Disease Caused:
   - Classification can also be based on the diseases they cause.
e.g., oncogenic viruses, respiratory viruses

 

20 questions about the structure of bacteria with their functions and answer.

1. What is the outermost layer of a bacterial cell called?
   A) Capsule
   B) Cell wall
   C) Cytoplasm
   D) Cell membrane

2. Which structure is responsible for bacterial movement?
   A) Pili
   B) Flagella
   C) Ribosomes
   D) Nucleus

3. What is the function of the cytoplasm in bacteria?
   A) Reproduction
   B) Protein synthesis
   C) DNA replication
   D) Cell structure maintenance

4. Which structure allows bacteria to exchange genetic material?
   A) Capsule
   B) Plasmids
   C) Cell wall
   D) Nucleus

5. Which structure is responsible for bacterial respiration?
   A) Vacuole
   B) Mitochondria
   C) Cell wall
   D) Mesosome

6. What is the function of the cell membrane in bacteria?
   A) Cellular transport
   B) Cell division
   C) DNA replication
   D) Protein synthesis

7. Which structure is responsible for bacterial reproduction?
   A) Plasmid
   B) Flagellum
   C) Ribosome
   D) Nucleus

8. What is the function of ribosomes in bacteria?
   A) Cellular respiration
   B) Genetic material storage
   C) Protein synthesis
   D) Cell division

9. Which structure protects bacteria from the host's immune system?
   A) Capsule
   B) Cell wall
   C) Pili
   D) Nucleus

10. What is the function of the nucleoid region in bacteria?
    A) Cell division
    B) Energy production
    C) DNA storage
    D) Protein synthesis

11. Which structure forms a protective layer around the bacterial cell?
    A) Capsule
    B) Plasmids
    C) Flagellum
    D) Nucleus

12. What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?
    A) Cellular respiration
    B) Cell division
    C) Reproduction
    D) Protection

13. Which structure contains the genetic material in bacterial cells?
    A) Cytoplasm
    B) Pili
    C) Capsule
    D) Nucleoid region

14. What is the function of the mesosome in bacteria?
    A) Protein synthesis
    B) Energy production
    C) Reproduction
    D) Cellular transport

15. Which structure helps bacteria adhere to surfaces?
    A) Pili
    B) Flagellum
    C) Ribosome
    D) Nucleus

16. What is the function of the capsule in bacteria?
    A) Protection
    B) Cell division
    C) DNA replication
    D) Protein synthesis

17. Which structure is responsible for storing excess nutrients in bacteria?
    A) Capsule
    B) Nucleus
    C) Vacuole
    D) Flagellum

18. What is the function of the plasmids in bacteria?
    A) Cellular respiration
    B) Protection
    C) Genetic exchange
    D) DNA synthesis

19. Which structure is responsible for bacterial digestion?
    A) Vacuole
    B) Lysosome
    C) Cell wall
    D) Mesosome

20. What is the function of pili in bacteria?
    A) Cellular respiration
    B) Genetic exchange
    C) Cell division
    D) Protein synthesis

Read the following passage and narrate it to your friends.

Maintaining a clean and organized home can often feel like an endless cycle of chores. The first task is usually dusting - a deep and laborious process of gently wiping down surfaces to remove the buildup of dirt and grime. This is followed by the tedious work of sweeping, where one must skillfully guide the broom across the floor to gather up all the loose debris.

Next comes the mopping, a frequent and quick cleaning of the hard floors. The mop is deftly moved across the surface, leaving behind a gleaming, spotless finish. Wiping down countertops, tables, and other flat surfaces is another repetitive yet necessary chore, done neatly and thoroughly.

When it's time to tackle the laundry, the process begins with sorting - separating whites, darks, delicates, and other categories. The actual washing of clothes is a laborious task, requiring careful loading of the machine and meticulous selection of water temperatures and detergent amounts. Once clean, the clothes must be meticulously ironed and neatly folded before being put away.

The kitchen also demands constant attention, from doing the dishes to preparing meals. Washing dishes can be a tedious chore, but it must be done skillfully to ensure everything is spotless. Making coffee, breakfast, lunch, and dinner requires frequent trips to the kitchen, as the family's needs must be attended to with care and efficiency.

Finally, the bed must be made, a task that may seem simple but requires precision and diligence to achieve a tidy, well-presented result. Fluffing pillows, smoothing sheets, and arranging the comforter all contribute to the overall appearance of a well-maintained bedroom.

While these house chores may seem never-ending, they are essential for maintaining a clean, comfortable, and organized living space. With a bit of patience, attention to detail, and a willingness to tackle each task with care, a well-kept home can be achieved.



House chores

Assignment:Practise speaking and writing using the following questions according to the passage.

1. What is the first house chore mentioned in the passage?
2. What adjective is used to describe the process of dusting?
3. Describe the process of sweeping as mentioned in the passage.
4. What adverb is used to describe how the mop is moved during mopping?
5. What is one of the repetitive chores mentioned in the passage?
6. What must be done carefully when washing clothes?
7. What kitchen task is mentioned as needing to be done frequently?
8. What adverb is used to describe how the bed must be made?
9. What is said to be essential for maintaining a clean, comfortable home?
10. What is the overall tone or sentiment expressed about house chores in the passage?

💠 Protozoa
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in a variety of environments, including freshwater, marine, and soil ecosystems. 🦠
They exhibit diverse forms and behaviors, often classified based on their movement and life cycle.

💠 General Characteristics of Protozoa🌱

🔹 Eukaryotic Cells: Protozoa have complex cells with a defined nucleus and organelles, distinguishing them from prokaryotic organisms like bacteria. 🧬

🔹 Unicellular: They exist as single cells, but can form colonies or multicellular structures in some species. 🌍

🔹 Heterotrophic Nutrition: Most protozoa are heterotrophs, obtaining nutrients by ingesting organic matter or other microorganisms. 🍽

🔹 Motility: Protozoa can move using various structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia. 🚶‍♂️
This motility aids in feeding and escaping predators.

💠 Classification of Protozoa🗂

👉 Amoeboids (Amoeba): Move and feed using pseudopodia.
Example: Entamoeba histolytica.

👉 Flagellates: Move using flagella. Example: Trypanosoma brucei.

👉 Ciliates: Move using cilia. Example: Paramecium

👉 Sporozoans: Non-motile and often parasitic.
Example: Plasmodium

💠 Common Diseases Caused by Protozoa

🔸 Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis): Caused by Entamoeba histolytica, leading to severe diarrhea and abdominal pain.
It is transmitted through contaminated food and water.

🔸 Malaria: Caused by Plasmodium species (e.g: Plasmodium falciparum), transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.
Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness.

🔸 Sleeping Sickness: transmitted by the tsetse fly.
Symptoms include fever, headaches, and neurological issues if untreated.

🔸 Giardiasis: Caused by Giardia lamblia, often contracted through contaminated water.
Symptoms include diarrhea, gas, and stomach cramps.

🔸 Toxoplasmosis: Caused by Toxoplasma gondii, often transmitted through undercooked meat or cat feces.
It can cause flu-like symptoms and is particularly dangerous for pregnant women.

🔸 Leishmaniasis: Caused by Leishmania species, transmitted by sandflies.
It can cause skin sores or affect internal organs, leading to serious health issues.

💠 Prevention and Treatment 💊

🔹 Hygiene Practices: Proper sanitation, handwashing, and safe food preparation can reduce the risk of protozoan infections.

🔹 Vector Control: Reducing exposure to vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, flies) through insect repellents and protective clothing helps prevent diseases like malaria and sleeping sickness.

🔹 Medications: Antiparasitic medications are available for treating protozoan infections, such as metronidazole for giardiasis and chloroquine for malaria.

   

01/04/2017 ዓ.ም
ለተማሪዎች በሙሉ
በዚህ የትምህርት ቤቱ ቻናል ላይ የሚለቀቁ የተለያዩ ትምህርት ዓይነቶን ጥያቄዎች ለናንተ በሚጠቅም መልኩ ስለሚላኩ በርትታችሁ ተጠቀሙባቸው።
ት/ቤቱ

https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61557195541566&mibextid=ZbWKwL

🌻important terms in physics for EUEE

1. Force: An interaction that causes an object to change its velocity, typically measured in newtons (N).

2. Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object, usually measured in kilograms (kg).

3. Weight: The force exerted by gravity on an object, calculated as the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg).

4. Energy: The capacity to do work, which can exist in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.

5. Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity.

6. Potential Energy: The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration, often associated with gravitational or elastic forces.

7. Work: The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement, calculated as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors.

8. Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W), where 1  W = 1  J/s.

9. Momentum: The quantity of motion an object has, defined as the product of its mass and velocity (p = mv).

10. Impulse: The change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a period of time, calculated as J = F Δ t.

11. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time, measured in meters per second squared (m/s²).

12. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Three fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it:
   - First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
   - Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
   - Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

13. Friction: The resistance encountered when one surface moves over another, which can be static or kinetic.

14. Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer.

15. Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness in a system; in thermodynamics, it indicates the direction of spontaneous processes.

16. Electric Charge: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field; charges can be positive or negative.

17. Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V).

18. Current: The flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A).

19. Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current in a conductor, measured in ohms (Ω).

20. Ohm’s Law: A fundamental relationship in electrical circuits stating that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

21. Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

22. Frequency: The number of cycles of a wave that pass a given point per unit time, measured in hertz (Hz).

23. Wavelength: The distance between successive crests (or troughs) of a wave, typically measured in meters.

24. Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.

25. Reflection: The bouncing back of light or sound waves when they encounter a surface.

26. Gravity: A natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are attracted toward one another; described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation.

27. Quantum Mechanics: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on very small scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles

#ለፈጣን እና ታማኝ መረጃ

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በፈተና ጊዜ የሚፈጠርን ጭንቀት ወይም ቴንሽንን ልንቆጣጠር የምንችልባቸው ዘዴዎች
ከህዳር 16-19/2017 ዓ.ም ድረስ በትምህርት ቤታችን የአጋማሽ ፈተና እንደሚሰጥ ይታወቃል፡፡ የመፈተኛ ጊዜ ሲቃረብ ሁላችንም በመጠኑ መጨነቅ እና ከወትሮው ከፍ ባለ መጠን ውጥረት ውስጥ መግባታችን የተለመደ ነገር ነው::ይህን አይነቱን ውጥረት ለመቆጣጠር :-
ከፈተና በፊት ማድረግ የሚገባን :-
• ለፈተና ስንዘጋጅ አዎንታዊ እና በጎ ሀሳቦችን ማሰብ፡፡
• ፈተና ማለት ከዚህ ቀደም ከተማርነው ነገር የተረዳነውን እና የቀሰምነውን እውቀት የምንለካበት መመዘኛ መሆኑን አውቀን በመርሀግብር የተመራ በቂ ዝግጅት ካደረግን የምንፈልገውን ዉጤት ማምጣት እንደምችል በማመን ከት/ቤት መልስ በቤት ዉሥጥ በመምህራን የተሰጡ የመማር ተግባራት / የቤት ስራ፣ የግል ስራ ወ.ዘ.ተ/ በአግባቡ መሰራትና እርማት መውሰድ፤ በተጨማሪም በቤት ዉስጥ ቋሚ የጥናት መርሀግብር ማዘጋጀት እና በተዘጋጀው መርሀ ግብር መሰረት ጥናት ማከናወን፡፡
• ማወቅ ያለብን አንድ ነገር መሳሳትን አለመፍራት እና ሁሌም ለማወቅ እና ራስን ለማሻሻል ዝግጅ መሆንን ነው ። እንዲሁም አሁን የምንፈተነው ፈተና እንዳሰብነው እንኳን ውጤቱ ባያስደስት ለቀጣይ ማስተካከል እና ማሻሻል እንደሚቻል ማመን።
• ከጓደኞቻችን ጋር ያጠናነውን ነገር በጋራ ሆነን መጠያየቅ እና እርስ በርስ ያወቅነውን ነገር መለዋወጥ፡፡ ይህ ዘዴ ይበልጥ የማስታወስ ብቃታችንን እንደሚጨምር እና የተጠያየቅነው ነገር እንዳይረሳን ያረጋል ። ከዚህም በተጨማሪ የተሳሳትነውን ነገር ድጋሚ እንድንከልስ እና እርማት እንድናረግ ያግዘናል።
• የፈተና ቀን ሲቃረብ እንደ ወትሮው ዘና ማለት እና በቂ እረፍትና በቂ እንቅልፍ መተኛት ። ይህም ጭንቀትን ይቀንስልናል፣ እንዲሁም ተረጋግተን ያጠናነውን ነገር አስበን እንድንሰራ ይረዳናል።

ፈተና ከጀመርን በኋላ ማድረግ የሚገቡን ነገሮች (ፈተና ላይ እያለን):-

• ወደ ፈተና ከመሄዳችን ቀደም ብለን ለፈተና የሚረዱንን መሳሪያዎች እና የመፈተኛ ቁሶችን ማዘጋጀት።
• አብዝተን ፈተናን እና የምናመጣውን ነጥብ ስሌት አለመገመት ።
• ፈተና ስንጨርስ የተሳሳትነውን ጥያቄ አብዝቶ ማሰብ እና ሌላ ተማሪ መጠየቅ ጭንቀት ውስጥ ስለሚከተን ከዚህ ይልቅ ቤት ሄደን እረፍት ማድረግ እና ለቀጣይ ፈተና መዘጋጀት ።
• በፈተና ጊዜ ድንገተኛ ጭንቀት እና ድንጋጤ ከገጠመን ወዲያው የምንሰራውን ገታ አድርገን በጥልቀት አየር በአፍንጫችን ስበን ወደ ሳንባ እያስገባን መልሰን ማስወጣት ይህንንም እስክንረጋጋ መደጋገም ። ከዚህ በመቀጠል የማረጋጊያ ቃላትን ለራስዎ መንገር::
• ፈተና በምንሰራ ጊዜ ግራ ያጋባንን እና እርግጠኛ ያልሆንበትን ጥያቄ በይለፍ ማቆየት እና ወደ ቀጣዩ ጥያቄ መሄድ ይህም ጊዜያችንን በአግባቡ እንድንጠቀም ይረዳናል። ነገር ግን ምልክት አድርገን ማለፍ፤
• በተመሳሳይ እርግጠኛ ያልሆልንበትን መልስ ላይ ተደናግጠን መሰረዝ እና መደለዝን መቀነስ ይህም ስንደነግጥ እና ስንጨነቅ የምናውቀውን መልስ ትተን ሌላ መልስ እንድሰጥ ስለሚያረግ መሰረዝና መደለዝን መቀነስ ።
• ፈተናውን ወደ ማገባደድ ስንደርስ በይለፍ ያስቀመጥናቸውን ግራ ያጋቡንን ጥያቄዎች ጥቂት አስበንበት መልስ መስጠት ፤ ካልሆነም ደግሞ ብልሀት ተጠቅመን የግመታ መልስ ሰጥተን ወደ ቀጣዩ ጥያቄ መሄድ ።
• በተደጋጋሚ ሰአትን አለመመልከት ወይም ሰአት በቃን አልበቃን እያልን አለመጨነቅ።
•

ቀን 13/03/2017 ዓ.ም
ጥብቅ ማስታወቂያ
ለ12ኛ ክፍል ተማሪዎችና  ወላጆቻችሁ  በሙሉ
የቅዳሜ ማጠናከሪያ ትምህርት ነገ ቅዳሜ በ14/03/2017 ዓ.ም ዕለት የቅዳሜ  ማጠናከሪያ ት/ርት የሚቀጥል መሆኑን እየገለፅን ከወላጆች ጋር ባደረግነው የመረጃ ልውውጥ በቅዳሜ ት/ርት የቅዳሜ ማጠናከሪያ ት/ርት ላይ የምትቀሩ ተማሪዎች ውጤታችሁ ላይ ተጽዕኖ እንደሚፈጥር እያስገነዘብን ፤ በእግባቡ ሳትማሩ ፈተናም ላይ እንደማትቀመጡ ከወላጆቻችሁ ጋር መግባባት ላይ የምንደርስ ይሆናል፡፡
               ት/ቤቱ

የREMEDIAL ፕሮግራም ምደባ ይፋ ሆነ።

(ጥቅምት 25/2017 ዓ.ም) በ2016 ትምህርት ዘመን የ12ኛ ክፍል ማጠቃለያ አገር አቀፍ ፈተና ወስደው ለትምህርት ሚኒስቴር ተጠሪ በሆኑ የመንግስት ዩኒቨርስቲዎች የREMEDIAL ፕሮግራም ለመከታተል የሚያስችል ማለፊያ ውጤት ያስመዘገቡ ተማሪዎች የተቋም ምደባ ይፋ ተደርጓል።

ከአሁን ሰዓት ጀምሮ ተማሪዎች ምደባቸውን

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ትምህርት ሚኒስቴር የተቋም ይቀየርልኝ ጥያቄ የማያስተናግድ መሆኑን ገልጿል።


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Here are the answers and explanations for the questions:

51. Blood Circulation System

• Answer: C
• Explanation: The correct order of blood flow in the diagram is: pulmonary vein, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery.

52. Protein Functions in Cell Membranes

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Carrier proteins are responsible for transporting specific ions across cell membranes, often against their concentration gradients.

53. Water Movement in a Cell

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Due to osmosis, water will move from the beaker (90% water) to the cell (15% solute) to try and equalize the solute concentration.

54. Learned Behavior

• Answer: C
• Explanation: Weaving a web is an instinctive behavior learned through inherited genetic instructions, making it a learned behavior.

Here are the answers and explanations for the questions:

43. Endemic Animal Species

• Answer: A
• Explanation: The Walia Ibex is an endemic animal species found in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia.

44. Pollution Statements

• Answer: A
• Explanation: Deforestation actually decreases the amount of CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere, as trees are responsible for carbon sequestration.

45. Organic Molecules

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Row number 3 contains only organic molecules: linoleic acid, glucose, and methane.

46. Enzyme and Food Stuff Match

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Trypsin is a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

47. Heart Attack First Aid

• Answer: C
• Explanation: In a cardiac emergency, it's crucial to ensure the airway is open by removing any obstructions. Tilting the head back helps to open the airway.

Here are the answers and explanations for the questions:

48. Bell-Jar Model of Breathing

• Answer: A
• Explanation: In the bell-jar model, pulling down the rubber sheet (representing the diaphragm) decreases the pressure inside the jar, causing air to enter the balloon "lungs."

49. Heart Structures and Function

• Answer: A
• Explanation: The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.

50. Aerobic Cellular Respiration

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, while the electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria.

64. Plant Cell in a Hypotonic Solution

• Answer: A
• Explanation: A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm. Water will move into the cell, causing it to swell and become turgid.

65. Human Food Digestion

• Answer: D
• Explanation: The small intestine is the primary site for the absorption of digested food molecules.

66. Sickle Cell Anemia

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single base substitution (a point mutation) in the beta chain of hemoglobin.

67. Stanley Miller Experiment

• Answer: C
• Explanation: Stanley Miller's experiment simulated early Earth conditions to test the origin of life.

68. Darwin's Theory of Evolution

• Answer: A
• Explanation: Darwin's theory of evolution states that environmental changes can create a need for organisms to adapt.

69. Comparative Anatomy and Evolution

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution by comparing the structures of different organisms.

Here are the answers and explanations:

55. Transport of Substances

• Answer: C
• Explanation: Passive transport requires energy, often in the form of ATP, to move particles against their concentration gradient.

56. Aerobic Respiration in the Krebs Cycle

• Answer: A
• Explanation: In the Krebs cycle, reduced NAD and FAD carry hydrogen atoms, which are then split into protons and electrons.

57. Human Brain Evolution

• Answer: A
• Explanation: Modern humans have a brain size between 0.7% and 1.0% of their body mass.

58. Innate Behaviors

• Answer: A
• Explanation: Training killer whales is a learned behavior, as it requires conscious instruction and repetition. The other options are instinctive behaviors.

Here are the answers and explanations:

39. Enzyme Experiment

• Answer: C
• Explanation: The table shows that Enzyme Z has the lowest rate enhancement. This is likely because it doesn't use a cofactor, while the other enzymes benefit from metal ions.

40. Structural Formula

• Answer: B
• Explanation: The structure represents amylopectin, a branched form of starch.

41. Ethiopian Endemic Plant

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Bunna (Coffea arabica) is an endemic plant of Ethiopia, known for its use in coffee production.

42. Sharing Research Findings

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Reporting research findings is a crucial step in the scientific process, allowing for peer review and collaboration.

59. In-sight Learning

• Answer: D
• Explanation: In-sight learning involves a sudden realization or understanding of a solution, often without prior trial and error.

60. Territorial Behavior

• Answer: A
• Explanation: Territorial behavior is exhibited when an animal defends its territory from intruders.

61. Ethiopian Biologist and Vaccine

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Professor Tilahun Yilma is a renowned Ethiopian biologist known for his work developing a vaccine for the rinderpest disease.

62. Light Microscope

• Answer: A
• Explanation: When using a light microscope, adjusting the iris diaphragm to maximize brightness is a crucial first step, as it controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.

63. Plant Cell Structures

• Answer: A
• Explanation: The vacuole is a large, fluid-filled organelle in plant cells. It plays a central role in maintaining cell shape, storing substances, and regulating cell processes.

https://t.me/entrance_exam_ethiopia

70. Isolation Scenario

• Answer: B (Geographical isolation)
• Explanation: The formation of the Isthmus of Panama physically separated the shrimp populations, preventing gene flow and leading to geographic isolation.

71. End-Product Inhibition

• Answer: D
• Explanation: End-product inhibition occurs when the last product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway. This is a feedback mechanism that regulates the pathway's activity.

72. Catalase Enzyme Activity

• Answer: B (0.1 to 0.2)
• Explanation: The graph shows that the rate of reaction of catalase increases rapidly until it reaches a plateau at a substrate concentration of about 0.2%. This suggests that the enzyme is working at its maximum rate within that range.

73. Cell Theory

• Answer: C
• Explanation: Modern cell theory states that cells contain hereditary information that passes from cell to cell. This is the basis for the principle that all living things come from pre-existing cells (cell theory).

79. Water Cycle Diagram

• Answer: B
• Explanation: The correct order of the water cycle processes shown is: evaporation, precipitation, transpiration, condensation.

80. Primary and Secondary Succession

• Answer: C
• Explanation: Secondary succession is generally faster than primary succession because soil and nutrients are already present. It starts with a disturbance to an existing ecosystem.

81. Tropical Rainforest Biome

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Tropical rainforests are characterized by sparse, succulent plants that are adapted to the warm, humid climate and frequent rainfall.

88. Electron Transport System of Respiration

• Answer: D
➠ In the electron transport chain, a five-carbon compound is decarboxylated (loses a carbon atom) to form a four-carbon compound. This process releases CO2 as a byproduct.

89. Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis

• Answer: A
➠The light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, use reduced NADP (NADPH) to provide the hydrogen ions needed for the synthesis of glucose.

90. Factors Limiting Photosynthesis

• Answer: A
➠CO2 concentration limits the rate of photosynthesis by influencing the initial reaction with RuBisCo, the enzyme that fixes carbon.

91. Test Cross in Monohybrid Crosses

• Answer: B (Rr X rr)
➠ A test cross involves crossing an individual with an unknown genotype (Rr) with a homozygous recessive individual (rr).

92. Conservation Practices

• Answer: D
➠ The large-scale introduction of exotic plants can disrupt ecosystems and threaten biodiversity, as these invasive species can outcompete native plants.

82. Freshwater Biomes

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Freshwater biomes, like streams and rivers, are characterized by the presence of algae, planktons, and fish.

83. Intra-specific vs. Inter-specific Competition

• Answer: C
• Explanation: Intra-specific competition is more severe because individuals of the same species have similar adaptations and compete for the same resources.

84. Stages of Cell Division

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Telophase II concludes meiosis II, resulting in the formation of two haploid cells.

85. Sex-Influenced Trait

• Answer: C
➙ Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) is a sex-influenced trait, meaning that the expression of the trait is influenced by sex hormones.

86. Lactate Production

• Answer: A
➙ When lactate is produced, NAD and FAD are regenerated from their reduced forms (NADH and FADH2).

87. Photosystem Structures

• Answer: D
➙ The thylakoid membrane within chloroplasts is where chlorophyll absorbs light energy, particularly in the blue and red wavelengths.

Here are the answers and explanations for the questions:

74. Onion Epidermal Cells

• Answer: D (300µm)
• Explanation: If 150 cells fit in a 2mm field of view at 100X magnification, each cell would be 2mm/150 cells = 0.0133mm wide. Since 1mm = 1000µm, a single cell is 13.3µm wide. Under 100X magnification, that would appear as 13.3µm * 100 = 1330µm. Therefore, the diameter of a single cell under 100X magnification is 1330µm, but since the options are rounded, we can say it is 150µm.

75. Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics

• Answer: B (Continuous loop of DNA)
• Explanation: Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome that is not enclosed within a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have multiple linear chromosomes within a nucleus.

76. True Statement about Viruses

• Answer: B (Corona virus is a DNA virus)
• Explanation: The statement is incorrect. Coronaviruses, including the one responsible for COVID-19, are RNA viruses.

77. Steps in HIV Infection

• Answer: C (4, 6, 5, 2, 1, 3)
• Explanation: The logical order of the HIV infection steps is:
  1. Binding of gp120 to CD4 on a T-lymphocyte
  2. Fusion of HIV with the plasma membrane of the host cell
  3. Release of its RNA and reverse transcriptase into the cell
  4. Conversion of viral RNA into DNA and its incorporation into the cell's DNA
  5. Viral DNA's transcription into viral RNA and production of proteins
  6. Assembly of new viral particles from RNA, proteins, and reverse transcriptase

78. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria

• Answer: D (Rhizobium)
• Explanation: Rhizobium bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with legumes (like peas and beans), fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere and making it available to the plants.

𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓.....

20. Vertebrate Classification

• Answer: D
• Explanation: The descriptions match: Amphibians (spa), Fish (spb), Birds (spc), Reptiles (spd), and Mammals (spe).

21. Cactus Adaptation

• Answer: C
• Explanation: Broad leaves help cacti collect more sunlight in their harsh environment.

22. Dermis Function

• Answer: D
• Explanation: The dermis contains blood vessels and sweat glands, which help regulate temperature and provide nourishment.

23. Dizziness from Spinning

• Answer: D
• Explanation: The sensory hairs in the semicircular canals continue moving after spinning stops, confusing the brain about orientation, causing dizziness.

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Here are the answers and explanations for the questions:

24. Menstruation

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Menstruation occurs when the thick, spongy lining of the uterus detaches in the absence of pregnancy. This shedding of the lining is triggered by hormone changes.

25. Kidney Structures

• Answer: A
• Explanation: The Bowman's capsule acts as a filter in the nephron, separating waste products from the blood to form urine.

26. Behavioral Temperature Control

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Seeking shade is a behavioral response to high temperatures, allowing the animal to reduce its body temperature.

27. Glucose Oxidase
• Answer: D
• Explanation: Glucose oxidase is used in clinistix strips to reduce the viscosity of mucus, allowing for easier detection of glucose in urine.

28. Enzyme Nomenclature
• Answer: B
• Explanation: In enzyme nomenclature, the first number "1" refers to the Enzyme Commission, a system for classifying enzymes. The other numbers represent subclasses and classes.
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13. Mitosis:
• Answer: C
• Explanation: Mitosis creates identical copies of cells.

14. Mendelian Inheritance:
• Answer: C
• Explanation: Heterozygous parents have a 50% chance of each homozygous genotype.

15. DNA:
• Answer: B
• Explanation: DNA is made of phosphate, sugar, and bases.

16. Phylum with Dorsal Rod-like Structure:
• Answer: B
• Explanation: Chordates have a notochord (a flexible rod).

17. Phylum and Organism Match:
• Answer: C
• Explanation: Snails belong to the Mollusca phylum.

18. Carbon Cycle:
• Answer: D
• Explanation: Plants release carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

19. Liver Function:
The correct answer is A. Controlling cholesterol.

Here's why:

• The liver plays a crucial role in regulating cholesterol levels in the body. It helps to produce cholesterol and also removes excess cholesterol from the bloodstream.

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29. Lock-and-Key Model

• Answer: C
• Explanation: The lock-and-key model describes how the shape of the substrate fits perfectly into the active site of the enzyme.

30. Apo-enzymes

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Apo-enzymes are proteins that require cofactors (non-protein components) to become active enzymes.

31. Competitive Inhibitors

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Competitive inhibitors block the active site of an enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding.

32. Leaf Structures

• Answer: B
• Explanation: The waxy cuticle on leaves prevents water loss and controls the entry of carbon dioxide, which is essential for photosynthesis.

33. Movement of Materials in Plants

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Active transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient. This occurs in the xylem, which transports water and minerals upwards.

34. Gibberellins

• Answer: C
• Explanation: Gibberellins are plant hormones that promote stem elongation and root growth particularly in the roots.

Here are the answers and explanations for the questions:

35. Seed Observations

• Answer: D
• Explanation: The observations indicate that SA is a dicot (cotyledons remain underground, plumule forms a hook) and SB is a monocot (cotyledons above ground, plumule straightens).

36. Properties of Water

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Water requires a large amount of energy to change its state from liquid to vapor, which makes it an excellent coolant for living organisms.

37. Structure of Chromosome

• Answer: B
• Explanation: Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that stores energy within the body. It plays a crucial role in the structure of chromosomes.

38. Glycogen Hydrolysis

• Answer: D
• Explanation: Glycogen is quickly broken down into glucose by enzymes (specifically, glycogen phosphorylase) to provide energy during respiration.