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🌾 India’s Food Subsidy and Crop Production: Key Highlights 

📊 Food Subsidy Trends (2017–2024) 
✅ 2017-18: ₹1,00,000 crore 
✅ 2018-19: ₹1,20,000 crore 
✅ 2019-20: ₹1,50,000 crore 
✅2020-21:₹6,00,000 crore(Peak)
✅ 2021-22: ₹2,50,000 crore 
✅ 2022-23: ₹3,00,000 crore 
✅ 2023-24: ₹2,50,000 crore 


🌾 State-Wise Leading Crop Producers 
✅ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab 
✅ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh 
✅ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan 
✅ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat 

🌱 Major Crops Overview 

🌾 Rice 
✅ Global Producers: China > India 
✅ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal 
✅ Temperature: 21–37°C 
✅ Rainfall: 100 cm+ 

🌾 Wheat 
✅ Global Producers: China > India 
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab 
✅ Temperature: 10–25°C 
✅ Rainfall: 50–75 cm 

🌽 Maize 
✅ Global Producers: USA  
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh 
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C 
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm 

🌾 Sugarcane 
✅ Global Producers: Brazil > India 
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka 
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C 
✅ Rainfall: 75–100 cm 

🌿 Tea 
✅ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya 
✅ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu 
✅ Temperature: 20–30°C 
✅ Rainfall: 150–300 cm 

☕️ Coffee 
✅ Global Producers: Brazil  
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu 
✅ Temperature: 15–28°C 

🌾 Cotton 
✅ Global Producers: China > India > USA 
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana 
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C 
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm 

🌱 Other Important Crops 

🌿 Groundnut 
✅ Global Producers: China > India 
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh 

🌻 Sunflower 
✅ Global Producers: Ukraine
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha 

🌾 Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL
✅ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh 

🌾 Jute and Mesta 
✅ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh 
✅ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam 

🌱 Rubber 
✅ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India 
✅ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka 
✅ Temperature: 25°C+ 
✅ Rainfall: 200 cm+ 

#AGRICULTURE

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⚡️CSE Rules

Important Topics from Geography.
Must Topics for UPSC Prelims 2025.

Outcomes of COP29.

COP29, held in Azerbaijan, saw several key outcomes:

New Global Climate Finance Goal: A landmark agreement was reached to triple climate finance for developing countries, setting a new target of $300 billion annually by 2035. This significantly increases the previous goal of $100 billion.

Loss and Damage Fund Operationalized: The long-awaited Loss and Damage Fund was fully operationalized, providing a crucial mechanism for assisting developing countries in addressing the irreversible impacts of climate change.

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Finalized: After years of negotiations, the rules governing international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement were finalized. This paves the way for countries to trade carbon credits and collaborate on emissions reductions more effectively.

Focus on Just Transition: COP29 emphasized the importance of a just transition, ensuring that the shift to a low-carbon economy benefits all, particularly workers and communities impacted by the transition away from fossil fuels.

These outcomes represent significant progress in the global fight against climate change, but further action is urgently needed to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Major military exercises conducted by India, which are important for UPSC preparation:

Bilateral Exercises
* With the United States:
* Yudh Abhyas: Army exercise focusing on counter-terrorism operations.
* Vajra Prahar: Special Forces exercise.
* Tiger Triumph: Tri-service exercise.

* With France:
* Shakti: Army exercise.
* Garuda Shakti: Air Force exercise.
* Varuna: Naval exercise.

* With Russia:
* Indra: Joint military exercise.

* With China:
* Hand-in-Hand: Joint military exercise.

* With Japan:
* Dharma Guardian: Army exercise.
* JIMEX: Naval exercise.

* With Australia:
* AUSINDEX: Naval exercise.

* With Indonesia:
* Garuda Shakti: Air Force exercise.
* Samudra Shakti: Naval exercise.

* With Sri Lanka:
* Mitra Shakti: Army exercise.
* SLINEX: Naval exercise.

* With Bangladesh:
* Sampriti: Army exercise.

* With other countries:
* NOMADIC ELEPHANT (Mongolia), MAITREE (Thailand), LAMITIYE (Seychelles), EKUVERIN (Maldives), PRABAL DOSTYKK (Kazakhstan), KHANJAR (Kyrgyzstan)
Multilateral Exercises
* Malabar: Naval exercise with the United States, Japan, and Australia.

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🔆Acts and rules that regulate GM crops in India are:

✅Environment Protection Act, 1986 (EPA)
✅Biological Diversity Act, 2002
✅Plant Quarantine Order, 2003
✅GM policy under Foreign Trade Policy
✅Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006
✅Drugs and Cosmetics Rule (8th Amendment), 1988

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Dam Safety Act (DSA) 2021

Aim: Preventing dam failure related disasters and providing institutional mechanisms to ensure their safe functioning.
National Committee on Dam Safety: It has been constituted to prevent dam failure related disasters and maintain standards of dam safety and evolve dam safety policies and recommend necessary regulations. 
National Dam Safety Authority: It has been established as a regulatory body for ensuring the nationwide implementation of dam safety policies and standards.
Its functions include implementing policies of the National Committee, and resolving matters between State Dam Safety Organisations (SDSOs), or between a SDSO and any dam owner in that state. 
The central government may notify the qualifications, and functions of the officers of the National Dam Safety Authority.  
At the State level: The Act provides for the constitution of the State Committee on Dam Safety (SCDS) and the establishment of the State Dam Safety Organization (SDSO).
All the 28 States and 3 Union Territories having specified dams have constituted/established the SCDSs/SDSOs.
Dam Safety Unit: Dam owners are now required to have a dedicated Dam Safety Unit, prepare Emergency Action Plans, and conduct Comprehensive Safety Evaluations at regular intervals.
Chairman of the Central Water Commission (CWC) would head dam safety protocols at the national level.
Penalty: An offence under the Act can lead to imprisonment of up to two years, or a fine, or both.

#MorningMusings

It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.

- Confucius (Chinese philosopher, politician, and teacher)

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If you are unable to use your time fully, don't worry. None of us are robots; we are all human. It is a stupidity to waste precious time by worrying over inappropriate time management.
Learn from your mistakes and move forward rather than dwelling on the past.

#MorningMusings

Wealth is not his that has it, but his that enjoys it.

Benjamin Franklin (Statesman, Scientist, and Philanthropist)

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Start by doing what's necessary; then do what's possible; and suddenly you are doing the impossible

- Saint Francis of Assisi

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Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the judgment that something else is more important than fear

- Ambrose Burnside (American General)

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Rann Utsav

• The Indian Prime Minister has invited the public to experience the Rann Utsav, which continues till March 2025.
• Rann Utsav is an annual cultural festival organized by the Gujarat Tourism Department in the Great Rann of Kutch, India’s largest salt desert.
• It celebrates the cultural and artistic heritage of Kutch, attracting domestic and international tourists.
• The Rann of Kutch is a vast area of salt marshes, straddling the border between India and Pakistan.
• It is primarily located in the Kutch district of Gujarat, with a smaller portion in the Sindh province of Pakistan.
• Great Rann of Kutch: The larger portion, stretching east to west.
• Bordered by the Thar Desert to the north and Kutch Hills to the south.

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Day 16 Video

UPSC Mains Qualifiers: You've made it! Your hard work and determination have paid off. Stay focused for the interview, and let your personality shine!

To those who didn't qualify, remember: setbacks are temporary. Learn, grow, and return stronger. Your success is around the corner! #Learnbymaps #upsc #UPSCInspiration #NeverGiveUp

CSM result Announced

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Topic and themes for General Studies Subjects for Prelims 2025


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Any body who is too much stressed or confused should read this again and again.....I got all my answers..Try this..
A rare conversation between Krishna & Today's Arjun. Read it loud to family, it's one of the best message I have come across...

1. Arjun :- I can’t find free time. Life has become hectic.
Krishna:- Activity gets you busy. But productivity gets you free.

2. Arjun :- Why has life become complicated now?
Krishna :- Stop analyzing life... It makes it complicated. Just live it.

3. Arjun :- Why are we then constantly unhappy?
Krishna :- Worrying has become your habit. That’s why you are not happy.

4. Arjun :- Why do good people always suffer?
Krishna :- Diamond cannot be polished without friction. Gold cannot be purified without fire. Good people go through trials, but don’t suffer.With that experience their life becomes better, not bitter.

5. Arjun :- You mean to say such experience is useful?
Krishna :- Yes. In every term, Experience is a hard teacher. It gives the test first and the lessons later.

6. Arjun :- Because of so many problems, we don’t know where we are heading…
Krishna:- If you look outside you will not know where you are heading. Look inside. Eyes provide sight. Heart provides the way.

7. Arjun :- Does failure hurt more than moving in the right direction?
Krishna:- Success is a measure as decided by others. Satisfaction is a measure as decided by you.

8. Arjun :- In tough times, how do you stay motivated?
Krishna :- Always look at how far you have come rather than how far you have to go. Always count your blessing, not what you are missing.

9. Arjun :- What surprises you about people?
Krishna :- When they suffer they ask, "why me?" When they prosper, they never ask "Why me?"

10. Arjun :- How can I get the best out of life?
Krishna:- Face your past without regret. Handle your present with confidence. Prepare for the future without fear.

11. Arjun :- One last question. Sometimes I feel my prayers are not answered.
Krishna:- There are no unanswered prayers. Keep the faith and drop the fear. Life is a mystery to solve, not a problem to resolve. Trust me. Life is wonderful if you know how to live.

Daily Current Affairs pdf
6th December 2024

Why Trump and the Federal Reserve could clash in the coming years - Donald Trump’s proposals to cut taxes and impose steep tariffs are a recipe for high inflation, and if inflation does reaccelerate the Fed would need to raise interest rates; Mr. Trump could then shift the blame on the Federal Reserve for not being able to rein in the borrowing costs of Americans

No need for seperate Central law to tackle crimes against health workers: NTF re... - The report filed in Supreme Court says States have enough laws to keep healthcare professionals safe, while the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita could take care of heinous offences committed against them; it calls for deployment of trained security personnel in hospitals, night-shift safety protocols

🌐 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)  🌐

🔹In news : The WIPO has published the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) Report 2024. According to the report, India now ranks 6th globally with 64,480 patent applications.

🔹 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland 
🔹 Members: 193 member states
🔹 About:  WIPO is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated to promoting intellectual property (IP) protection worldwide.

🔹 Key Functions: 
1. Global IP Services: Manages international systems for patents, trademarks, and copyrights, making it easier for inventors and businesses to protect their IP across borders.
2. Policy Development: Assists member states in formulating IP laws and policies to support innovation.
3. Dispute Resolution: Offers arbitration and mediation services to resolve IP disputes without litigation.

Europe’s Proba-3 mission to arrive in India for launch aboard PSLV-XL by Isro

Source

Montelukast: overused and dangerous

✅ Numerous warnings and studies have shown that montelukast can cause severe neuropsychiatric adverse effects, yet it is being widely used and sold without regulation in India.
✅Montelukast is prescribed for asthma and allergic rhinitis, but studies indicate it is inferior to first-line therapies like inhaled corticosteroids and antihistamines.
✅In India, there are misconceptions and stigmas about inhalers leading to the preference for oral medications, contributing to the overuse of montelukast.

World's first wooden satellite 'The Lignosat'As part of a resupply mission to the International Space Station (ISS), the Lignosat was launched into space by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from NASA's Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 5. The wooden satellite reached the International Space Station (ISS) a day later.

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#Ncerts List for #UPSC
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The 2024 Nobel Prizes, awarded in categories such as medicine, physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and economics, recognize significant contributions such as microRNA discovery, advancements in machine learning, and studies on institutional effects on prosperity. Each laureate receives 11 million Swedish crowns.

महत्वपूर्ण युद्ध एवं वर्ष
➡️ चंदावर का युद्ध — 1194 ई.
➡️ घाघरा का युद्ध — 1529 ई.
➡️ प्लासी का युद्ध — 1757 ई.
➡️ हल्दीघाटी का युद्ध — 1576 ई.
➡️ खानवा का युद्ध — 1527 ई.
➡️ चंदेरी की लड़ाई — 1528 ई.
➡️ चौसा का युद्ध — 1539 ई.
➡️ देवरा का युद्ध — 1532 ई.
➡️ कन्नौज का युद्ध — 1540 ई.
➡️सरहिंद का युद्ध — 1555 ई.
➡️सामूगढ़ का युद्ध — 1658 ई.
➡️कालिंजर का युद्ध — 1545 ई.
➡️Battle of Chandawar — 1194 AD
➡️Battle of Ghaghra — 1529 AD
➡️Battle of Plassey — 1757 AD
➡️Battle of Haldighati — 1576 AD
➡️Battle of Khanwa — 1527 AD
➡️Battle of Chanderi — 1528 AD
➡️Taimur's Invasion — 1398 AD
➡️Battle of chausa — 1539 AD
➡️Battle of Devra (Deora) — 1532 AD
➡️Battle of Kannauj — 1540 AD
➡️Battle of Sirhind — 1555 AD
➡️Battle of Samugarh — 1658 AD
➡️Battle of Kalinjar — 1545 AD

💊 Orphan Drug 💊

🔹 Definition: 
An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical developed specifically to treat rare diseases (or orphan diseases) affecting a small percentage of the population.

🔹 Incentives for Development: 
To encourage research and production, governments provide incentives such as:
- Tax credits for clinical trials
- Grant funding
- Market exclusivity for a period (usually 7-10 years) 
These benefits help companies offset costs associated with developing treatments for rare diseases.

🔹 Regulation in India: 
India’s National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021 includes provisions to promote orphan drug development, including financial support for patients needing these medicines and incentives for drug manufacturers.

🔹 Examples of Orphan Diseases: 
Conditions like cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and certain types of cancers are often treated with orphan drugs.

Triton Island

🔹In News: China has reportedly **deployed counter-stealth radar and anti-ship missile batteries to fortify Triton Island, escalating military presence in the region.

About Triton Island:
🔹 Location: Part of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea
🔹 Strategic Importance: Positioned in a highly contested area, claimed by China, Vietnam, and Taiwan
🔹 Territorial Disputes: Triton Island is claimed by China, Vietnam, and Taiwan, each asserting sovereignty over the Paracel Islands. China has controlled the island since 1974 but its ownership is contested, contributing to regional tensions in the South China Sea.
🔹 Strategic Importance:
- Located along vital international shipping routes, giving it significant strategic importance.
- The island’s surrounding waters are rich in natural resources and support diverse marine life.

#Places in News #Learnbymaps

Bengaluru's first digital population clock was inaugurated at the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) through a collaborative effort between ISEC and the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). 

Similar digital population clocks are being installed in 18 Population Research Centres across India by MoHFW. 

The clock provides real-time population updates, with Karnataka's population updating every 1 minute and 10 seconds, and India's population every 2 seconds.

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The Science and Technology syllabus for #UPSC includes subjects such as #biotechnology, energy, nanotechnology,space #technology,information technology and #robotics etc.
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Nothing is as chaotic as it seems.
Nothing is worth your health.
Nothing is worth poisoning yourself into stress, anxiety, and fear.

Smile, breathe and go slowly.

Recent Cyclones in News🌪



Cyclone Dana
▪️Named by - Qatar
▪️Meaning - Perfectly sized, valuable & beautiful pearl
▪️Location - Bay of Bengal

Cyclone Yagi
▪️Named by - Japan
▪️Meaning - Goat
▪️Location - South East Asia

Cyclone Remal
▪️Named by - Oman
▪️Meaning - Sand
▪️Location - Bay of Bengal

🔆ICTP Galathea Bay

✅The mega international container transshipment port (ICTP) at Galathea Bay has been notified as the 13th major port.


✅It is located in the Great Nicobar island in the Bay of Bengal.
✅Great Nicobar Island is a part of the Union territory of Andaman and Nicobar islands, is 40 nautical miles from Malacca Strait.
✅Malacca Strait is the international shipping channel catering to about 35 percent of the annual global sea trade.
✅The port will be strategically located on the East-West international trade and shipping route in proximity to transshipment terminals like Singapore, Klang and Colombo.
✅It is also a part of the rapidly evolving Indo-Pacific geopolitical region.
✅As a gateway to the region, it will capture transshipment cargo from Indian east coast ports, as also Bangladesh and Myanmar.
✅ICTP-Galathea-Bay
Significance: Currently nearly 75 per cent of India’s transshipped cargo is handled at overseas ports.

Launch Date: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched the Aditya-L1 mission on September 2, 2023, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
Mission Goal: Aditya-L1 is India’s first dedicated scientific mission to study the Sun.
Payload: The mission’s primary payload, the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), was developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIAp), Bengaluru.
Current Orbit: Aditya-L1 was placed in a halo orbit around the Earth-Sun Lagrange point (L1) on January 6, 2024.

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Alstonia scholaris
·        Even though Cyclone Dana triggered heavy rain in Kolkata, it did bring relief to those with allergies and asthma, as the heavy showers led to chhatim trees (Alstonia scholaris) shedding flowers that have a strong fragrance.
·        Alstonia scholaris, commonly called blackboard tree, scholar tree, milkwood, or devil’s tree in English, is an evergreen tropical tree in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae).
·        It is called ‘Saptaparna’ In India. It has been cited in the Charaka and Sushrutha Samhithas.
·        This tree is widespread across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and southern China, thriving in tropical and subtropical climates.
·        It grows to a height of 10–20 meters, sometimes reaching up to 40 meters.
·        It has dark grey bark and a crown of simple, whorled leaves arranged in clusters of seven, giving rise to the name “saptaparni” (meaning “seven leaves”).
·        Flowers: Small, fragrant, and greenish-white flowers bloom in clusters during late autumn and early winter.
·        The bark, leaves, and other parts of Alstonia scholaris have been used in traditional medicine for treating respiratory conditions, fever, skin disorders, and digestive issues.
·        The soft, lightweight wood of the blackboard tree was historically used for making writing slates and blackboards, which is how it got the common name “blackboard tree.”
·        IUCN status: Least Concern

The world’s first wooden satellite, built by Japanese researchers, was launched into space on Tuesday, in an early test of using timber in lunar and Mars exploration.

LignoSat, developed by Kyoto University and homebuilder Sumitomo Forestry, will be flown to the International Space Station on a SpaceX mission, and later released into orbit about 400 kilometers (250 miles) above the Earth.

Named after the Latin word for “wood,” the palm-sized LignoSat is tasked to demonstrate the cosmic potential of the renewable material as humans explore living in space.

The CRS mobile application is designed to simplify the registration process. It allows users to register vital events, such as births and deaths, easily. The application is expected to reduce the time required for these registrations. This move is part of a larger effort to modernize government services through digital solutions.

1st Leading Agricultural State in India — Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh is the largest agricultural state in India. Agriculture has always played a very significant role in the economic development of Uttar Pradesh. It is India's largest producer of several food grains such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, and potatoes. Some of the other major crops produced are pulses, oilseeds, milk, and sugarcane. The fertile Gangetic plains and favorable climate allow for double cropping in most parts of the state, contributing immensely to agricultural production. Rice-wheat is the dominant cropping system practised here. Sugarcane is another important cash crop. Dairy farming and animal husbandry also forms an crucial part of the rural economy. The agricultural sector employs about 80% of the state's workforce. Uttar Pradesh has achieved tremendous growth in food grain production over the past few decades, consolidating its position as India's biggest producer as well as the leading agricultural state

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Sanjay-Dubri National Park and Tiger Reserve was established in 1975 to conserve the biodiversity rich forest area of the district. Comprising an Evergreen Sal forest, it is home to about 152 species of birds 32 species of mammals, 11 species of reptiles, 03 species of amphibian and many more, 34 species of fresh water fishes. The major species found are tiger, Sloth bear, Chital, Nilgai, Chinkara, Sambar (limited to hilly terrain and in very small number), leopard, Dhole (wild dog), Jungle Cat, Hyena, Porcupine, Jackal, Fox, Indian Wolf, Indian Python Four-horned Antelope and Barking deer.

UPSC CSE 2023-22
AIR 78,77,167,251 and so on

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#Learnbymaps Polity is a must have , because all you need is to compare the things in polity and remember it for long term , the charts are missing from our Standard books , the learnbymaps has all important pointers all together which helps to retain things for longer time in your head.

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Union Minister of State Ravneet Singh Bittu here on Sunday held a high-level meeting with officials of Food Corporation of India (FCI) to review the movement and procurement of food grains in Punjab, said an official statement.

The meeting was held against the backdrop of the Kharif marketing season for 2024-25 and the ongoing concerns over paddy procurement, management, and storage in Punjab.

This meeting is part of the Government of India's commitment to supporting Punjab's agricultural sector and ensuring the welfare of farmers, the statement said.

The meeting held by the Minister for Food Processing Industries and Railways was attended by Punjab FCI General Manager B Srinivasan and other senior FCI officials who briefed the Minister on the current state of paddy procurement and storage.

They reported that Punjab's paddy procurement is estimated to reach 186 lakh metric tonnes (LMT) this season, with approximately 49.88 LMT having been procured already, as per the statement.

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Battle of Walong

Set during the 1962 Sino-Indian War, it occurred at the easternmost tip of Arunachal Pradesh, near the tri-junction of India, China, and Myanmar.
· As Chinese forces launched a full-scale offensive, Indian troops were tasked with defending Walong, the only advanced landing ground in the region, a vital supply route that connected remote border posts.

· After Tawang, Walong was China’s main offensive in the eastern sector during the war.

· The Chinese had overwhelming numbers on their side—an estimated 15,000 soldiers to India’s 2,500, accompanied by superior weaponry and artillery.
· Yet, despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned, Indian soldiers displayed remarkable resolve.

· The Indian Army units involved included battalions from the Kumaon Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Gorkha Rifles, Assam Rifles, and Dogra Regiment.

· Their tenacity and courage managed to hold back the Chinese advance for nearly three weeks, despite dire shortages of ammunition and supplies.

· The battle resulted in significant losses for India, with around 830 soldiers either killed, wounded, or captured.

· Yet, their defence stands as a powerful symbol of the valour and sacrifice of the Indian Army.

· It went down in history as the only Indian counterattack during the 1962 war.

Lake Erie

• Researchers in a lab near Lake Erie study how toxic algae can damage health.
About
• Lake Erie is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and is the fourth largest by surface area.
• It’s bordered by the United States to the south and Canada to the north.
• It is the 13th largest lake in the world by surface area.
• The 2nd smallest of the Great Lakes by surface area.
• Great Lakes is the chain of deep freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario.

Learnbymaps Environment UPSC Mindmaps provides a comprehensive coverage of key environmental topics relevant to the UPSC examination. They encompass the intricate interplay between natural ecosystems, human activities, and environmental policies. From biodiversity conservation to climate change mitigation, these notes offer concise explanations, important concepts, and significant developments in environmental studies. Learnbymaps Environment notes serve as a valuable resource for aspirants seeking a deeper understanding of environmental issues.

All in One - Concepts , Convention, important organisations , Cycles , Places and Reserves in news , Important Species etc

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The United Nations (UN) Peacekeepers, commonly known as the ‘Blue Helmets’ are a symbol of hope and stability in conflict-ridden regions around the world.
These peacekeepers, drawn from various national armies, police forces, and civilian experts, work under the UN mandate to maintain peace and security, protect civilians, and support the implementation of peace agreements.