NCRT Class 10,11,12 Science

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Here’s a detailed syllabus for C programming for 10th grade:


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1. Introduction to C Language

History of C: Origin of C, developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs.

Features of C:

Simple and powerful.

Structured programming language.

Portability and efficiency.

Rich library of functions.


Applications of C:

System software development (e.g., Operating Systems).

Embedded systems, gaming, and GUI development.


Structure of a C Program:

#include<stdio.h> // Header file inclusion
int main() { // Main function
// Code
return 0; // Return statement
}



---

2. Basics of C Programming

How to Write and Run a C Program:

1. Use an IDE like Turbo C, Dev-C++, or GCC compiler.


2. Steps: Write -> Compile -> Run -> Debug.



C Syntax:

Case-sensitive language.

Statements end with a semicolon (;).

Code blocks enclosed in { }.


Comments:

Single-line: // This is a comment.

Multi-line: /* This is a multi-line comment */.




---

3. Variables, Data Types, and Operators

Variables:

Definition: Containers to store data.

Declaration: int age;, float temperature;.

Initialization: int age = 16;.


Data Types:

Primitive: int, float, char, double.

Size and range of data types (varies by compiler).


Constants:

Using #define: #define PI 3.14.

Using const: const int maxScore = 100;.


Operators:

Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %.

Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.

Logical: &&, ||, !.

Assignment: =, +=, -=.

Increment/Decrement: ++, --.




---

4. Input and Output Operations

Input/Output Functions:

Input: scanf("%d", &variable);

Output: printf("Result is %d", variable);


Formatting Strings:

%d for integers.

%f for floats.

%c for characters.

%s for strings.

Example:

int a;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &a);
printf("You entered: %d", a);




---

5. Control Structures

Decision-Making Statements:

if:

if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
}

if-else:

if (condition) {
// Code if true
} else {
// Code if false
}

nested if: Multiple if statements inside another if.

switch:

switch (variable) {
case value1:
// Code
break;
case value2:
// Code
break;
default:
// Code
}


Loops:

for:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
// Code
}

while:

while (condition) {
// Code
}

do-while:

do {
// Code
} while (condition);




---

6. Functions

Definition:

A block of code designed to perform a specific task.


Declaration:

int add(int a, int b); // Function prototype

Calling:

int result = add(5, 3);

Return Statement:

int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

Advantages:

Code reusability.

Better organization.




---

7. Arrays

Definition:

Collection of elements of the same data type stored at contiguous memory locations.


Declaration:

int numbers[5];

Initialization:

int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Accessing Elements:

printf("%d", numbers[0]); // Prints 1

Use in Loops:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", numbers[i]);
}



---

8. Practical Examples

1. Write a program to calculate the area of a circle.


2. Create a program to find the largest of three numbers using if-else.


3. Write a program to print multiplication tables using loops.


4. Use an array to store marks of 5 students and calculate the average.



Would you like help with practice questions or additional resources for teaching?

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1. Reflection of Light

Definition: Reflection is the bouncing back of light rays when they hit a smooth surface.

Laws of Reflection:

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane.



2. Types of Mirrors

Plane Mirror: Produces virtual, upright images of the same size as the object.

Spherical Mirrors:

Concave Mirror: Can form real or virtual images, depending on object placement. Used in headlights and shaving mirrors.

Convex Mirror: Always forms virtual, smaller images. Used as rear-view mirrors.



3. Refraction of Light

Definition: Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another (e.g., air to water).

Laws of Refraction:

The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.

Snell's Law: The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for a given pair of media (Refractive Index).



4. Refractive Index (n)

Definition: The refractive index measures the bending of light in a medium.

Formula:


5. Lens and Image Formation

Types of Lenses:

Convex Lens (Converging): Can produce real and virtual images, depending on the object’s position.

Concave Lens (Diverging): Always produces a virtual, smaller image.


Lens Formula:

Where f is focal length, v is image distance, and u is object distance.



6. Power of a Lens

Formula:

Measured in diopters (D), where f is in meters.

Positive power for convex lenses, negative for concave lenses.

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