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*AIBE కు సంబంధం లేకుండా రెండు సంవత్సరాల వరకు న్యాయవాద వృత్తి చేయవచ్చును.*

*ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర బార్ కౌన్సిల్ లో ఎన్రోల్ అయిన తర్వాత రెండు సంవత్సరాల లోపు ఆల్ ఇండియా భార్ ఎగ్జామినేషన్ (AIBE)పాసవ్వాలి. అలా పాస్ అవ్వకపోతే రెండు సంవత్సరాల అనంతరం వాళ్లు న్యాయవాదులుగా విధులు నిర్వహించడానికి అర్హత కోల్పోతారు.*

*AIBE కు సంబంధం లేకుండా రెండు సంవత్సరాల వరకు న్యాయవాద వృత్తి చేయవచ్చును...*

*న్యాయ శాస్త్రం విద్య పూర్తి చేసి ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర బార్ కౌన్సిల్లో ఎన్రోల్మెంట్ చేసుకున్న న్యాయవాదులు ఆల్ ఇండియా బార్ ఎగ్జామినేషన్ (AIBE) కు సంబంధం లేకుండా రెండు సంవత్సరాల వరకు న్యాయవాది హోదాలో అన్ని రకాల (VAKALAT, FILINGOF CASES ETC) కోర్టు విధులను నిర్వహించవచ్చును.*

*ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర బార్ కౌన్సిల్ లో ఎన్రోల్ అయిన తర్వాత రెండు సంవత్సరాల లోపు ఆల్ ఇండియా భార్ ఎగ్జామినేషన్ (AIBE) పాసవ్వాలి. అలా పాస్ అవ్వకపోతే రెండు సంవత్సరాల అనంతరం వాళ్లు న్యాయవాదులుగా ఎటువంటి విధులు నిర్వహించడానికి వీలులేదు న్యాయవాద అర్హత కోల్పోతారు. మరల AIBE పరీక్ష పాస్ అయిన తర్వాత మాత్రమే న్యాయవాద వృత్తి చేయటానికి అర్హత లభిస్తుంది.*

*AIBE కు సంబంధం లేకుండా రెండు సంవత్సరాల వరకు న్యాయవాద వృత్తి చేయవచ్చును.*

*ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర బార్ కౌన్సిల్ లో ఎన్రోల్ అయిన తర్వాత రెండు సంవత్సరాల లోపు ఆల్ ఇండియా భార్ ఎగ్జామినేషన్ (AIBE)పాసవ్వాలి. అలా పాస్ అవ్వకపోతే రెండు సంవత్సరాల అనంతరం వాళ్లు న్యాయవాదులుగా విధులు నిర్వహించడానికి అర్హత కోల్పోతారు.*

*AIBE కు సంబంధం లేకుండా రెండు సంవత్సరాల వరకు న్యాయవాద వృత్తి చేయవచ్చును...*

*న్యాయ శాస్త్రం విద్య పూర్తి చేసి ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర బార్ కౌన్సిల్లో ఎన్రోల్మెంట్ చేసుకున్న న్యాయవాదులు ఆల్ ఇండియా బార్ ఎగ్జామినేషన్ (AIBE) కు సంబంధం లేకుండా రెండు సంవత్సరాల వరకు న్యాయవాది హోదాలో అన్ని రకాల (VAKALAT, FILINGOF CASES ETC) కోర్టు విధులను నిర్వహించవచ్చును.*

*ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర బార్ కౌన్సిల్ లో ఎన్రోల్ అయిన తర్వాత రెండు సంవత్సరాల లోపు ఆల్ ఇండియా భార్ ఎగ్జామినేషన్ (AIBE) పాసవ్వాలి. అలా పాస్ అవ్వకపోతే రెండు సంవత్సరాల అనంతరం వాళ్లు న్యాయవాదులుగా ఎటువంటి విధులు నిర్వహించడానికి వీలులేదు న్యాయవాద అర్హత కోల్పోతారు. మరల AIBE పరీక్ష పాస్ అయిన తర్వాత మాత్రమే న్యాయవాద వృత్తి చేయటానికి అర్హత లభిస్తుంది.*

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Compelling Spouse To Convert In Inter-Religious Marriage Amounts To Mental Cruelty, Violates Right To Life - Madras High Court

In a significant judgment, the Madras High Court while upholding special court's order dissolving an inter-faith marriage, has held that in inter-religious marriages, persistently compelling a spouse to convert himself or herself to another religion to which the other spouse belongs to, amounts to cruelty.

A division bench of Justice N Seshasayee (now retired) and Justice Victoria Gowri further held that when a husband or a wife in a matrimonial life was subjected to persistent and consistent cruelty compelling them to convert to another religion, the same would also amount to curtailment of life and liberty ensured in Article 21 of the constitution. The bench further held that such cruelty would also amount to the denial of the fundamental right to profess religion enshrined in Article 25 of the Constitution.

“When a husband or wife in a matrimonial life is subjected to consistent and persistent cruelty compelling them to convert into the other one's religion to which one of the spouses belong to, such a circumstance would certainly amount to curtailment of life and liberty ensured by Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Denial of right to freely profess and practice one's religion and compelling him or her to convert to the religion of the other, would deprive the victim of his/her life and personal liberty,” the court said.
The court observed that when a person is not allowed to profess and practice their religion, it would miserably affect the quality of their life and would result in a lifeless life without dignity.

"Right to life under Articles 21, 39(e), 39(f), 41 and 42 are meant to ensure a life with human dignity. When a man/woman is denied with a personal right to profess and practice their own religion, upholding their respective freedom of conscience and beliefs, the same would miserably affect the quality of life, resulting in a lifeless life without dignity," the court said

The court also held that when a man or woman in marriage is compelled to convert in the name of god and in the name of religion for the sake of securing matrimony, it would shatter the foundation of the matrimony itself.

“The institution of marriage under every personal law is a holy unison of two souls. The marriage system is treated as sacred and the same has to be preserved. But in the name of God, in the name of religion, when a woman in a marriage or a man in a marriage is compelled to convert herself/himself to the religion of other for the sake of securing the matrimony would amount to shattering the foundation of the matrimony itself,” the court observed.

The court was hearing a plea filed by a Muslim Husband challenging the order of a Family Court dissolving his marriage with his Hindu wife. The wife had approached the Family Court seeking dissolution of marriage on two grounds – cruelty and desertion. She had submitted that her husband constantly compelled her to convert her religion and even abused her by referring to her caste as she belonged to the Scheduled Caste community.

The husband argued that the case was filed with considerable motivation. It was argued that though the wife claimed that she was brutally beaten up and she had taken treatment for the same, no documentary evidence had been brought in to support the same. He also contended that there was no evidence to prove that she was forced by her husband to convert to Islam.

The court noted that in the present case, though the couple married out of love under the Special Marriage Act, the husband subjected the wife to physical and emotional abuse continuously and consistently by forcing her to convert to religion and even indulging in the day-to-day affairs of her beliefs. The court noted that the husband had even gone on to change the wife's Hindu name to a Muslim name. The court also noted that the husband had withdrawn himself from the matrimonial home and started living with his sister for more than 2 years.

The court also noted that when the wife took salvage with the Jamaat to which the husband belonged and sought reconciliation, the husband voluntarily executed a consent deed expressing his consent for a separation.

“In the name of love, he had love locked the respondent wife to fall for him in the name of marriage and had enticed her heart, which led her to commit with him in the relationship of marriage, though without converting herself to Islam… She continued to remain a Hindu even during her marriage and even after the birth of her children, but the appellant with the wicked mind and with his continued perseverance, kept on pestering her to convert to Islam consistently and went to the extent of even changing her name,” the court observed.

The court was thus satisfied that the husband had inflicted grave mental pain and suffering on the wife by compelling her to convert to the Islam and leaving the matrimonial house when she refused to do the same. The court noted that the husband's actions had damaged her conscience which in due course had evolved into a challenge to her life and personal liberty.

“The conduct inflicted by the appellant on the respondent wife had caused grave mental pain and suffering to the respondent wife compelling her to convert to Islam shattering her belief system and damaging her conscience, which in due course of time had evolved into a challenge to her life and personal liberty to live up to her conscience and belief system. Hence, we are of the considered opinion that this is a fit case for grant of divorce on the grounds of cruelty and desertion as well, categorically holding that not only conversion, but also effort to proselytize a spouse to the religion of another without their consent is nothing, but absolute violence,” the court said.

Thus, the court dismissed the husband's appeal.

Counsel for the Petitioner: Mrs. J. Anandhavalli

Counsel for the Respondent: Mr. K. K. Senthil

Case Title: ABC v. XYZ

Citation: 2025 LiveLaw (Mad) 32

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The Kerala High Court has held that the bank's insistence for a court declaration on the validity of a sale deed before sanctioning a loan on the property of a minor, sold without approval from the District Court as mandated under the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, is not arbitrary or unreasonable.

Justice C S Dias noted that Section 8 (2) of the Act mandates that minor's property shall not be sold without obtaining prior permission from the District Court.

Court stated, “There is no doubt that it is the prerogative and discretion of the second respondent bank to sanction loans as per their regulations and guidelines. The insistence of the second respondent (Bank) for a declaration from the Court is not arbitrary or unreasonable, especially in view of the above-cited provisions of the Act (Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act) and that the minor's share in the property was sold without previous permission from the Court.”
In the facts of the case, the minor was given a share in the property of his deceased father. This property was sold by the first petitioner-mother to the second petitioner without seeking prior permission from the Court.

The second petitioner approached a bank for sanctioning house loan on the property purchased from the minor.

The bank sought for a declaration from the Court regarding the validity of the sale deed before sanctioning loan to the second petitioner.

The Court observed took note of the fact that the minor's property was sold without obtaining permission from the District Court as per the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act. Court added, “As per Section 8 (3) of the Act, any sale made in contravention of the provisions of the Act is voidable at the instance of the minor child.”

The Court further stated that the dispute involved requires a private law remedy and that the bank has not violated any public duty for issuance of writs under Article 226 of the Constitution.

As such, the Court dismissed the writ petition and held that the writ court is not the appropriate forum to issue an ex post facto declaring the validity of the sale deed for getting the loan sanctioned.

Counsel for Petitioners: Advocate M Hemalatha

Counsel for Respondents: Standing Counsel R S Kalkura, Government Pleader Vidya Kuriakose

Case Number: WP(C) NO. 31197 OF 2024

Case Title: Yamnuna Kumari v The Sub-Registrar

Citation: 2025 LiveLaw (Ker) 36

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Supreme Court Reiterates: Limitation is a Question of Fact and Law, Not Just Dates!

The Supreme Court of India delivered a significant ruling in the case of Daliben Valjibhai & Ors. v. Prajapati Kodarbhai Kachrabhai & Anr.

The appellants sought the cancellation of a 2004 sale deed, alleging fraud, claiming they only discovered it in 2017. The trial court dismissed their suit under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC due to limitation, stating it was filed 13 years after the deed's execution.

However, the apex court emphasized that the limitation period, especially in fraud cases, begins when the fraud is discovered. It criticized the High Court for presuming knowledge based solely on the registration date and reinstated the first appellate court's judgment. This ruling underscores the principle that limitation involves a mix of legal and factual evaluation and cannot be determined without trial. The trial court has been directed to expedite the case.

This judgment reinforces the importance of allowing evidence-based evaluation in cases involving allegations of fraud and delayed knowledge.

Daliben Valjibhai v. Prajapati Kodarbhai Kacharabai and another

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*📌Important findings of Supreme court in the judgment of S. R. Bommai v. Union of India* 📌

📍S. R. Bommai v. Union of India ([1994] 2 SCR 644 : AIR 1994 SC 1918 : (1994)3 SCC1) is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed at length provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb blatant misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed over state governments.

Bommai v. Union of India came before the bench of 9 judges (consisting of Kuldip Singh, P. B. Sawant, Katikithala Ramaswamy, S. C. Agarwal, Yogeshwar Dayal, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, S. R. Pandian, A. M. Ahmadi, J. S. Verma).

The principles laid down by Supreme Court
*The Supreme Court laid down certain guidelines so as to prevent the misuse of Article 356 of the constitution.*

The majority enjoyed by the Council of Ministers shall be tested on the floor of the House.
Centre should give a warning to the state and a time period of one week to reply.
The court cannot question the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers to the President but it can question the material behind the satisfaction of the President. Hence, Judicial Review will involve three questions only:
a. Is there any material behind the proclamation
b. Is the material relevant.
c. Was there any malafide use of power.
If there is improper use of Article 356 then the court will provide remedy.
Under Article 356(3) it is the limitation on the powers of the President. Hence, the president shall not take any irreversible action until the proclamation is approved by the Parliament i.e. he shall not dissolve the assembly.
Article 356 is justified only when there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery and not administrative machinery.

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Read more about the third gender land mark case at https://lawnotes.co/national-legal-services-authority-v-union-of-india-ors-2014-5-scc-438

The recent change from the Indian Evidence Act to the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) is a significant step towards aligning India's legal system with its cultural and historical identity. This change reflects a broader movement towards decolonizing Indian law and replacing outdated colonial-era laws with modern legislation that is more relevant to contemporary Indian society.
In line with this trend, it is natural to consider whether the traditional salutations used in Indian courts, such as "My Lord" or "My Lady," should also be reconsidered. These salutations are remnants of the British colonial era and may not be entirely appropriate in the context of a modern, independent India.
Here are a few alternative salutations that could be considered:
* Your Honor: This is a common salutation used in many jurisdictions, including the United States, and is considered respectful and appropriate.
* Respected Sir/Madam: This salutation is more formal and respectful and can be used in both formal and informal settings.
* Honourable Judge: This salutation emphasizes the judge's position and authority while also being respectful.
* Sir/Madam: This is a simple and straightforward salutation that can be used in informal settings.
Ultimately, the choice of salutation is a matter of personal preference and cultural context. It is important to choose a salutation that is both respectful and appropriate for the specific situation.
It is also worth noting that there may be some resistance to changing traditional salutations, as they are deeply ingrained in the legal culture of India. However, it is important to remember that language is constantly evolving, and it is possible to adapt traditional practices to reflect changing times.
By considering alternative salutations, we can help to create a more inclusive and representative legal system that is truly reflective of India's unique cultural identity.

The principles of good faith and fair dealing are foundational to the effective functioning of contract law. These principles ensure that the parties to a contract act honestly, fairly, and reasonably in their dealings with one another.
Read more about the contract drafting at https://lawnotes.co/the-role-of-good-faith-and-fair-dealing-in-contract-law-implications-for-contract-drafting-and-negotiation-in-india

The right to use a party symbol in India is deeply intertwined with the democratic process and the functioning of political parties.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is undeniably a transformative force in the contemporary world, redefining industries, enhancing efficiencies, and shaping human interactions in unprecedented ways. As a pervasive technology, AI has become an integral part of everyday life, often influencing decisions and actions without users being consciously aware of its presence.
Read more about the artificial intelligent at https://lawnotes.co/artificial-intelligence-and-the-law-navigating-regulation-and-rights

The digital age has transformed the concept of privacy from a simple right to a complex, multifaceted issue. As technology advances, the volume of personal and sensitive data collected and processed has grown exponentially. However, this rapid growth has also given rise to data breaches and cybersecurity threats, posing significant challenges to privacy.
Read more about the cybersecurity at https://lawnotes.co/the-impact-of-data-breaches-and-cybersecurity-threats-on-privacy

Censorship in India, deeply intertwined with its socio-political landscape, embodies the state's attempts to regulate communication for maintaining societal harmony. While the Constitution of India enshrines freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a), it also prescribes reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) to protect public order, decency, morality, and national security.
Read more about the censorship at https://lawnotes.co/censorship-in-india-a-complex-intersection-of-democracy-freedom-and-control

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The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 (HMGA) and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (JJ Act), provides comprehensive guidelines to safeguard minors' interests in matters of property and criminal justice.
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Criminal law is a branch of law that defines offenses, regulates the apprehension, trial, and punishment of offenders, and ensures the maintenance of public order. It serves as the backbone of any legal system, protecting society by deterring crime, rehabilitating offenders, and ensuring justice for victims
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The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA) is a critical piece of legislation within the Hindu personal laws, governing two primary areas: adoption and maintenance.
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The internet has revolutionized the world, transforming how we communicate, learn, and conduct business. Yet, with its myriad advantages come challenges, particularly concerning access for younger users.
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Family courts in India were established to provide a specialized forum for resolving family-related disputes, ensuring speed, sensitivity, and simplicity in judicial proceedings
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The burden of proof determines which party in a case is responsible for proving specific facts to succeed in their legal arguments.
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Constitutional courts play a vital role in upholding constitutionalism, ensuring that governments adhere to the principles of rule of law, separation of powers, and protection of fundamental rights.
Read more about the Indian constitution courts at https://lawnotes.co/the-role-of-indian-constitutional-courts-in-shaping-constitutionalism-worldwide

Social imagination is the ability to view individual experiences in the broader context of societal structures, historical patterns, and cultural norms.
Read more about same sex marriage at https://lawnotes.co/social-imagination-and-the-evolution-of-same-sex-marriages-in-india

Social imagination is the ability to view individual experiences in the broader context of societal structures, historical patterns, and cultural norms.
Read more about same sex marriage at https://lawnotes.co/social-imagination-and-the-evolution-of-same-sex-marriages-in-india

The digital marketing industry thrives on creativity, technology, and innovation, all of which are protected and influenced by intellectual property (IP) laws.
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The digital marketing industry thrives on creativity, technology, and innovation, all of which are protected and influenced by intellectual property (IP) laws.

📮 *BNSS*

◾️ *The conditions that can be imposed while granting anticipatory bail (Section 482 (2)*

1. Person shall make himself available for interrogation by a police officer as and when required

2. Person shall not make directly or indirectly any inducement, Threat, or
Promise

👉 *To any person acquainted with the facts of the case so as to dissuade him from disclosing such facts to the Court or to any police officer.*

3. The person shall not leave India without the previous permission of the Court

4. Such other condition as may be imposed under Section 480 (3)

▪️ Exception to the grant of Anticipatory Bail (Section 482 (4)

👉 This Section shall not apply in cases where accusation is made under Section 65 (Punishment for rape in certain cases) and Section 70(2) (Gang Rape on a woman under 18 years of age) of BNSS.

Non-profit and charity laws in India form the backbone of a sector dedicated to addressing societal challenges and advancing public welfare.
Read more about the non profit and charity laws at https://lawnotes.co/comprehensive-guide-to-non-profit-and-charity-laws-in-india

The Latin maxim "Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se" translates to "He who acts through another acts himself." This principle is fundamental to the doctrines of agency and vicarious liability, holding that a person who delegates actions to another is responsible for the outcome of those actions as though they performed them themselves.
Read more about the legal maxim at https://lawnotes.co/qui-facit-per-alium-facit-per-se

The welfare of the people is the supreme law. underscores the fundamental principle that the collective welfare and safety of society take precedence over individual rights or interests when the two come into conflict.
Read more about the Legal maxim at https://lawnotes.co/salus-populi-suprema-lex-esto

Aboriginal Law generally refers to the laws, principles, and doctrines related to the rights, governance, and land claims of Indigenous or aboriginal people.
Read more about the aboriginal law at https://lawnotes.co/aboriginal-law-in-india

The doctrine of Res Judicata is a fundamental principle in both civil and criminal law aimed at preventing the repeated litigation of disputes that have already been conclusively decided by competent courts.
Read more about the Doctrine of res judicata at https://lawnotes.co/doctrine-of-res-judicata

Judicial activism is the proactive role played by the judiciary in safeguarding rights, expanding the scope of the Constitution, and shaping constitutional law.
Read more about the judicial activism at https://lawnotes.co/the-role-of-judicial-activism-in-shaping-constitutional-law

Judicial activism is the proactive role played by the judiciary in safeguarding rights, expanding the scope of the Constitution, and shaping constitutional law.
Read more about the judicial activism at https://lawnotes.co/the-role-of-judicial-activism-in-shaping-constitutional-lawREad

Health laws in India encompass legal frameworks and principles that aim to promote public health, protect patient rights, and regulate the healthcare industry.
Read more about the health laws at https://lawnotes.co/health-laws-in-india-essentials-historical-evolution-and-the-role-of-the-indian-penal-code

Citizenship defines an individual's legal relationship with the state, signifying not only rights but also responsibilities toward the nation. In India, citizenship is governed by Articles 5 to 11 of the Indian Constitution and the Indian Citizenship Act of 1955, both of which delineate how citizenship is acquired, maintained, and can be terminated.
Read more about the Indian citizenship at https://lawnotes.co/citizenship-in-india-articles-5-11-and-the-indian-citizenship-act

Particularly around Section 29A, which regulates the time limits for the arbitral process. Section 29A(4) of the Act, which provides for the role of the “Court” in extending time for arbitral awards, has been the subject of evolving judicial interpretation, reshaping the procedural and jurisdictional contours of arbitration in India.
Read more about the arbitration section 29 A at https://lawnotes.co/the-evolving-interpretation-of-court-in-section-29a4-of-the-arbitration-and-conciliation-act-1996

Using recorded telephonic conversation between wife and her mother as evidence violates the right to privacy, thus not admissible as evidence: Himachal Pradesh HC...
The right to hold a telephone conversation in the privacy of one’s home/office without interference can certainly be claimed as a “Right to Privacy.”...

Himachal Pradesh High Court: In a petition filed by the petitioner (‘husband’) challenging the impugned judgment dated 17-11-2022, whereby the Trial Court rejected an application under Section 65-B1 of the Evidence Act, 1872 (‘IEA’) read with Section 14 of the Family Court Act, 1984 (‘Family Court Act’), Bipin Chandra Negi, J., stated that a telephone conversation was an important facet of an individual’s private life. The right to hold a telephone conversation in the privacy of one’s home/office without interference could certainly be claimed as a “Right to Privacy.” Thus, the Court stated that in the present case, recorded conversation of the respondent (‘wife’) with her mother, which was sought to be placed on record, was illegal, as it amounted to infringement of her right to privacy. Since the aforesaid recording was illegal, therefore, it was not admissible in evidence. The Court after perusal of the application filed under Section 65-B of IEA read with Section 14 of the Family Court Act revealed that by way of the present application, the husband intended to place on record an alleged conversation between the respondent-wife with her mother. The Court stated that a telephone conversation was an important facet of an individual’s private life. The right to hold a telephone conversation in the privacy of one’s home/office without interference could certainly be claimed as a “Right to Privacy.” Telephone tapping/illegal means of collecting evidence in the aforesaid context would therefore infract Article 21 of the Constitution, unless it was permitted under the procedure established by the law. The Court referred to PUCL v. Union of India, (1997) 1 SCC 301 and K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1 and stated that in the present case, recorded conversation of the wife with her mother, which was sought to be placed on record, was illegal, as it amounted to infringement of her right to privacy. Since the aforesaid recording was illegal, therefore, it was not admissible in evidence. Accordingly, the Court dismissed the present petition and directed the parties to appear before the Trial Court on 05-11-2024....

The burden of proof lies on the plaintiff." This maxim is a fundamental principle of justice, requiring that the party initiating a lawsuit or making a claim (the plaintiff or claimant) must provide adequate evidence to substantiate their assertions before the court.
Read more about the legal maxim https://lawnotes.co/actori-incumbit-onus-proband

Abortion is the process of medically terminating a fetus inside a woman’s body. Some groups equate it to "murder," while others view it as a fundamental women’s rights issue, asserting that a woman alone has the right to decide what happens to her body and, therefore, to any potential life within it.
Read more about the abortion laws at https://lawnotes.co/the-evolution-of-abortion-laws-in-india-a-legal-and-social-perspective

Pacta Sunt Servanda is one of the most significant principles in contract law, holding that agreements must be respected and upheld.
Read more about the pacta sunt servanda at https://lawnotes.co/pacta-sunt-servanda-a-detailed-analysis-of-the-legal-maxim

De minimis non curat lex is a Latin phrase that translates to "the law does not concern itself with trifles." It reflects a legal doctrine wherein the judiciary opts not to involve itself in cases of trivial or insignificant matters, especially if they are unlikely to impact substantive rights.
Red more about the De minimis non curat lex at https://lawnotes.co/application-of-de-minimis-non-curat-lex-maxim

The principle of Ex Turpi Causa acts as a defense in legal cases where one party has engaged in illegal, dishonest, or immoral behavior in relation to the claim they seek to pursue.
https://lawnotes.co/application-of-the-ex-turpi-causa-maxim-in-indian-law

Photo from Sneha Latha

*న్యాయవాదులు ఫ్రీలాన్స్ జర్నలిస్టులుగా కొనసాగకూడదా ?*

*న్యాయవాదుల ద్వి పాత్రాభినయం పై అత్యున్నత న్యాయస్థానం వ్యాఖ్యలు*

*అనుమతించబోమని స్పష్టీకరణ -- యుద్ద ప్రాతిపదికన బీసీఐకి లేఖలు*

*లీగల్‌ కంట్రిబ్యూటర్‌గా చేయడానికి లా డిగ్రీ పాస్‌ అయి ఉండాల్సిన పనిలేదన్న సీజేఐ డివై చంద్రచూడ్‌*

*గురువారం (అక్టొబర్‌ 24) ప్రీ దీపావళి గెట్‌ టుగెదర్‌లో స్పష్టం చేసిన చీఫ్‌ జస్టిస్‌*

(ఒక విశ్లేషణ)
- *-- అయితగాని జనార్దన్*
ఎమ్మెస్సీ., బీఈడి., ఏం. ఏ, ఎల్.ఎల్ ఎం.

న్యాయవాద వృత్తిలో ఉంటూ జర్నలిస్టు వృత్తిలో ఎలా కొనసాగుతారంటూ అత్యున్నత న్యాయస్థానం కీలక వ్యాఖ్యలు చేసింది. ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్‌కు చెందిన కమ్రాన్‌ అనే న్యాయవాది, బ్రజేష్‌ భూషన్‌ అనే ప్రజా ప్రతినిధి పై వేసిన పరువునష్టం దావా పై విచారణ సందర్భంగా సుప్రీం కోర్టు ఈ విషయమై ప్రస్తావన వచ్చింది. కాగా ఇదే అంశం పై జూలై 29న ‘‘అడ్వకేట్‌ వర్కింగ్‌ యాజ్ ఫ్రీలాన్సర్‌ ఈజ్‌ మిస్‌ కండక్ట్‌ ’’ అంటూ అడ్వకేట్‌ కమ్రాన్‌ విషయం పై విచారించాల్సిందిగా బీసీఐకి లేఖరాసింది. అయితే ఈ విషయానికి అప్పట్లో అంత ప్రాచుర్యం లభించలేదు. తాజాగా "మహ్మద్‌ కమ్రాన్‌ వర్సెస్‌ స్టేట్‌ ఆఫ్‌ ఉత్తరప్రదేశ్‌" కేసులో మళ్లీ అడ్వకేట్‌ డ్యుయల్‌ రోల్‌ పై సుప్రీంకోర్టు కీలక ప్రకటన చేసింది. బీసీఐకి మరో లేఖ పంపినట్టు వార్తలు వచ్చాయి. ఇందులో ప్రధాన అంశం ఏంటంటే న్యాయవాది రెండు వృత్తులను ఎలా నిర్వహిస్తారు అనేది సంశయం.
వాస్తవానికి జర్నలిస్టుకు, ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిస్టుకు నక్కకు నాగలోకానికి ఉన్న తేడా ఉంది. *జర్నలిజం అనేది వృత్తి, కానీ ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిజం కేవలం ప్రవృత్తి మాత్రమే*. అసలు ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిస్టుని, జర్నలిస్టుగా గుర్తించడానికి సమాజం ఇష్టపడదు కూడా. ఎందుకంటే ఇంగ్లీష్‌లో ఉంది కదా అని ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిస్టు అని సంబోధించుకుంటూ కొనసాగుతున్నారు కానీ వాస్తవానికి వాళ్లను తెలుగులో సంభోదించాలంటే వ్యాసకర్తలు అని మాత్రమే సంబోధించాలి. జర్నలిస్టులు / రిపోర్టర్‌లు నిత్యం వార్త సేకరణ పనిలో ఉంటారు. వారు పని చేసే సంస్థలు వారికి ఇచ్చిన అసైన్‌మెంట్‌ పూర్తి చేసే పనిలో ఉంటారు. యాడ్స్‌ కలెక్ట్‌ చేసి రెవిన్యూ పెంచడం, సర్కులేషన్‌ పెంచడం కూడా వారి విధుల్లో భాగమై పోయింది. కానీ ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిస్టు అనే వాడికి ఏ సంస్థతోని పూర్తి స్థాయి బాధ్యతాయుతమైన సంబంధాలు ఉండవు. కేవలం వారు కొన్ని విషయాలను మక్కికి మక్కి మాత్రమే అందించాలి. ఎందుకంటే కొన్ని కొన్ని న్యూస్‌ ఏజన్సీలు మాత్రమే వీరిని వార్తల కోసం ఆశ్రయిస్తాయి. ప్రధాన స్రవంతిలో ఉన్న మీడియాలో వీరికి అవకాశాలు చాలా తక్కువ. ఏదో కొందరు మేథావుల విశ్లేషణలు మాత్రమ ఎడిట్‌ పేజీలో ప్రచురిస్తారు. ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిస్టు ఏ వ్యక్తికి లేదా సంస్థలకు, వ్యవస్థలకు వ్యతిరేకంగా వార్తలు రాయరు. వివాదాల్లో తలదూర్చరు. ఏ సంస్థ పేరుమీద కూడా వ్యాపార ప్రకటనలు, లేదా ఇతర ఆర్ధిక లావాదేవీలు జరపే అవకాశం లేదు. వారికి గుర్తింపు కూడా అంతత మాత్రమే. కేవలం వారు వ్యాసకర్తలు మాత్రమే. లేదా సమాజంలో వస్తున్న ఆదునిక పోకడలు, విపత్తులు, మారుతున్న సామాజిక పరిస్థితుల పై విశ్లేషణలు రాయడం వరకు వీళ్లకు సాధ్యమయ్యే పని. ఈ ప్రవృత్తిలో వీళ్లకు ఆర్థిక ప్రయోజనాలు ఉండే అవకాశాలు మృగ్యం. కానీ మహ్మద్‌ కమ్రాన్‌ విషయంలో జరిగింది పూర్తిగా విరుద్దం. అతను ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిస్టు ముసుగులో ఒక ప్రజాప్రతినిధిని టార్గెట్‌ చేయడంతో ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిజం ఒక వృత్తిగా భావించి అత్యున్నత న్యాయస్థాన పై వాఖ్యలు చేయాల్సిన పరిస్థితి వచ్చింది. ఆ మాటకొస్తే ఈ రోజుల్లో సోషల్‌ మీడియాలో వివిధ రకాల సమాచారాలను చేరవేస్తున్న ప్రతి ఒక్కరూ ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిస్టులుగానే భావించాలి. అది కేవలం భావ ప్రకటన స్వేచ్ఛ కిందకు వస్తుందని అత్యున్నత న్యాయస్థానం పలుమార్లు ఉటంకించింది. న్యాయవాది ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ వ్యాసకర్తగా పని చేయడానికి వీల్లేదు అన్నప్పుడు న్యాయవిషయాలకు సంబంధించి, న్యాయస్థానాలకు సంబంధించి, వివిధ కోర్టు తీర్పులకు సంబంధించిన వార్తలు ఎవరు రాయాలి అనే సందేహం కలగక మానదు. ఎందుకంటే సహజంగా రాసే వార్తలకు న్యాయపరిభాషలో రాసే వార్తలకు కొంత వ్యత్యాసం ఉంటుంది. ఆయా జడ్జిమెంట్‌లను అర్ధం చేసుకొని వార్త రూపంలో మలవాలంటే న్యాయవాద వృత్తిలో ఉంటూ భాష మీద పట్టు ఉన్నవాళ్లకు మాత్రమే సాధ్యమయ్యే విషయం. రెండు వృత్తులు నిర్వహిస్తే రెండు వృత్తులో ఆర్ధిక ప్రయోజనాలు ఉండాలి.కానీ ఎటువంటి ఆర్ధిక లావాదేవీలు లేని వ్యాస రచనా ప్రవృత్తిని వృత్తిగా ఎలా గుర్తిస్తారనేది ఆలోచించదగ్గ విషయం. తాజాగా గురువారం భారత ప్రధాన న్యాయమూర్తి ఏర్పాటు చేసిన విలేకరుల సమావేశంలో సుప్రీంకోర్టు వార్తలు కవర్‌ చేయడానికి న్యాయవిద్య పూర్తి చేసి ఉండాల్సిన పని లేదని స్పష్టం చేశారు. న్యాయస్థానం వార్తలను కవర్‌ చేయాలి అంటే న్యాయవాది అయి ఉండాల్సిన పనిలేదన్న సీజేఐ వ్యాఖ్యలకు ప్రాధాన్యం సంతరించుకుంది. దీంతో ఈ వార్త సోషల్‌ మీడియాలో బాగా వైరల్‌ అవుతోంది. సర్వత్రా చర్చనీయాంశంగా మారింది.

*లీగల్‌ కంట్రిబ్యూటర్స్‌ ఫ్రీలాన్స్‌ జర్నలిస్టుల కిందికి వస్తారా లేక వాళ్లకు ఈ నియమం వర్తించదా ?*

లీగల్‌ కంట్రిబ్యూటర్స్‌ అన్న పదంలోనే కంట్రిబ్యూషన్‌ అనే పదం ఉంది. అంటే విరాళం అని అర్ధం. న్యాయవాదులుగా పని చేస్తూ ఏదో ఒక పత్రికకు లీగల్‌ కంట్రిబ్యూటర్‌గా పని చేస్తూ వాటికి లీగల్‌ అప్‌డేట్స్‌ అందించడం వీరి పని. శిక్ష పడ్డ తీర్పులు, చెక్‌ కేసులు, ఐపీ దాఖలు వార్తలు, లోక్‌ అదాలత్‌ వార్తలు, కొత్తగా విధుల్లో చేరిన విషయాలపై వార్తలు, న్యాయాధికారుల ఇతర సిబ్బంది బదిలీ వార్తలు, న్యాయవాద సంఘాల కాన్ఫరెన్స్‌లు, ఇతర సమాచారం అంటే ఒక్క ముక్కలో చెప్పాలి అంటే న్యాయస్థానానికి దాని అనుబంధ వర్గాలకు సంబంధించిన వార్తలు మాత్రమే అందిస్తారు తప్ప ఏ వ్యక్తికి గానీ వ్యవస్థలకు గానీ అనుకూలంగానూ, ప్రతికూలంగానూ రాసే అవకాశమే లేదు. ఇందుకు గానూ వీరికి ఏ రకమైన ఆర్ధిక ప్రయోజనాలు ఉండవు. కేవలం కాంట్రిబ్యూషన్‌ మాత్రమే. వీరి విలువైన సమయాన్ని కేటాయించి, సదరు కాన్ఫరెన్స్‌లకు, జడ్జి గారి ప్రెస్‌మీట్‌లకు హాజరై, వార్తలు, ఫోటోలు పంపించినందుకు వీళ్లకు దక్కేది కేవలం ఒక గుర్తింపు మాత్రమే. లీగల్‌ కంట్రిబ్యూటర్‌ గా ఇతర న్యాయవాదులతో సన్నిహిత సంబంధాలు మినహాయించి ఏ విధమైన ఇతర ప్రయోజనాలు ఉండవు. వీరి వృత్తి పై కూడా ఏ ప్రభావం ఉండబోదు. పైగా చాలా విలువైన సమయం కేటాయించాలి. కేవలం గుర్తింపు కోసం. కావున మహ్మద్‌ కమ్రాన్‌ వర్సెస్‌ స్టేట్‌ ఆఫ్‌ ఉత్తరప్రదేశ్‌ కేసులో ఇంకా తుది తీర్పు రాలేదు. తీర్పు వెలువడ్డాక దీని పై ఒక స్పష్టత వచ్చే అవకాశం ఉంది. న్యాయవాద విషయ విరాళ సేవకులు తమ విలువైన సమయాన్ని కేటాయించి చేస్తున్న స్వచ్ఛంద సేవ చేయాలా లేక న్యాయవాద వృత్తికే పరిమితమవ్వాలా అనే విషయం పై న్యాయ విషయ విరాళ పాత్రికేయులు పునరాలోచించుకోవాల్సిన సందర్భం.

Aadhaar Card Not Suitable As Proof Of Date Of Birth : Supreme Court
Held in Case Title: SAROJ & ORS. VERSUS IFFCO-TOKIO GENERAL INSURANCE CO. & ORS., C.A. No. 012077 - 012078 / 2024
The Supreme Court today set aside a High Court's decision to accept the date of birth mentioned in the Aadhaar Card to determine the age of the victim in a motor accident compensation case.

The bench comprising Justices Sanjay Karol and Ujjal Bhuyan was not inclined to accept the suitability of the Aadhaar Card as proof of age. The Court observed that instead of referring to the date of birth mentioned in the Aadhaar Card for determining the age of the deceased, the age of the deceased can be more authoritatively determined from the date of birth mentioned in the school leave certificate having statutory recognition under Section 94 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.

It was the case where the compensation of Rs.19,35,400/- decided by the Motor Accidents Claim Tribunal (MACT) was reduced to Rs.9,22,336/- by the High Court upon noting that the MACT had wrongly applied the age multiplier while determining the compensation to deceased LRs. The High Court upon relying on the date of birth mentioned in the deceased Aadhar Card, calculated his age as 47 years and applied the multiplier of 13.

The appellants/ Legal Representatives challenged the High Court's decision contending that the High Court erred in referring to the Aadhar Card to calculate the deceased age. They referred to the deceased's School Leave Certificate to contend that his age at the time of the incident was 45 years and accordingly multiplier of 14 would apply.

*NO MORE MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES THROUGH NOTARISED AGREEMENTS*

The Ministry of Law & Justice, Government of India, has issued a crucial update regarding the roles and responsibilities of Notaries. Under the Notaries Act, 1952 and Notaries Rules, 1956, Notaries are not authorized to execute or certify marriage and divorce deeds. Despite this clear mandate, certain Notaries have been found performing these acts, leading to serious legal consequences.
Notaries are reminded that:
Executing marriage/divorce deeds is beyond their legal authority.
Such actions may result in charges of professional misconduct and removal from the Register of Notaries.

📌Q). The "Munshi-Ayyangar Formula" relates to __

A). Centre-State Relations
B). Taxation amongst various Slabs
C). Official Language of the Union
D). Kaveri River Water Dispute

Ans - C ✅

Some Context

- The Munshi Ayyangar formula is considered as the basis for the provisions of language in the Constitution
- Official Language of the Union was to be Hindi with the Nagari script
- English was to be used for Union affairs for 15 years (extendable by the Parliament)

Part XVII of the Constitution (Article 343-351) : Some important provisions

- Article 351: It provides for the spread of the Hindi language to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India
- Article 343 : It provides for the official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devnagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals
- Article 350 : It provides for the language to be used in representations for redress of grievances and that every person shall be entitled to submit a representation for the redress of any grievance to any officer or authority of the Union or a State in any of the languages used in the Union or in the State, as the case may be

🌻 @lawnotes

Access to justice is a fundamental right enshrined in the Indian Constitution, but millions of Indians still face significant barriers in realizing this right. Legal clinics play a crucial role in bridging this gap, offering free or low-cost legal services to those who cannot afford traditional legal representation.
Read more about the legal clinics at https://lawnotes.co/the-role-of-legal-clinics-in-promoting-access-to-justice-in-india

Family disputes often involve sensitive and personal matters, which make litigation a lengthy and emotionally taxing process. Mediation, an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism, offers a more amicable and time-efficient way to resolve such conflicts.
Read more about the family dispute through mediation at https://lawnotes.co/the-role-of-mediation-in-resolving-family-disputes-in-india

A court-martial is a legal process used by military courts to try members of the armed forces for violations of military law. It is essentially the military's version of a criminal trial, dealing with offenses that are specifically related to military discipline and order.
https://lawnotes.co/court-martial-in-india-legal-framework-procedures-and-appeal-mechanisms-under-military-law

The Advocates (Amendment) Act, 2023 introduces the following key amendments to the Advocates Act, 1961:

### 1. Insertion of New Section 45A:
- A new section, Section 45A, has been added to the Advocates Act, 1961. This section empowers certain authorities to create and publish lists of touts and includes detailed provisions on the process for identifying, listing, and penalizing touts. The provisions are as follows:
- High Courts, District Judges, Sessions Judges, District Magistrates, and Revenue Officers (of the rank of Collector or above) can frame and publish lists of persons identified as touts.
- The identification can be based on evidence, reputation, or resolutions passed by associations of legal practitioners.
- Individuals will be given an opportunity to show cause before being added to the list.
- Courts can exclude persons on these lists from their premises.
- Penalties are outlined for those who act as touts while listed, with punishments of imprisonment up to three months, fines up to ₹500, or both.

Definitions within Section 45A:
- "Judge" refers to presiding judicial officers in Civil and Criminal Courts.
- "Subordinate Court" includes all courts subordinate to the High Court.
- "Revenue Office" includes courts trying suits under laws relating to landholders and tenants.
- "Tout" is defined as someone who procures the employment of a legal practitioner in legal business for remuneration or frequents certain public spaces for such purposes.

### 2. Amendment of Section 50 of the Advocates Act, 1961:
- A new sub-section, Section 50(6), has been inserted.
- This sub-section stipulates that on the date when Section 45A comes into force, sections 1, 3, and 36 of the Legal Practitioners Act, 1879 shall be repealed. This effectively removes outdated provisions regarding legal practitioners.

These amendments primarily focus on regulating touts within the legal profession and repealing redundant sections of the Legal Practitioners Act, 1879.

Section 12 in The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
12 Voidable marriages .�
(1) Any marriage solemnised, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be voidable and may be annulled by a decree of nullity on any of the following grounds, namely:�
12 [(a) that the marriage has not been consummated owing to the impotence of the respondent; or]
(b) that the marriage is in contravention of the condition specified in clause (ii) of section 5; or
(c) that the consent of the petitioner, or where the consent of the guardian in marriage of the petitioner 13 [was required under section 5 as it stood immediately before the commencement of the Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978 (2 of 1978)*], the consent of such guardian was obtained by force 14 [or by fraud as to the nature of the ceremony or as to any material fact or circumstance concerning the respondent]; or
(d) that the respondent was at the time of the marriage pregnant by some person other than the petitioner.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), no petition for annulling a marriage�
(a) on the ground specified in clause (c) of sub-section (1) shall be entertained if�
(i) the petition is presented more than one year after the force had ceased to operate or, as the case may be, the fraud had been discovered; or
(ii) the petitioner has, with his or her full consent, lived with the other party to the marriage as husband or wife after the force had ceased to operate or, as the case may be, the fraud had been discovered;
(b) on the ground specified in clause (d) of sub-section (1) shall be entertained unless the court is satisfied�
(i) that the petitioner was at the time of the marriage ignorant of the facts alleged;
(ii) that proceedings have been instituted in the case of a marriage solemnised before the commencement of this Act within one year of such commencement and in the case of marriages solemnised after such commencement within one year from the date of the marriage; and
(iii) that marital intercourse with the consent of the petitioner has not taken place since the discovery by the petitioner of the existence of 15 [the said ground].
(i) Non-disclosure of age and factum of having major children by husband at the time of marriage amounts to fraud and suppression of material facts having bearing on marriage. Marriage founded on fraud from very inception is a nullity; Sunder Lal Soni v. Smt. Namita Jain, AIR 2006 MP 51.
(ii) Misrepresentation as to the age of the bridegroom made to the mother who acted as an agent and the daughter consented for the marriage believing the statement to be true. It was held that the consent was vitiated by fraud; Babui Panmate v. Ram Agya Singh, AIR 1968 Pat 190.

*HIGH COURT OF JHARKHAND AT RANCHI*
C.M.P No. 418 of 2023

*Sanjeev Bhagat vs Tej Lal Bhagat and Anr*
*30th September, 2024*


*Clarified the application of Order XXIII Rule 1A of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), reaffirming that defendants can only be transposed as plaintiffs in two specific situations: first, when the plaintiff has either withdrawn or abandoned the suit and second, when the defendant has a substantial question of law to be decided against another defendant.*

*Justice Subhash Chand, in a single bench ruling, reiterated, “Taking into consideration the very provisions of Order XXIII Rule 1A of the CPC, it is evident that defendants may transpose as plaintiff in a suit only in the circumstances; firstly when the plaintiff has withdrawn the suit or abandoned the suit and secondly when the defendant has substantial question of law to be decided against any other defendant.”*

Military law in India is a complex system governing the conduct and discipline of the armed forces. It encompasses various legal frameworks, statutes, and codes specifically designed to maintain discipline, ensure order, and uphold the rule of law within military ranks.
Read more about the military laws at https://lawnotes.co/indian-military-laws-and-jurisdiction

Police brutality, defined as the excessive or unnecessary use of force by law enforcement officers against civilians, has been a recurring issue in India.
Read more about the police brutality at https://lawnotes.co/prevention-of-police-brutality-under-indian-penal-code-ipc-and-criminal-procedure-code-crpc

The Indian judiciary, one of the largest in the world, faces numerous challenges such as case backlogs, delays in justice delivery, and a complex administrative process. To tackle these issues and improve judicial efficiency, the Indian government has taken a significant step by introducing the E-Courts system.
Read more about the e-courts at https://lawnotes.co/scope-and-development-of-the-e-courts-system-in-india

The Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.P.C.), 1973, lays down the legal mechanisms for dealing with individuals who evade the process of law by absconding or concealing themselves to avoid arrest. Under Sections 82 and 83, the Cr.P.C. provides for the issuance of a proclamation against such individuals, requiring them to appear before the court. If they fail to comply, the law allows for the attachment of their property as a means of compelling their presence.
Read more about the attachment of property at https://lawnotes.co/proclamation-and-attachment-of-property-under-the-criminal-procedure-code-cr-p-c

Sections 79, 80, and 82 specifically address the procedure for executing warrants and dealing with absconding individuals.
Read more about the execution at https://lawnotes.co/execution-of-warrants-and-legal-process-for-absconding-individuals-under-the-criminal-procedure-code-cr-p-c-1973

Arrest under a warrant is a formal procedure outlined in the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India. The issuance of a warrant implies that the arrest cannot be made merely on suspicion but must follow a legal directive, usually issued by a competent court. The Cr.P.C. provides an elaborate framework regarding the types of warrants, the conditions of their execution, and the legal rights of the arrestee.
Read more about the whom a warrant can be issued and its procedure at https://lawnotes.co/procedure-of-arrest-of-a-person-against-whom-a-warrant-is-issued-under-the-criminal-procedure-code-cr-p-c