Nucleus medical media

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Stone man syndrome

Change normal CT to bone

https://t.me/coolmanmedicine

2 ear anatomy - Middle ear.pdf

Bitot Spots due to vit A deficiency (xerophthalmia)

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https://t.me/Clinical_Collections36

التعامل مع snake bites في الطوارى

Albumin

🔴Meningitis

▪︎It's An Acute Infection Of The Brain Covers (Meninges) Due To Infective Organisms Or Non-Infective Cause

🔹Clinical Features Of Meningitis
📍1. Fever/Headache/Photophobia/Neck Stiffness

📍2. Special Signs :
▪︎Kernig's Sign ➡️ Knee Extension At The Hip Causing Spasm Of Hamstring Muscles

▪︎Brudzinski's Sign ➡️ Passive Neck Flexion Causing Knee & Hip Flexion

📍3. Transient Skin Rash (Non-Blanching Petechial Rash Due To Nisseria.Meningitidis)


🔹Causes Of Meningitis
📍1. Infective Causes (Bacterial/Viral/Protozoal/Fungal/TB)

📍2. Non-Infective Causes :
▪︎Malignancy (Leukaemia/Lymphoma/Breast/Lung)

▪︎Inflammatory Disorders (Lupus/Behcet/Sarcoidosis)


🔰Viral Meningitis
▪︎Most Common Cause Of Meningitis

▪︎Mostly Due To :
📍1. EnteroViruses (Echo/Coxsackie/Polio)

📍2. Mumps (in Unimmunized Regions)

▪︎Mostly Affect Children & Young Adults

▪︎Benign & Self Limited

▪︎Present With Severe Headache & High Pyrexia

🔹Dx Of Viral Meningitis ➡️ CSF Lumbar Puncture (High Lymphocytes/Normal Glucose)

🔹Mx Of Viral Meningitis ➡️ Sponetousnus Recovery Within Days


🔰Bacterial Meningitis
▪︎More Serious & High Risk Of Morbidity & Mortality (80%)

▪︎Nisseria.Meningitidis (Meningococcus) is The Most Common Cause Of bacterial Meningitis in Europe (While H.influenza in USA)

▪︎Bacteria Reach Meninges As Direct Spread From The Ear Or Skull Fracture Or Sinus (Adjacent Focus Of Infection) Or As Part Of Generalised Bacteremia

▪︎Affect Meninges/Subarachnoid Space/Brain Parenchyma (Risk Of Progression To MeningoEncephalitis)

▪︎Can Present With Focal Neurological Deficit/Altered Mental State/Coma

▪︎Pus Accumulation & Adhesions Forms Within The Brain Parenchyma


🔹Most Common Organisms Causing Bacterial Meningitis
📍1. Neonates ➡️ GB Streptococcus

📍2. Children ➡️ Nisseria.Meningitidis/Strept.Pneumonia/H.influenza

📍3. Adults ➡️ Nisseria.Meningitidis/Strept.Pneumonia

📍4. Elderly ➡️ Strept.Pneumonia

📍5. Immunocompromised ➡️ Listeria/TB/CMV/CryptoCoccal Meningitis


🔹Special Characters For Organisms
📍1. Psedomonas ➡️ Most Common Cause For Hospital Acquired Meningitis

📍2. Strept.Pneumonia More After :
▪︎Lung Infection (Pneumonia)
▪︎Sinusitis/Otitis Media
▪︎Immunocompromised
▪︎Head Trauma

📍3. N.meningitidis :
▪︎Present With Skin Rash
▪︎Severe Rapidly Progressive (Death Within Hours)
▪︎Complicated By Adrenal Hemorrhage (Hypotension/Shock/RF)

📍4. Staph.Aureus ➡️ More After NeuroSurgical Procedures (Shunting/IntraThecal Injections) & Skull Fracture

📍5. GB Streptococcus ➡️ More At Extremity Of Ages (Infants/Old Ages)

📍6. Listeria ➡️ Risk Of Brainstem Encephalitis (RhombenCephalitis) & Meningitis in Immunocompromised (DM/Alcoholic/Pregnant/Neonates)


🔹Dx Of Bacterial Meningitis (CSF Lumbar Puncture)
▪︎Cloudy Turbid CSF
▪︎High Neutrophils >1000×10⁶
▪︎High Proteins
▪︎High CSF Pressure
▪︎Low Glucose


🔹Complications Of Bacterial Meningitis
📍1. Obstructive Hydrocephalus & Increase ICP

📍2. Hearing Loss

📍3. Secondary Cerebral Infarction

📍4. Chronic Meningococcaemia :
▪︎Recurrent Fever/Sweating/Joint Pain/Transient Rash/UnWell Patient For Weeks Or Months

▪︎More in Middle Age & Elderly & Splenectomy Patients

📍5. Seizures/Intellectual Impairment/Gait Disturbances

📍6. Complications Of N.meningitidis :
▪︎Pericarditis/Arthritis
▪︎Peripheral Gangrene
▪︎Renal Failure/Shock
▪︎Rash
▪︎Intravascular Coagulation

https://t.me/nucleusmedicalmediaa

Xanthelasma

There are well demarcated, yellow plaques on the medial aspect of the bilateral eyelids, which is consistent with xanthelasma.
Xanthelasma consists of cutaneous lipid deposits and is a common finding in patients with hypercholesterolemia

Cri-du-chat syndrome (cat cry syndrome)

Definition: rare syndrome caused by a chromosome 5 aberration  [11][12]

Epidemiology: sex distribution: ♀ > ♂ (2:1)

Etiology: microdeletion of the short arm at chromosome 5 (46,XX,5p- or 46,XY, 5p‑)

Clinical features

Cat-like, high-pitched crying in affected infants

Congenital heart defects, e.g., VSD

Microcephaly

Intellectual disability (moderate to severe)

Single palmar crease

Dysmorphic facial features

Moon facies

Widely spaced eyes

Epicanthal folds

Broad nasal bridge

Downward-slanting palpebral fissures

Skeletal abnormalities

Bacillary angiomatosis is a skin condition in immunocompromised patients (especially patients with AIDS and/or CD4 count < 100) characterized by vascular proliferation that results in lesions on the skin and potentially other organs (e.g., GI tract, respiratory tract). It is caused primarily by Bartonella henselae, which is most commonly transmitted via cat scratches. Skin manifestations include red papules and nodules that bleed easily. Diagnosis is confirmed on biopsy. Antibiotics are used to treat bacillary angiomatosis, and patients with HIV should be started on ART.

The superficial temporal artery is very prominent, indicating giant cell arteritis (formerly known as temporal arteritis)