Minilik Secondary School public channel 2015

አንድ የ12ኛ ክፍል ሶሻል ተማሪ ሊያውቃቸው የሚገቡ የ Economics ፎርሙላዎች


👉Microeconomics

1. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED):

PED = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Pric}


2. Income Elasticity of Demand (YED):

YED = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Incom}


3. Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED):

XED = % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A / % Change in Price of Good }


4. Total Revenue (TR):

TR = Price × Quantity


5. Average Total Cost (ATC):

ATC = Total Cost / Quantity Produce}


6. Marginal Cost (MC):

MC = Δ Total Cost / Δ Quantit}


7. Marginal Revenue (MR):

MR = Δ Total Revenue / Δ Quantit}


8. Profit:

Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost


👉Macroeconomics

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

   • Expenditure Approach:

GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)


where C = Consumption, I = Investment, G = Government Spending, X = Exports, M = Imports.

2. GDP per Capita:

GDP per Capita = GDP / Populatio}


3. Inflation Rate:

Inflation Rate = CPI₍new) - CPI₍old) / CP_(old)} × 100


where CPI = Consumer Price Index.

4. Unemployment Rate:

Unemployment Rate = Number of Unemployed / Labor Forc} × 100


5. Money Multiplier:

Money Multiplier = 1 / Reserve Rati}


👉International Economics

1. Balance of Payments:

   • Current Account + Capital Account + Financial Account = 0

2. Exchange Rate:

   • Nominal Exchange Rate: Price of one currency in terms of another.

👉Other Useful Formulas

1. Compound Interest:

A = P(1 + r/n)ⁿᵗ


where A = Amount, P = Principal, r = Annual interest rate, n = Number of times interest is compounded per year, t = Number of years.

2. Present Value (PV):

PV = FV / (1 + r)ⁿ


where FV = Future Value, r = interest rate, n = number of periods.

3. Net Present Value (NPV):

NPV = ∑ₜ₌₀ⁿ Cₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ


where Cₜ = Cash flow at time t, r = discount rate, n = number of periods.

🎯እናንተ ከእነዚህ ውስጥ ስንቶቹን ይዛችሁአል❓

🪴 UNIT ONE 🪴

            HISTORY, HISTORIOGRAPHY, AND HUMAN EVOLUTION

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ስር

🍎History and Historiography 
🍎 Origin of Human Beings 
🍎 Emergence of State


🥕History and Historiography


definition of history

🌿History is a branch of knowledge that deals with all things (including thoughts, sayings and deeds) that have been done by people who lived in the past.

🌿history is an organized and critical study of the past based on interpretation of evidences.

🌿history refers to the study of past events, present situation and prediction of the future relating to social, economic, technological and political developments.

🌿History is often part of the learning area of social sciences, but with its own achievement objectives.


History and Other Sciences

🥕history እና ሌሎች natural science ትምህርቶችን ስንመለከት ልዩነታቸው

📚other natural sciences study the phenomena of the physical world, while history studies human beings and human societies in the past . ሌሎች ናቹራል ሳይንሶች ስለ አካባቢ ሲያጠኑ ሂስትሪ ግን የሰው ልጅን ያለፈ ታሪክ ያጠናል ።

📚History does not conduct controlled experiments that are common in natural sciences. that are common in natural sciences. ሂስትሪ እንደ ናቹራል ሳይንስ በሙከራ ነገሮችን ለማረጋገጥ አይሞክሩም ።

📚Natural scientists report the results of their findings in a neutral way. However, historians commonly make value judgments or put their personal views together with the result of their findings.

ናቹራል ሳይንስ ግኝቶችን ገለልተኛ በሆነ መልኩ ያቀርባል ። ታሪክ አጥኝዎች ግን የግል አስተያየት እና ትክክለኛ ፍርድ መስጠት ይችላሉ ።

🥕አሁን ደግሞ history እና ሌሎች natural science ትምህርቶችን ስንመለከት አንድነታቸው

📚 scientist and historians are concerned with discovery, shading light on new knowledge, and solving current problems of society. ሁሉም ፈጠራን ፣ እውቀትን ፣ አዲስ ግኝትን ይደግፋሉ ።

📚Both of them also use systematic methods involving rigorous checks, use of evidence, and drawing 
conclusions. ሁለቱም ሲስተማቲክ የሆኑ መንገዶችን ይጠቀማሉ ።

📚 therfore history is a science because it must be proved by the use of reliable sources. It has a methodology which is followed by all historians. ስለዚህ ታሪክ በማስረጃ የተደገፈ ነው ካልን ሳይንስ ነው ማለት ነው ።

Grade 11 chemistry unit 1 Introduction

🎖Chapter 1🎖

🌷Atomic structure and periodic properties of elements 🌷

ሰላም እንዴት አላችሁ ቤተሰቦች። በዓል እንዴት ነበር ??? ዛሬ chemistry መማር እንጀምራለን ።በዋናነት ይሄን chapter በሁለት ዋና ዋና ክፍሎች መክፈል እንችላለን ።

አንደኛ atomic structure

ሁለተኛ periodic properties of an elements

በእነዚህ ስር የሚከተሉት ሀሳቦች በዋናነት ይገኛሉ ።

📖 Atomic structure

🚩 Atomic theory በዚህ ስር

🖌Aristotle
🖌democrats
🖌Dalton
🖌modern Atomic theory

🚩discovery of atoms
በዚህ ስር

🖌discovery of electron
🖌discovery of protons
🖌discovery of neutrons

🚩composition of atoms

🖌Atomic number and mass number
🖌isotopes

🚩Atomic models

🖌Dalton Atomic models
🖌Thomson Atomic models
🖌Rutherford’s Atomic models
🖌boher Atomic models
🖌quantum Atomic models


🚩electron configuration and orbital diagrams

🖌Aufbau principles
🖌diagonal rule
🖌ground state electron configuration

🚩Electromagnetic radiation and Atomic spectra

🖌electromagnetic radiation
🖌quantum theory and pothon
🖌Atomic spectra
🖌boher models of hydrogen
🖌limitations of boher Atomic theory


🚩quantum mechanical models

🖌Heisnberg's principles
🖌quantum numbers
🖌shapes of Atomic orbitals


📖 periodic table of elements

🚩early periodic tables

🖌Doberener's trade
🖌Newland's law of octave
🖌Mendlive's periodic law

🚩modern periodic tables

🖌groups and periods
🖌Classification of elements
በዚህ ስር

🦋representative elements
🦋transition elements
🦋rare earth earth metals

🚩periodic properties of elements

🖌nuclear charge
🖌effective nuclear charge
🖌Atomic size or radius
🖌ionization energy
🖌electron affinity
🖌electro negativity
🖌metalic character


እስኪ ዛሬ አቅማችን የፈቀደውን ያክል ለማየት እንሞክራለን ። መልካም ቆይታ ይሁንላችሁ ውዶቸ !!!


🦋Dalton’s atomic theory was a scientific theory on the nature of matter put forward by the English physicist and chemist John Dalton in the year 1808. It stated that all matter was made up of small, indivisible particles known as ‘atoms’.All substances, according to Dalton’s atomic theory, are made up of atoms, which are indivisible and indestructible building units. Which are indivisible and indestructible building units. While an element’s atoms were all the same size and mass, various elements possessed atoms of varying sizes and masses.

ምንም እንኳን የእነ Aristotle እና Democratus atomic theory ዎች ቢኖሩም በዋናነት ለ modern atomic theory መሠረት የሆነው የ Dalton atomic theory ነው ። ሀሳቡም በዋናነት የሚያጠነጥነው ከዚህ በታች የተጠቀሱት ነጥቦች ላይ ነው ።

Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

🌷All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

ሁሉም ቁስ አካል የተሰራው ትንሽ እና ደቂቅ ከሆኑ ወደምንም  ነገር ከማይሰበሩ አቶም ከተባሉ ፓርቲክሎች ነው ።

🌷All atoms of a specific elements  are identical in mass, size, and other properties. However, atoms of different element exhibit different properties and vary in mass and size.

ተመሳሳይ የሆኑ ኢለመንቶች (isotopes) በሙሉ ተመሳሳይ የሆነ ፀባይ እና ክብደት አላቸው ።


🌷Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. Furthermore, atoms cannot be divided into smaller particles.

አተሞች አይጠፉም አይፈጥሩም ።

🌷Atoms of different elements can combine with each other in fixed whole-number ratios in order to form compounds.

አቶሞች በዝቅተኛ ሂሳባዊ ቃል ተቃለው ሲጣመሩ compound መፍጠር ይችላሉ ።

🌷Atoms can be rearranged, combined, or separated in chemical reactions.

አቶሞች በ chemical reaction ጊዜ መደራጀት ፣መለያየት ፣ መጣመር ይችላሉ ።እነዚህ የ Dalton አምስቱ መሠረታዊ ሀሳቦች ናቸው ።

📘important terms in history for EUEE

1. Civilization: A complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, cultural achievements, and a system of governance.

2. Empire: A large political unit or state that exerts control over territories and peoples through conquest, colonization, or annexation.

3. Feudalism: A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe where land was held by lords in exchange for military service, and peasants worked the land in return for protection.

4. Revolution: A significant and rapid change in political, social, or economic structures, often involving the overthrow of a government or ruling authority.

5. Colonialism: The practice of acquiring control over foreign territories, exploiting resources, and establishing settlements, often accompanied by the subjugation of local populations.

6. Renaissance: A cultural movement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century marked by a revival of interest in art, science, and classical learning.

7. Industrialization: The process by which economies transition from agrarian-based to industrial-based systems, characterized by the growth of factories and mass production.

8. Nationalism: A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation or group, often leading to the desire for self-governance or independence.

9. Totalitarianism: A political system in which the state holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life.

10. Socialism: An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution.

11. Democracy: A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise that power directly or through elected representatives.

12. Monarchy: A form of government where a single ruler (king or queen) holds supreme authority, often hereditary.

13. Treaty: A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states, often concluding a conflict or establishing terms for cooperation.

14. Genocide: The deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular ethnic, national, or religious group.

15. Cultural Diffusion: The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another, often through trade, migration, or conquest.

16. Archaeology: The scientific study of human history and prehistory through excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains.

17. Historiography: The study of how history is written and interpreted, including the methods and biases of historians.

18. Primary Source: An original document or artifact created during the time under study, providing firsthand evidence of historical events.

19. Secondary Source: A work that interprets or analyzes primary sources, often created after the time period being studied.

20. Manifest Destiny: A 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the United States across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

21. Cold War: A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II, characterized by ideological conflict and proxy wars.

22. Civil Rights Movement: A social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s aimed at ending racial discrimination and securing equal rights for African Americans.

23. Imperialism: The policy or ideology of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force to control other nations or regions.

24. Reformation: A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in Christianity.

25. Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections; movements advocating for suffrage have historically sought to extend this right to disenfranchised groups.

26. Enlightenment: An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, leading to advances in philosophy and political thought.

📌 Important terms in Biology for EUEE

➖ #DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic information.
➖ #RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis.
➖#Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids that carries out a variety of functions in the cell.
➖#Enzyme: A type of protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell.
➖ #Cell membrane: The thin, flexible layer that surrounds all cells and regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
➖#Mitosis: The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
➖ #Meiosis: The process by which cells divide to produce gametes (sperm and eggs), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
➖ #Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
➖ #Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
➖ #Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or the creation of new alleles.
➖ #Natural selection: The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the evolution of populations over time.
➖ #Adaptation: A trait or characteristic that increases an organism's fitness in its environment.
➖ #Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of organic compounds.
➖ #Cellular respiration: The process by which cells convert organic compounds into energy in the form of ATP.
➖ #Ecosystem: A community of living and non-living things that interact with each other and their environment.
➖ #Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions.
➖ #Evolution: The process by which species change over time as a result of genetic variation and natural selection.
➖ #Ecology: The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
➖ #Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their products to develop new products or processes.
➖ #Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.
➖ #Chromosome: A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information.
➖ #Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles and other cell components.
➖ #Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
➖ #Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the cell's DNA.
➖ #Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in a cell.
➖ #Mitochondria: The organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
➖ #Chloroplast: The organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
➖ #Cytoskeleton: The network of protein filaments that give a cell its shape and allow for movement.
➖ #Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes in the cytoplasm that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
➖ #Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or transport.
➖ #Lysosome: An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste.
➖ #Vacuole: A membrane-bound organelle that stores materials such as water, nutrients, and waste products.
➖ #ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that carries energy within cells.
➖ #Aerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen.
➖ #Anaerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

@ethioenterance

Physics

🧑‍🏫አንድ 12ኛ ክፍል ተፈታኝ ተማሪ የግድ ሊያውቃቸው የሚገቡ የ Physics ፎርሙላወች!!!

📘Mechanics

1. Kinematics:
   - v = u + at
   - s = ut + 1/2at^2
   - v^2 = u^2 + 2as

2. Newton's Laws:
   - F = ma
   - F_net = F_applied - F_friction

3. Work and Energy:
   - W = Fd cos(θ)
   - KE = 1/2mv^2
   - PE = mgh
   - W_net = Δ KE

4. Momentum:
   - p = mv
   - F = Δ p/Δ t
   - p_initial = p_final (conservation of momentum)

5. Circular Motion:
   - a_c = v^2/r
   - F_c = mv^2/r

📘Thermodynamics

1. Laws of Thermodynamics:
   - First Law: Δ U = Q - W
   - Second Law: Δ S ≥ 0

2. Ideal Gas Law:
   - PV = nRT

3. Heat Transfer:
   - Q = mcΔ T (for temperature change)
   - Q = mL (for phase change)

📘Waves and Oscillations

1. Simple Harmonic Motion:
   - x(t) = A cos(ω t + ϕ)
   - T = 2π√(m/k)

2. Wave Speed:
   - v = fλ

3. Sound Intensity:
   - I = P/A

📘Electricity and Magnetism

1. Ohm's Law:
   - V = IR

2. Power in Circuits:
   - P = IV
   - P = I^2R
   - P = V^2/R

3. Coulomb's Law:
   - F = k|q_1 q_2|/r^2

4. Electric Field:
   - E = F/q = k|q|/r^2

5. Magnetic Force:
   - F = qvBsin(θ)

📘Optics

1. Lens Formula:
   - 1/f = 1/d_o + 1/d_i

2. Magnification:
   - M = -d_i/d_o = h_i/h_o

3. Snell's Law:
   - n_1sin(θ_1) = n_2sin(θ_2)

📘Modern Physics

1. Photoelectric Effect:
   - E_photon = hf = hc/λ

2. Einstein's Mass-Energy Relation:
   - E = mc^2



@ethioenterance
@ethioenterance

🧑‍🏫አንድ 12ኛ ክፍል ተፈታኝ ተማሪ የግድ ሊያውቃቸው የሚገቡ የማትስ ፎርሙላወች!!!


1. Pythagorean theorem: a² + b² = c²

2. Quadratic formula: x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a

3. Distance formula: d = √((x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²)

4. Slope-intercept form of a line: y = mx + b

5. Point-slope form of a line: y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)

6. Midpoint formula: ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2)

7. Law of sines: a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C

8. Law of cosines: c² = a² + b² - 2ab cos C

9. Sum of angles in a triangle: A + B + C = 180°

10. Area of a triangle: A = (1/2)bh

11. Volume of a sphere: V = (4/3)πr³

12. Volume of a cylinder: V = πr²h

13. Volume of a cone: V = (1/3)πr²h

14. Surface area of a sphere: A = 4πr²

15. Surface area of a cylinder: A = 2πr² + 2πrh

16. Surface area of a cone: A = πr² + πrs, where s is the slant height

17. Binomial theorem: (a + b)ⁿ = Σ(n choose k)a^(n-k)b^k, where Σ is the sum from k=0 to n, and (n choose k) is the binomial coefficient

18. Fundamental theorem of calculus: ∫a^b f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a), where F is the antiderivative of f

19. Derivative of a constant: d/dx(c) = 0

20. Power rule for derivatives: d/dx(xⁿ) = nx^(n-1)

21. Product rule for derivatives: d/dx(fg) = f'g + fg'

22. Quotient rule for derivatives: d/dx(f/g) = (f'g - fg')/g²

23. Chain rule for derivatives: d/dx(f(g(x))) = f'(g(x))g'(x)

24. Mean value theorem: if f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), then there exists c in (a,b) such that f'(c) = (f(b) - f(a))/(b-a)

25. Intermediate value theorem: if f is continuous on [a,b], then for any y between f(a) and f(b), there exists c in [a,b] such that f(c) = y

26. Rolle's theorem: if f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), and if f(a) = f(b), then there exists c in (a,b) such that f'(c) = 0

27. Integration by substitution: ∫f(g(x))g'(x) dx = ∫f(u) du, where u = g(x)

28. Integration by parts: ∫u dv = uv - ∫v du

29. L'Hopital's rule: if lim(x → a) f(x)/g(x) = 0/0 or ∞/∞, then lim(x → a) f(x)/g(x) = lim(x → a) f'(x)/g'(x)

30. Taylor series: f(x) = Σ(n=0 to ∞) f^(n)(a)/n!(x-a)^n, where f^(n) is the nth derivative of f

31. Euler's formula: e^(ix) = cos(x) + i sin(x)

32. De Moivre's theorem: (cos x + i sin x)^n = cos(nx) + i sin(nx)

33. Fundamental trigonometric identities: sin² x + cos² x = 1, 1 + tan² x = sec² x, 1 + cot² x = csc² x

34. Double angle formulas: sin 2x = 2sin x cos x, cos 2x = cos² x - sin² x, tan 2x = (2tan x)/(1 - tan² x)

35. Half angle formulas: sin(x/2) = ±√((1 - cos x)/2), cos(x/2) = ±√((1 + cos x)/2), tan(x/2) = ±√((1 - cos x)/(1 + cos x))

36. Sum-to-product formulas: sin A + sin B = 2sin((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2), cos A + cos B = 2cos((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2), sin A - sin B = 2cos((A+B)/2)sin((A-B)/2), cos A - cos B = -2sin((A+B)/2)sin((A-B)/2)

37. Product-to-sum formulas: cos A cos B = (1/2)(cos(A-B) + cos(A+B)), sin A sin B = (1/2)(cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)), sin A cos B = (1/2)(sin(A+B) + sin(A-B)), cos A sin B = (1/2)(sin(A+B) - sin(A-B))

38. Hyperbolic functions: sinh x = (e^x - e^-x)/2, cosh x = (e^x + e^-x)/2, tanh x = sinh x/cosh x

39. Inverse trigonometric functions: arcsin x, arccos x, arctan x

40. Logarithmic identities: log(xy) = log x + log y, log(x/y) = log x - log y, log x^n = n log x

41. Exponential identities: e^x+y = e^x e^y, (e^x)^n = e^(nx), e^0 = 1

42. Binomial coefficients: (n choose k) = n!/(k!(n-k)!)

43. Pascal's triangle: each entry is the sum of the two entries above it

44. Fermat's little theorem: if p is a prime and a is not divisible by p, then a^(p-1) ≡ 1 (mod p)

45. Chinese remainder theorem: if m₁, m₂, ..., mₙ are pairwise coprime integers and a₁, a₂, ..., aₙ are any integers, then there exists an integer x that satisfies the system of congruences x ≡ a₁ (mod m₁), x ≡ a₂ (mod m₂), ..., x ≡ aₙ (mod mₙ)

Answers ✅
1. (C) Production of hormones 
2. (A) Lungs 
3. (A) Nasal cavity 
4. (A) Diffusion 
5. (D) Both A and B 
6. (A) Pepsin 
7. (C) Absorb water 
8. (A) Liver 
9. (B) Digestion 
10. (D) Protease 
11. (A) Pump blood throughout the body 
12. (A) Arteries 
13. (C) Capillaries 
14. (D) Neutrophil 
15. (C) Clot blood 
16. (A) Filter waste products from the blood 
17. (A) Nephron 
18. (A) Glucose 
19. (D) Both B and C 
20. (A) Renal failure

📚BIOLOGY COMMON QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
(A) Gas exchange
(B) Regulation of body temperature
(C) Production of hormones
(D) Filtration of blood

2. The primary organ of gas exchange in the respiratory system is the:
(A) Lungs
(B) Heart
(C) Liver
(D) Kidneys

3. Which of the following structures is responsible for warming and moistening inhaled air?
(A) Nasal cavity
(B) Trachea
(C) Alveoli
(D) Pleura

4. The process of gas exchange in the lungs is known as:
(A) Diffusion
(B) Osmosis
(C) Filtration
(D) Active transport

5. Which of the following is a respiratory muscle that helps expand the chest cavity during inhalation?
(A) Diaphragm
(B) Intercostal muscles
(C) Abdominal muscles
(D) Both A and B


6. Which enzyme initiates the digestion of proteins in the stomach?
(A) Pepsin
(B) Amylase
(C) Lipase
(D) Maltase

7. The main function of the large intestine is to:
(A) Absorb nutrients
(B) Digest fats
(C) Absorb water
(D) Store bile

8. Which organ produces bile, a substance that aids in the digestion of fats?
(A) Liver
(B) Pancreas
(C) Gallbladder
(D) Small intestine

9. The process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules is called:
(A) Ingestion
(B) Digestion
(C) Absorption
(D) Elimination

10. Which of the following is NOT a type of digestive enzyme?
(A) Carbohydrase
(B) Protease
(C) Lipase
(D) Protease


11. The main function of the heart is to:
(A) Pump blood throughout the body
(B) Filter waste products from the blood
(C) Regulate body temperature
(D) Produce red blood cells

12. Which of the following blood vessels carries blood away from the heart?
(A) Arteries
(B) Veins
(C) Capillaries
(D) Lymph vessels

13. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells occurs in the:
(A) Arteries
(B) Veins
(C) Capillaries
(D) Lymphatics

14. Which of the following is NOT a type of blood cell?
(A) Red blood cell
(B) White blood cell
(C) Thrombocyte
(D) Neutrophil

15. The function of platelets is to:
(A) Carry oxygen
(B) Fight infection
(C) Clot blood
(D) Regulate blood pressure


16. The main function of the kidneys is to:
(A) Filter waste products from the blood
(B) Regulate blood pressure
(C) Produce hormones
(D) Digest food

17. The filtering unit of the kidney is the:
(A) Nephron
(B) Glomerulus
(C) Bowman's capsule
(D) Renal pelvis

18. Which of the following substances is NOT filtered by the kidneys?
(A) Glucose
(B) Urea
(C) Creatinine
(D) Sodium

19. The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by:
(A) Releasing hormones
(B) Adjusting salt and water balance
(C) Controlling blood flow
(D) Both B and C

20. Which of the following is a common kidney disease?
(A) Renal failure
(B) Diabetes
(C) Hypertension
(D) All of the above

📚Chemistry common questions about Periodic Table Trends

Instructions: Choose the single best answer for each question.

1.  Which of the following properties generally INCREASES from left to right across a period in the periodic table?
     a) Atomic radius
     b) Ionization energy
     c) Metallic character
     d) Number of electron shells
    
Answer: b) Ionization energy

2.  Which element has the highest electronegativity?
     a)  Fluorine (F)
     b)  Chlorine (Cl)
     c)  Francium (Fr)
     d)  Oxygen (O)


     Answer: a) Fluorine (F)

3.  As you move down a group in the periodic table, atomic radius generally:
     a)  Increases
     b)  Decreases
     c)  Remains constant
     d)  Shows no consistent trend


     Answer: a) Increases

4.  Which of these elements would be expected to have the largest ionic radius?
     a)  Li⁺ 
     b)  Na⁺ 
     c)  K⁺ 
     d)  Rb⁺
  

  Answer: d) Rb⁺

5.  Which of the following elements has the lowest first ionization energy?
     a)  Helium (He)
     b)  Sodium (Na)
     c)  Neon (Ne)
     d)  Argon (Ar)
  

  Answer: b) Sodium (Na)

6.  Electron affinity is best defined as the:
     a)  Energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
     b)  Tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.
     c)  Energy released or absorbed when an electron is added to a neutral atom.
     d)  Energy difference between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied energy levels.
  
  Answer: c) Energy released or absorbed when an electron is added to a neutral atom.

7.  Which of these elements exhibits the most metallic character?
     a)  Carbon (C)
     b)  Silicon (Si)
     c)  Germanium (Ge)
     d)  Tin (Sn)
    

Answer: d) Tin (Sn)

8.  Which of the following is a TRUE statement about electronegativity?
     a)  It is the same as electron affinity.
     b)  It only applies to ionic bonds.
     c)  It is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond.
     d)  It increases down a group in the periodic table.
    

Answer: c) It is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond.

9.  Elements in the same group (vertical column) of the periodic table share similar chemical properties. This is primarily because they have the same:
     a) Number of protons
     b)  Atomic mass
     c)  Number of valence electrons
     d)  Number of neutrons
    

Answer: c)  Number of valence electrons

10.  Which of the following correctly explains the general trend of ionization energy in the periodic table?
      a)  Increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.
      b)  Decreases down a group due to increasing shielding effect.
      c)  Both a and b
      d)  Neither a nor b
     

Answer: c)  Both a and b

11.  Elements with high electronegativity tend to form:
      a)  Positive ions (cations)
      b)  Negative ions (anions)
      c)  Metallic bonds
      d)  No ions at all
     

Answer: b)  Negative ions (anions)

12.  Which of the following statements about atomic radius is FALSE?
      a)  Cations are smaller than their parent atoms.
      b)  Anions are larger than their parent atoms.
      c)  Atomic radius increases as you move to the right across a period.
      d)  Atomic radius is influenced by the number of electron shells.
     

Answer: c)  Atomic radius increases as you move to the right across a period.

13.  Which periodic trend is responsible for the increasing reactivity of alkali metals (Group 1) as you move down the group?
      a)  Decreasing ionization energy
      b)  Increasing electronegativity
      c)  Increasing electron affinity
      d)  Decreasing atomic radius
     

Answer: a)  Decreasing ionization energy

📌 Questions about microscope

1. What part of the microscope is responsible for magnifying the image of the specimen?
   a) Eyepiece
   b) Objective lens
   c) Condenser
   d) Stage

2. Which part of the microscope is used to adjust the focus of the image?
   a) Revolving nosepiece
   b) Coarse adjustment knob
   c) Fine adjustment knob
   d) Arm

3. What part of the microscope supports the slide holding the specimen?
   a) Diaphragm
   b) Stage
   c) Base
   d) Eyepiece

4. Which component of the microscope is responsible for controlling the amount of light passing through the specimen?
   a) Diaphragm
   b) Objective lens
   c) Condenser
   d) Arm

5. What is the purpose of the revolving nosepiece on a microscope?
   a) To hold the eyepiece
   b) To adjust the magnification
   c) To hold the objective lenses
   d) To focus the image

6. Which part of the microscope connects the head to the base and provides support?
   a) Stage
   b) Arm
   c) Condenser
   d) Coarse adjustment knob

7. What part of the microscope moves the stage up and down for focusing?
   a) Diaphragm
   b) Revolving nosepiece
   c) Coarse adjustment knob
   d) Fine adjustment knob

8. Where is the light source typically located in a compound microscope?
   a) In the eyepiece
   b) Under the stage
   c) Attached to the objective lens
   d) In the revolving nosepiece

9. Which part of the microscope holds the slide in place on the stage?
   a) Condenser
   b) Stage clips
   c) Base
   d) Eyepiece

10. What is the function of the condenser in a microscope?
    a) To adjust the focus
    b) To control the amount of light
    c) To hold the objective lenses
    d) To support the slide

11. What type of microscope is commonly used for observing live biological specimens?
   a) Light microscope
   b) Electron microscope
   c) Scanning probe microscope

12. What is the primary function of the objective lens in a microscope?
   a) To adjust the focus
   b) To magnify the specimen
   c) To provide illumination

13. Which microscopy technique involves labeling molecules with fluorescent dyes?
   a) Fluorescence microscopy
   b) Electron microscopy
   c) Phase-contrast microscopy

14. What is the maximum magnification achievable with a typical light microscope?
   a) 1000x
   b) 2000x
   c) 5000x

15. Which component of an electron microscope focuses the electron beam onto the specimen?
   a) Condenser
   b) Objective lens
   c) Electron gun

16. In which microscopy technique are electrons passed through a thin specimen to produce an image?
   a) Transmission electron microscopy
   b) Scanning electron microscopy
   c) Atomic force microscopy

17. Which microscopy technique is best for visualizing surface topography?
   a) Scanning electron microscopy
   b) Phase-contrast microscopy
   c) Confocal microscopy

18. What is a key advantage of scanning probe microscopy?
   a) High magnification
   b) Real-time imaging
   c) Three-dimensional imaging

19. Which microscopy technique is used to investigate atomic structures?
   a) Electron microscopy
   b) Scanning probe microscopy
   c) X-ray microscopy

20. Which microscopy technique relies on electron beam interaction with sample atoms?
    a) Scanning electron microscopy
    b) Transmission electron microscopy
    c) Confocal microscopy

@ethoenterance

📌Phrasal verb on FALL and PUT

📣🖊አስቸኳይ ማስታወቂያ📣🖊
በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ አስተዳደር የስራና ክህሎት ቢሮ የምርታማነት ማሻሻያና ልህቀት ማዕከል ስልጠና መስጠት ስለፈለገ በ2016 ዓ.ም 12ኛ ክፍል ተፈትናችሁ የዩኒቨርስቲ መግቢያ ውጤት ያልመጣላችሁ ሴት ተማሪዎተፈች ከዛሬ 08/02/2017 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ ት/ቤት መጥታችሁ እንድትመዘገቡ እናሳውቃለን።

አስደሳች ዜና ለ2016 ዓ.ም 12ኛ ማትሪክ ለተፈተናችሁ በሙሉ ነፃ ትምህርት
እንደሚከተለው ቀርቧል በድሉ ተጠቀሙ

መስማት ለተሳናቸው የሬሜዲያል ፕሮግራም ተማሪዎች የመቁረጫ ነጥብ ይፋ ሆነ

(ጥቅምት 5/2017 ዓ.ም) በ2016 ዓም የትምህርት ዘመን የ12ኛ ክፍል ማጠቃለያ ፈተና ወስደው በመንግስት ተቋማት የአቅም ማሻሻያ ፕሮግራም ለመከታተል የሚያስችል የመቁረጫ ነጥብ ያመጡ መስማት የተሳናቸው ተማሪዎች የማለፊያ ውጤትን ትምህርት ሚኒስቴር ይፋ አድርጓል።

በዚህም መሠረት፤

👉 የተፈጥሮና ማሕበራዊ ሳይንስ ወንድ ተማሪዎች ከስድስት መቶ 192

👉 የተፈጥሮ እና ማሕበራዊ ሳይንስ ሴት ተማሪዎች ከስድስት መቶ 186

👉 በፕሪፓቶሪ ፕሮግራም የተፈጥሮ እና ማሕበራዊ ሳይንስ ወንድ ከሰባት መቶ 224

👉 በፕሪፓቶሪ ፕሮግራም የተፈጥሮና ማሕበራዊ ሳይንስ ሴት ከሰባት መቶ 217 እና በላይ መሆኑን ትምህርት ሚኒስቴር አስታውቋል።

መረጃዎችን በፍጥነት ለማግኘት ማሰፈንጠሪያዎቹን ይጫኑ!

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