UPSC History

Download PYQ QUESTION 👇

Mission 120+ in CSE Prelims
550+ cleared Prelims in 2024

🌟 LIET & SCOPE BATCH No.39 :
Prelims Crash Course + Study material + 2011-2024 Paper Discussion  +  54 Score Boosting Techniques + 46 years Solved PYQ (1979-2024) + Prelims Test Series : Total 36 Test.

1️⃣ LIET & SCOPE (Hinglish) Batch : 699/- (2500) Rs (click here)
📲 Watch Demo here 👉 click & watch

2️⃣ LIET & SCOPE (English) Batch : 699/- (2500) Rs (click here)
📲 Watch Demo here 👉 click & watch

3️⃣ C-SAT Foundation Batch : 699/- (5000) Rs (click here)
📲 Watch Demo here 👉 click & watch

4️⃣ Prelims Current Affairs Batch : 399/- (1000) Rs (click here)
📲 Watch Demo here 👉 click & watch

5️⃣ COMPLETE PRELIMS THROUGH UPSC PYQ'S (1979-2024) -Author : Vishal Narwade (IAS) - Click here to check Sample

Last 3 Years में 1K+ Students ने Prelims पास कर के Mains लिखा 🏆
@DelhiUpscSecrets_Official (Join Us)

Time less , revision key to clear prelims, short revision Notes

CLICK HERE

Quick revision notes

CSE notification 2025

Vacancies- 979

Upsc prelims Mapping + geography

▪️ World Mapping
▪️ India Mapping
▪️ Places in news ( geo + IR + env)
▪️ Map based pyq's
▪️ Indian geography
▪️ Physical geography

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

Chalcolithic Cultures

Stone Age

✅Palaeolithic Age
✅Mesolithic Age
✅Neolithic Age

Story of Lal Bahadur Shastri’s untimely demise — and why some refuse to believe the official version 🔗
#express_explained #lal_bahadur_shastri #tashkent_declaration

Students who want to have current affairs reading every day , for upsc exam prelims & mains, join only CSE ASPIRANT join this channel,

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

Which Medium are You Preparing?

What is the Paika Rebellion?

The Paika Bidroha (Paika Rebellion) of 1817 took place nearly 40 years before the first sepoy mutiny. The Paikas were peasant militas of the Gajapati rulers of Odisha who offered military services to the king.

The British established themselves in Odisha when the East India company dethroned the King of Khurda, Raja Mukunda Deva in 1803. The following year, in 1804, the king planned a rebellion against the British and roped in the Paikas for the same. But the plan was discovered by the British who confiscated his entire territory.

The Paikas lost their estates when the new colonial establishments and land revenue settlements of the British came into force. The continuous interference in the economy and revenue systems led to exploitation and oppression of the peasants and farmers eventually triggering a rebellion against the British. A large number of Paikas were mobilised under the leadership of Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar, who then confronted the British on April 2, 1817. A 400-strong party of Kandhas crossed over into Khurda from Ghumsur and declared rebellion. The uprising spread like a wildfire across the state resulting in several confrontations and encounters between the British and the Paika forces.

Government buildings in Banapur were set on fire, policemen killed and the British treasury looted. Over the next few months, the revolt continued but was eventually overpowered by the British army. Bidyadhar was imprisoned in 1825 and died while still in jail four years later.

🌟 LIET & SCOPE BATCH 2025 :
Prelims Crash Course + Study material + 2011-2024 Paper Discussion  +  54 Score Boosting Techniques + 46 years Solved PYQ (1979-2024) + Prelims Test Series : Total 36 Test.

1️⃣ LIET & SCOPE (English) Batch : 699/- (1000) Rs Click here

2️⃣ LIET & SCOPE (Hinglish) Batch : 699/- (1000) Rs Click here

3️⃣ C-SAT Foundation Batch : 699/- (5000) Rs Click here

4️⃣ Prelims Current Affairs Batch : 299/- (1000) Rs Click here

5️⃣ Toppers Notes for Prelims : 299/- (1000) Rs Click here

📲 To Watch Demo videos download our App : https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.lenord.owsqi

👉 Seat Left : 09/500

Last 3 Years में 1K+ Students ने Prelims पास कर के Mains लिखा 🏆
@DelhiUpscSecrets_Official (Join Us)

Interview transcripts click here

🔆 Key Facts on the Indus Script: Unraveling an Ancient Mystery

📍 Overview of the Writing System:
✅ The Indus Valley Civilization (2600–1900 BCE) developed an advanced writing system primarily seen on seals and pottery.
✅ Over 3,500 artifacts featuring 676 distinct symbols have been discovered, highlighting the complexity of this ancient culture.

📍 Challenges in Decipherment:
✅ No Rosetta Stone: The absence of a bilingual text like the Rosetta Stone has hindered efforts to decode the script.
✅ Short Inscriptions: Most inscriptions average only five characters, providing limited context for interpretation.
✅ Purpose of the Script: Scholars are divided on its function—whether it represents a language or a symbolic system for trade and administration.
✅ Unknown Language: The language behind the script remains uncertain, with theories linking it to Dravidian languages, an unknown linguistic family, or even multiple languages.

📍 Key Scholarly Efforts:
✅ Finnish scholar Asko Parpola has conducted extensive research, exploring links between the Indus script and Dravidian languages.
✅ Modern approaches, including AI-based pattern recognition and computational linguistics, are being applied to analyze the script's structure and meaning.

📍 Importance of Deciphering the Script:
✅ Deciphering the script could unlock valuable insights into the culture, economy, and governance of the Indus Valley Civilization.
✅ It could reveal details about their social structure, belief systems, and linguistic connections to modern South Asia.

📍 Recent Developments:
✅ In 2024, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin announced a ₹8 crore (~$1 million) prize for anyone who can successfully decipher the script.
✅ This initiative underscores the global significance of decoding the Indus script and its potential to deepen understanding of India’s historical and linguistic heritage.

🔍 The Path Forward:
✅ The Indus script remains one of the greatest challenges in archaeology and linguistics.
✅ Advances in technology, AI, and interdisciplinary research bring hope that this ancient mystery will one day be solved.

#IndusScript #Ancient_History #GS1 #Archaeology #history #CulturalHeritage

Modern Indian History.

Thanks for sharing person

Join @Handwritten_notes1

If any aspirant find reading the newspaper and Making notes from it boring or time consuming,

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

Best Telegram channel for The Hindu News Analysis.

Science and technology is one of the Subjects which have high weightage, upsc prelims & mains GS 3

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

Hindu, IE, PIB NEWS 👆

💡 Mandar Patki (CSE 2019 RANK 22 ) art and culture NOTES

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Handwritten_notes1

Our 100 days prelims free guidance program

Click here

Dedicated channel for art and culture

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

Amir Khusrau:

✅ Innovated musical instruments like the tabla and sitar.
✅ Also known as the “parrot of India” or “tuti-i-hind”.
✅ Played a pivotal role in creating new ragas and qawwalis.
✅ He also compiled “Tughlaq Nama” and lauded Kashmir as a paradise on earth. 
✅ Sufi practices, especially the musical Sama, were pivotal in music promotion. Pir Bhodan was a renowned musician of his era. Sarangi and Rabab were musical instruments invented during this period.
✅Raja Man Singh Tomar of Gwalior consolidated the Dhrupad style of classical music.
✅ Under the patronage of Firuz Tughlaq, Rag Darpan was translated into Persian.
✅ Dancing also became a significant courtly activity, with performers like Nusrat Khatun (Musician) and Mihr Afroz (Dancer) during Jalaluddin Khalji’s reign.

'If you want to clear Prelims 2025, you need to practice UPSC standard questions'.

🗞Practice for 2025 Prelims starts now.

First academy which deals only with UPSC "Prelims" Exam.

✅Average score: 9/20.

📝Solve the above question:

https://www.goaltideias.com/startdailyquizs-detail/1274

Telegram link: https://t.me/goalTide

Prelims Trick ( Mnemonic ) to remember

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

🔆Gandhian Influence On Freedom Struggle In Telugu Region
✅ When Gandhiji was ejected from a whites-only carriage at Pietermaritzburg station on June 7, 1893, it marked a turning point, leading him to become a prominent leader.
✅ He founded the Natal Indian Congress on August 22, 1894, and experimented with 'Satyagraha' in South Africa.
✅ The Bombay-Madras railway line (1871) and the Calcutta-Madras line (1899) facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas by leaders like Tilak, Gokhale, Sri Aurobindo, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
✅ The Nizam of Deccan ceded parts of Andhra Pradesh to the British, creating distinct cultural regions in British Andhra and Telangana.
✅ In 1902, Koda Venkatappayya launched 'Krishna Patrika,' and Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao started 'Andhra Patrika' in 1908.
✅ Andhra Jatiya Kalasala (National College) was founded in 1910. Gandhiji returned to India in January 1915 and visited the Telugu region multiple times, beginning with his influence marked by the 1920 Telugu translation of his book 'Hind Swaraj.'
✅ In 1921, Gandhiji inaugurated the Pinakini Ashram in Nellore, the second Gandhian ashram in India.
✅ Pingali Venkayya, working on a national flag design, consulted Gandhiji, who later recorded his observations in 'Young India' on April 13, 1921.

📍Chirala-Perala Movement :

✅ Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah, who earned a postgraduate degree in Economics from the University of Edinburgh, played a key role in organizing the 1921 Indian National Congress session in Bezawada with his well-organized 'Ramadandu.'
✅ The Madras presidency government planned to merge the villages of Chirala and Perala in Guntur district into a municipality, increasing tax revenue from Rs 4,000 to Rs 40,000 annually.
✅ With Gandhiji's advice, Gopala Krishnaiah urged Chirala residents to relocate to a new settlement, 'Ramnagar,' and 13,582 out of 15,326 residents complied on April 25, 1921.
✅ He established an assembly and a court of arbitration there. However, the movement ended in February 1922 with Gopala Krishnaiah's arrest and imprisonment, leading to great despair.
📍Pullari Sathyagraha of Palnadu :
✅ During the 1920-21 famine, the British imposed the 'Pullari' tax on farmers for using forest produce and grazing cattle.
✅ This led to frequent clashes between peasants and the police as officials confiscated the farmers' cattle.
✅ In response to Gandhiji's call for the non-cooperation movement, Kanneganti Hanumanthu organized the Pullari Satyagraha, leading the people of Palnadu in a social boycott of revenue and forest officials.
✅ In July 1921, a significant hartal was led by Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah after the district collector sentenced Unnava Lakshminarayana and Vedantha Lakshminarasimhachar to one year in prison.
✅ Hanumanthu was ultimately betrayed by a village Karanam (revenue official), and the police besieged his village and shot him.
📍Pedanandipadu No-Tax Movement :
✅ In response to the Indian National Congress's 1921 session in Ahmedabad, the Andhra Congress Committee initiated a no-tax movement in 18 villages of Pedanandipadu in Guntur district.
✅ After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi halted the national non-cooperation movement on 12 February 1922 but later established the Gautami Satyagraha Ashram near Rajahmundry in 1925 to train
satyagrahis
✅ This ashram later focused on women's upliftment after Kasturba Gandhi's death in 1944.
📍Other Important Figures
✅ Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Seetharamayya documented the history of the Congress from 1885 to 1935.
✅ In 1938, the Nizam of Telangana banned Gandhiji's visits and several publications.
✅ Potti Sreeramulu's 58-day Gandhian Satyagraha in 1952 led to his death and the eventual reorganization of states on linguistic lines, forming Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu on 1 November 1956.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #modern
Source - Yojana

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆 Kedarnath Temple

✅It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva.
✅Location: It is located at a height of 3,584 meters on the Garhwal Himalayan range near the Mandakini river, in the Rudraprayag District of Uttarakhand.
✅Kedarnath forms one of the four sites of the Chota Char DhamPilgrimage circuit, and is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva in India.
✅Who build it? It is said that the Pandavas constructed the Kedarnath Temple which was later reconstructed by Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century A.D.

▪️Architecture:
✅It has exquisite architecture and is built of extremely large but evenly shaped grey stone slabs.
✅The stone slabs are interlocked with each other with the use of iron clamps.
✅No mortar has been used in the construction of the temple.
✅There is a conical rock structure inside the Kedarnath temple that is worshipped as the Sadashiva form of Shiva.
✅A “Garba Griha” for worship and a Mandap for pilgrims is placed inside the temple.

▪️What is Chota Char Dham Yatra?

✅It refers to the journey up the mountains to four sacred temples in the North Indian state of Uttarakhand.
✅The four temples that comprise Chota Char Dham are Yamunotri Dham, Gangotri Dham, Badrinath Dham and Kedarnath Dham.

▪️What are Jyotirlingas?

✅A Jyotirlinga is a shrine where Lord Shiva is worshipped in the form of a Jyotirlingam.
✅There are currently 12 main Jyotirlingas in India.
✅The 12 Jyotirlinga temples in India take the name of the presiding deity. Each considered a different manifestation of Lord Shiva.
12 Jyotirlingas in India are:
🔸Somnath Jyotirlinga in Gir, Gujarat,
🔸Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga in Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh,
🔸Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh,
🔸Omkareshwar Jyotirlinga in Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh,
🔸Baidyanath Jyotirlinga in Deoghar, Jharkhand,
🔸Bhimashankar Jyotirlinga in Maharashtra,
🔸Ramanathaswamy Jyotirlinga in Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu,
🔸Nageshwar Jyotirlinga in Dwarka, Gujarat,
🔸Kashi Vishwanath Jyotirlinga in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh,
🔸Trimbakeshwar Jyotirlinga in Nasik, Maharashtra,
🔸Kedarnath Jyotirlinga in Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand,
🔸Ghrishneshwar Jyotirlinga in Aurangabad, Maharashtra.


#prelims
#art_and_culture
#history


Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
@upsc_4_history

'If you want to clear Prelims 2025, you need to practice UPSC standard questions'.

🗞Practice for 2025 Prelims starts now.

First academy which deals only with UPSC "Prelims" Exam.

✅Average score: 9/20.

📝Solve the above question:

https://www.goaltideias.com/startdailyquizs-detail/1278

Telegram link: https://t.me/goalTide

UPPSC prelims 2024

https://t.me/testseries1

'If you want to clear Prelims 2025, you need to practice UPSC standard questions'.

🗞Practice for 2025 Prelims starts now.

First academy which deals only with UPSC "Prelims" Exam.

✅Average score: 9/20.

📝Solve the above question:

https://www.goaltideias.com/startdailyquizs-detail/1278

Telegram link: https://t.me/goalTide

🔆Ajivika Sect

✅The Ajivika Sect was an ancient Indian philosophical and ascetic group that believed in fate, or niyati, and lasted until the 14th century

✅The Ajivikas believed that everything in the universe was predetermined by fate, or niyati, and that human actions did not influence outcomes. They believed that people would undergo many cycles of birth and death to achieve liberation, or Moksha. 

📍Founder
✅The Ajivika Sect was founded by Makkhali Gosala, a contemporary of Mahavira and Gautama Buddha. 

✅The Ajivikas were a major rival of Vedic religion, early Buddhism, and Jainism. 

📍Popularity
✅The Ajivikas were popular during the reign of the Mauryan emperor Bindusara, who is said to have been a follower of the sect. The sect is also mentioned in the edicts of Asoka. 

📍Sources
✅The Ajivika Sect's theories are known from Buddhist and Jain sources, as the original scriptures of the Ajivika school are unavailable. 

✅The name Ajivika may mean "following the ascetic way of life"

#gs1
#prelims
#History

@upsc_4_history

https://t.me/the_hindu_ie_editorial

Opsc prelims, TGPSC prelims, arunachal pradesh psc prelims today paper

https://t.me/testseries1

Namewise

CSM 24 RESULT

🔆RANI ABBAKKA: the unyielding guardian of sovereignty and justice

✅The arrival of European powers in the late 15th century disrupted the political, economic, and cultural fabric of India, particularly in the coastal region of Tulunadu, Karnataka.
✅ The Portuguese, who discovered a sea route to this region, began building forts and ports, imposing taxes, and levying sailing permits, leading to socio-political conflicts.
✅ Tulunadu, originally ruled by the Alupa dynasty and later by the Vijayanagara Empire, became a battleground with the rise of minor dynasties and frequent wars.
✅ The Chautas, who ruled Ullala and Puttige, were one of these dynasties, following a matriarchal system.
✅ From the 13th to the mid-18th century, five Abbakka queens ruled Ullala, with two key figures emerging in the mid-16th to early 17th centuries.
✅ The elder Abbakka, who ruled from 1554 to 1588, fiercely resisted Portuguese dominance, fighting significant battles but ultimately being defeated. However, her bravery was praised by contemporary Portuguese writers.
✅The younger Abbakka, who ruled from 1594 to 1640, continued her mother's struggle against the Portuguese, marking a golden era in Ullala's history.
✅ She formed alliances with the Zamorin of Calicut and Malabar kings, attacked Portuguese holdings, and successfully resisted their influence.
✅Despite facing challenges, including lack of support from neighboring rulers and her husband, she remained committed to protecting her principality and her people's interests.
✅ Historians compare Abbakka to Queen Elizabeth I of England, noting her defiance against powerful foreign adversaries.
✅ Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle documented Abbakka's just and inclusive rule, highlighting her global reputation as a formidable leader.
✅ Both Abbakka queens played crucial roles in resisting Portuguese expansion in the coastal belt of Karnataka.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #modern
Source - Yojana

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

Students who want to have current affairs reading every day , for upsc exam prelims & mains, join only CSE ASPIRANT join this channel,

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

Cabinet Mission

✅22 January 1946: The British Cabinet decided to send the Mission to India.

✅19 February 1946: Clement Attlee announced the decision to dispatch the Cabinet Mission.

✅March 1946: The British Cabinet sent a three-member mission, Sir Pethick Lawrence (Chairman), Stafford Cripps, and A. V. Alexander, to negotiate with Indian leaders to transfer power to the Indians.

✅Students who want the best examples for ethics and essays from newspapers on a daily basis can join this channel which has these collections.

Everyday spend 5 minutes on these quotes and examples case study, for better retention.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

🔆Chandrashekhar Azad:

✅He was a great Indian freedom fighter.
✅Born Chandra Shekhar Tiwari on July 23, 1906, in the small village of Bhavra in Madhya Pradesh, Azad was a beacon of revolutionary fervor from a very young age.
✅His resolve to fight for India’s independence was ignited early, and by the age of 15, he had already joined the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi.
✅Azad was disappointed by Gandhi’s suspension of the noncooperation movement in February 1922, after several policemen had been murdered by a revolutionary mob at Chauri Chaura.
✅He became an active member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization dedicated to overthrowing British rule through revolutionary means.
✅By 1928, he had played a crucial role in transforming the HRA into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), which aimed to establish a socialist republic in India.
✅He worked closely with other notable revolutionaries, including the legendary Bhagat Singh.
✅Together, they sought to challenge and dismantle the oppressive colonial regime.
✅Azad’s leadership and strategic acumen were instrumental in several significant revolutionary activities.
✅He played key a role in the Kakori Train Robbery (1926), the attempt to blow up the Viceroy's train (1926), and the shooting of Saunders at Lahore (1928) to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
✅He was known for his unwavering resolve and extraordinary bravery. He lived a life on the run, constantly evading capture by the British police, and became a symbol of resistance for the youth of India.
✅In January 1931, during a fierce encounter with the British police in Alfred Park, Allahabad, Azad fought valiantly but was eventually cornered. Faced with the prospect of capture, Azad chose to end his life on his own terms, declaring that he would never be captured alive.

#history

Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history

Students who want to have current affairs reading every day , for upsc exam prelims & mains, join only CSE ASPIRANT join this channel,

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

#ancient
🔆 Main sects-
📍Vaishnav-vishistadwet philosophy- Ramanuj
📍brahma-dwet philosophy -Madhavcharya (anandthirth)
📍rudra - sudhadwet philosophy - Vallabhacharya (vishnuswami)
📍sanak - dwetadwet philosophy -Nimbark

#ancient
🔆Main sects ,their founder and their books-
📍barkari /varkari -Namdev -abhanga
📍shree vaishnav - Ramanuj- brhamasutra
📍parmarth-Ramdas - dashbodh
📍Rambhkta -Ramanand- aadhyatm ramayana

#ancient
📍 religion and their founder -
✅aajivika - makhliputra ghoshal
✅Anishchyavadi - Sanjay vethliputra
✅ materialism - kachhayan
✅akriyavadi or inactionists- puraan kashyap
✅accidentalism - acharya ajit

#ancient
📍 Buddhist councils -
Total 4 councils
✅first -483 BC- rajgrah -mhakashyap (president )-ajatsatru( ruler )
✅ second -383 BC- vaishali -sabakami- kalashok
✅third- 255 BC- patliputra -moglipuutt tiss- Ashok
✅fourth- 1st A.D - kundalvan (kashmir )- vasumitra/asvghosh -kanishk

Female Social Reformer

Download free NCERT Notes

Prelims Trick ( Mnemonic ) to remember

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

On this day over 500 years ago, the Portuguese conquered Goa: Here are 3 key parts of that story 🔗
#express_explained

🔆magadha dynasty
Ancient known king - brihdath
Capital - giribrijh(rajgrhh)
Son -jrasangh

🔅haryaka dynasty-
Establish -Bimbisar
Buddhist
Anga + from brhmadatta
Construction of Rajgrh and capital
Rajvedhya jivak -srnd to Ujjain for treatment of Raja prdhyot
Marriage relationship -
Koshal kingdom(mhakoshala)
Veshali kingdom (chellna )
Madra kingdom (kshema )
Son - ajatsatru(killed bimbisar)
Other name -kunik
Jainism but later Buddhist
Minister -varshakar( help in veshali occupation)
Son - udain ( killed ajatsatru)
Patliputra establish
Jainism association
Last ruler of haryaka dynasty- nagdhshak(son of udain)
Killed by his own pm shishunag
Shishunag dynasty -
Capital transfer from patliputra to veshali
Son - kalashok
Second Buddhist council
Again capital transfer from veshali to patliputra
Last ruler - nandivardhn
Killed by mahapdmanand
Nand dynasty -mhapdmanand
Last ruler ghnanand
Sikander same period
Mourya dynasty

#ancient

Explained: Stories of women who helped draft the Constitution of India 🔗
#constituent_assembly #express_explained

🔆Women in the Constituent Assembly:

📍Ammu Swaminathan (1894-1978)
✅ Hailed from Palakkad, Kerala; married Subbarama Swaminathan.
✅Contributions: Advocated for gender equality and spoke on the Hindu Code Bill despite male-dominated ridicule.

📍Annie Mascarene (1902-1963) :
✅ Born in Travancore, Latin Christian family; academic brilliance led her to law.
✅Contributions: Advocated for universal adult franchise and a strong Centre while promoting local government autonomy.

📍Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001) :
✅ From a royal family in Punjab; opposed purdah after marriage.
✅Contributions: Opposed separate electorates for religion and debated Muslim upliftment and Indian nationalism.
✅Post-independence: Elected to the Rajya Sabha; promoted women’s hockey.

📍Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912-1978) :
✅ First Dalit woman graduate in science; Pulaya community.
✅Contributions: Opposed separate electorates, emphasizing nationalism and equality.

📍Renuka Ray (1904-1997)
✅ Born in Pabna, now Bangladesh; studied at LSE after meeting Gandhi.
✅Contributions: Advocated for Hindu Code Bill, women’s rights to inheritance, and opposed women’s reservation as a barrier to growth.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #polity
#modern

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆Raja Raja Chola I

✅Birth: Born as Arulmozhi Varman in 947 CE, he rose to become one of history’s most illustrious and visionary rulers.
✅Rajaraja is regarded as Ulakalanda Perumel (the great one who measured the earth like Trivikrama) and as Shiva who established control over the land of Bhargava Rama.
✅Reign: Raja Raja’s reign, from 985 to 1014 CE, encompassed the whole of southern India, part of Ceylon and the Maldive and Laccadive archipelagos.
✅The Cholas undertook military expeditions to Sri Lanka (during the time of Rajaraja I) and SriVijaya (during the time of Rajendra I).
✅Titles: He decorated himself with high-sounding titles of Jayangonda, Pandya-kulasani, Singalantaka, Colamartanda, and Telingakulakala.
✅Stone records: He started prefacing stone records (official prasasti) with a set description of the major events of his reign.

📍Brihadeeswarar Temple (Rajarajeswaram)

✅Location: Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, part of the UNESCO “Great Living Chola Temples.”
✅Era: Built in 1009 CE by Raja Raja Chola I, it is the largest and tallest Indian temple.
📍Design:
✅Features a massive 70-meter pyramidal vimana with an octagonal dome-shaped stupika.
✅Two large gopuras adorned with intricate sculptures.
✅Sanctum houses a two-storey lingam of Lord Shiva.

#art_and_culture
#history

Kanhirapoil megalithic site:

✅Discovery details: 24 pairs of carved footprints and a human figure were found on a private property in Madikkai grama panchayat, Kasaragod, Kerala.
✅Artistic features: Carvings include footprints of varying sizes (6–10 inches), likely representing both children and adults, with a human figure accompanied by circular pits.
✅Cultural parallels: The findings resemble prehistoric rock art at Avalakki Pera in Udupi and other sites in Kerala, including Edakkal Caves and Erikulam Valiyapara.

📜 Psychology Optional Classes 🌟


📚 Why Choose Us?
🔹 Detailed and structured syllabus coverage
🔹 Test series to track your progress
🔹 Weekly mentorship for personalized guidance
🔹 Complete study materials for effective preparation
🔹 In-depth PYQ (Previous Year Question) analysis
🔹 Recorded classes for added flexibility

Don’t miss this opportunity to learn from one of the best mentors in the field.

💰 Enroll now at just ₹15,000/-

✅ Register Now: https://forms.gle/YUD1RZdBPAbzQH8z5

Follow us on Telegram: https://t.me/pathwaysacademyedu

📞 Have questions? Call us at 7736 156 999.

🔥Great Initiative for UPSC CSAT 2025 by most trusted Institute🔥

1) CSAT Foundation Course @ 25th Nov
Link: https://sxvbl.courses.store/590441
2) CSAT DPP & Test Series @ 26th Nov
Link: https://sxvbl.courses.store/590442

👉 Content as per UPSC demands
👉 Personal Mentoring
👉 Limited Seats only
(*Offer* 10% discount for first 60 members)

👉Demo Class: https://sxvbl.courses.store/591536
👉Sample Tests: https://bit.ly/3tkF1zQ
👌Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtUDX-K0644
👉Telegram Channel: https://t.me/csatclassnotes

Regards
The SPOORTHY
Mob: 9971385066
*Whats app*: https://wa.me/+919971385066

📜 Psychology Optional Classes 🌟


📚 Why Choose Us?
🔹 Detailed and structured syllabus coverage
🔹 Test series to track your progress
🔹 Weekly mentorship for personalized guidance
🔹 Complete study materials for effective preparation
🔹 In-depth PYQ (Previous Year Question) analysis
🔹 Recorded classes for added flexibility

Don’t miss this opportunity to learn from one of the best mentors in the field.

💰 Enroll now at just ₹15,000/-

✅ Register Now: https://forms.gle/YUD1RZdBPAbzQH8z5

Follow us on Telegram: https://t.me/pathwaysacademyedu

📞 Have questions? Call us at 7736 156 999.

📜 Psychology Optional Classes 🌟


📚 Why Choose Us?
🔹 Detailed and structured syllabus coverage
🔹 Test series to track your progress
🔹 Weekly mentorship for personalized guidance
🔹 Complete study materials for effective preparation
🔹 In-depth PYQ (Previous Year Question) analysis
🔹 Recorded classes for added flexibility

Don’t miss this opportunity to learn from one of the best mentors in the field.

💰 Enroll now at just ₹15,000/-

✅ Register Now: https://forms.gle/YUD1RZdBPAbzQH8z5

Follow us on Telegram: https://t.me/pathwaysacademyedu

📞 Have questions? Call us at 7736 156 999.

🔆mhajanpadas age
Time -Sixth B.C.
According to anyutrnikay( Buddhist text )- 16 mahajanpadas
✅anga - capital( champa )- present area (northern bihar )
✅magadha- giribrijh/rajgarh /patliputra -patan area ,bihar
✅kashi -varanasi-present varanshi area ,up
✅vatsa -kosambi-allahabad area ,up
✅vajji-veshali /videh /mithila-mujjafarpur and darbanga area ,bihar
✅koshal-sravasti -fezabad ,gonda area ,up
✅avanti -ujjain /mahismati-ujjain + maheshwar area ,mp
✅malla-kusavati-devria ,bati area ,up
✅panchal-ahichtra /kampilaya- Bareilly,up
✅chedi-saktimati-bundelkhand area ,up +mp
✅kuru-indraprasth-delhi,merath area
✅matasya-viratnagar -jaipur ,alwar area ,rj
✅kamboj-hatak-rajori,hajara area ,j&k
✅sursen -mathura -mathura ,up
✅ashmak-potan -godawari area ,mh ( only south india located mhajanpad)
✅Gandhar-takshshila-present bn pakistan

#ancient
#history

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

Link Open just for 100 Subscribers Only................👇

Prehistoric Period
Stone Age in India: A Brief Overview

1. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
2. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
3. Neolithic (New Stone Age)
4. Conclusion

Dedicated channel for art and culture

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

Ganas or Sanghas or Republics

Indus valley civilization sites

Explained: History of Suez Canal, its economic importance 🔗
#explained_global #express_explained #suez_canal

Members who have just joined this channel are requested to join our main channel too.

It is one of the old channel on telegram with 85 thousand aspirants.

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

🔆Satyendra Nath Bose:

✅Born: January 1, 1894, in Calcutta, India.
✅Inspired by teachers like Jagadish Chandra Bose and Prafulla Chandra Roy.
✅Career: Began as a physics lecturer at Calcutta University (1916), later joined Dhaka University (1921).
✅Known for his groundbreaking work in quantum mechanics and statistical physics.

His Work:
✅Planck’s Law and Photon Gas:
🔸Derived Planck’s law using a novel statistical method treating light as a photon gas.
🔸Developed new techniques for counting photon states, forming the basis of Bose-Einstein statistics.
✅Collaboration with Einstein:
Sent his paper on radiation to Albert Einstein, who translated it into German and published it.
🔸Einstein extended Bose’s work to atoms, leading to the theory of Bose-Einstein condensates and the ideal quantum gas.
✅Bosons:
🔸Bose-Einstein statistics apply to particles with integer spins, named bosons (by Paul Dirac) in his honor.
🔸Bosons do not obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
✅Bose-Einstein Condensates (BECs):
🔸Predicted a new state of matter where bosons condense into the lowest quantum state at near absolute zero temperatures.
🔸Experimentally confirmed in 1995 using rubidium and sodium atoms, earning a Nobel Prize for Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, and Wolfgang Ketterle in 2001.

UPPSC

RO ARO 2023

✅1939: The Government of India joined WW II without consulting the elected members of the central legislature or Congress. Hence, Congress ministries resigned.

✅1940: Congress rejected the August offer and launched the Individual Satyagraha.

✅1942: To get the support of Indians in war, the British government sent Cripps mission. Congress rejected the Cripps proposals and launched the Quit India Movement.

🔆 Governor General of India and Events During Regime

▪️Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)
✅Abolition of Sati System (1829)
✅Charter Act of 1833

▪️Lord Auckland (1836-1842)
✅First Afghan War (1838-42)

▪️Lord Hardinge I (1844-1848)
✅First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and the Treaty of Lahore (1846).
✅Social reforms like the abolition of female infanticide

▪️Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
✅Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)
✅The annexation of Lower Burma (1852)
✅Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse
✅Wood’s Despatch 1854
✅Laying down of first railway line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853
✅Establishment of PWD


#quick_revision
#history


Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history

🔆Genomic Study to Uncover Population History of South Asia

✅In a ground-breaking move, the Indian government has launched an ambitious scientific study using both ancient and modern genomics to uncover the population history of South Asia.
✅This study aims to resolve long-standing debates and conflicting theories about the origins and migration patterns of ancient Indian communities.
✅The research is being carried out by the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI), which functions under the Ministry of Culture, in collaboration with the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, under the Department of Science & Technology.
✅The project, titled “Reconstruction of the Population History of South Asia using Ancient and Modern Genomics,” focuses on DNA extracted from ancient skeletal remains to provide new insights into the region's past.

📍Key Features of the Study:

Scope & Focus:
✅The project involves studying 300 ancient skeletal remains, primarily cranial bones, tooth fragments, and other bone pieces.
✅These remains have been collected from archaeological sites in India and Pakistan, including well-known sites from the Indus Valley Civilization like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (now in Pakistan), as well as locations like Burzahom (J&K), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Maski (Karnataka), Ropar (Punjab), and Lothal (Gujarat).
✅These remains were excavated between 1922 and 1958 and are currently in the custody of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

📍Objective:
✅The study aims to reconstruct the origins of ancient Indian communities by extracting and analysing DNA from the remains.
✅It will also shed light on the living conditions, diets, disease prevalence, and migration patterns of ancient people, allowing for a clearer understanding of how populations moved and interacted over time.
✅This research is expected to help answer fundamental questions about the gene pool and environmental adaptation of ancient Indian civilizations.

✅The Aryan Migration Debate:
The project aims to address one of the most significant and controversial questions in Indian history: Did the Aryan migration happen?

✅Aryan Invasion Theory:
Proposed by Western scholars in the 19th century, this theory posits that a group of Aryans, fair-skinned people from Central Asia, migrated to India around 2000-1500 BC, playing a major role in shaping the civilization of the Indian subcontinent.

✅Indigenous Theory:
Many modern Indian archaeologists argue that the Aryans were indigenous to the region and that they lived along the Saraswati River.
✅When the river dried up, they migrated to other parts of India and settled in the Indus Valley

#gs1
#History