UPSC History Notes PDF

💎 Nine Gems of Akbar and their Talents

1. बीरबल – परम बुद्धिमान राजा बीरबल अकबर के युद्ध-सलाहकार थे। इनके बचपन का नाम महेशदास था !  हास्य-परिहास में इनके अकबर के संग काल्पनिक किस्से आज भी कहे जाते हैं। बीरबल एक कवि भी थे। दीन ए इलाही धर्म को स्वीकार करने बाले प्रथम व अंतिम हिन्दू शासक बीरबल थे !

2. अबुल फजल – इतिहासज्ञ अबुल फजल ने अकबर के शासन काल की प्रमुख घटनाओं को कलमबद्ध किया था, उन्होंने अकबरनामा और आइन-ए-अकबरी की रचना की थी। पंचतंत्र का फारसी भाषा में अनुवाद अबुल फजल ने अनवर ए सादात नाम से किया ! इनका जन्म आगरा में हुआ।

3. तानसेन – संगीत सम्राट तानसेन अकबर के दरबार के एक विलक्षण संगीतज्ञ थे। इनके बचपन का नाम रामतनु पाण्डेय था ! अकबर ने इन्हें कंठाभरण वाणीविलास की उपाधी दी थी !

4. राजा भगवान दास – भगवानदास आमेर के राजा भारमल का पुत्र था। उसकी बहन का विवाह अकबर के साथ हुआ था। अकबर ने उसे 5000 का मनसबदार बना दिया था । उसने अनेक महत्त्वपूर्ण युद्धों में भाग लिया था। वह एक सत्यवादी, साहसी और पराक्रमी व्यक्ति था।

5. अब्दुल रहीम खाने खाना – यह अकबर के दरबार में राजकवि थे !

6. राजा टोडरमल – मुगलकाल के स्वर्णिम काल यानी अकबर के दौर में दो हिन्दुओं बीरबल और राजा मान सिंह का बहुत जिक्र होता है, पर राजा टोडर मल का उस तरह से जिक्र नहीं होता। हालांकि वे भी अकबर के बेहद करीबी थे। वे उनके दरबार में राजस्व मंत्री मतलब दीवान थे।

7. राजा मानसिंह – राजा मानसिंह अकबर की सेना के मुख्य सेनापति थे ! कहा जाता है कि हिन्दुओं के प्रति अकबर के दृष्टिकोण को अधिक उदार बनाने में मानसिंह का महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान था।

8. मुल्ला दो प्याजा – मुल्ला दो प्याजा अरब का रहने वाला था। हुमायूँ के समय वह भारत आया था। भोजन के समय दो प्याजा अधिक पसन्द होने के कारण, अकबर उसे दो प्याजा के नाम से सम्बोधित करता था। अपनी योग्यता और सम्राट् के प्रति निष्ठा के कारण वह भी अकबर के नौरत्नों में से एक बन गया था।

9. हकीम हुक्काम – हकीम हुक्काम , मुग़ल सम्राट अकबर का सलाहकार और नवरत्नों में से एक था।


💎 Nine Gems of Akbar and his Talents

1. Birbal – The most intelligent king Birbal was the war advisor of Akbar. His childhood name was Maheshdas. His imaginary stories with Akbar are still told humorously. Birbal was also a poet. Birbal was the first and last Hindu ruler to accept Deen-e-Ilahi religion.

2. Abul Fazal – Historian Abul Fazal wrote down the major events of Akbar's reign, he composed Akbarnama and Ain-e-Akbari. Panchatantra was translated into Persian language by Abul Fazal under the name Anwar-e-Sadat. He was born in Agra.

3. Tansen – Music Emperor Tansen was a brilliant musician in the court of Akbar. His childhood name was Ramtanu Pandey. Akbar had given him the title of eloquent orator!

4. Raja Bhagwan Das – Bhagwan Das was the son of Raja Bharmal of Amer. His sister was married to Akbar. Akbar had made him a Mansabdar of Rs 5000. He took part in many important wars. He was a truthful, courageous and brave man.

5. Abdul Rahim Khane Khana – He was the royal poet in Akbar's court.

6. Raja Todar Mal – During the golden period of Mughal era i.e. the era of Akbar, there is a lot of mention of two Hindus Birbal and Raja Man Singh, but Raja Todar Mal is not mentioned in that way. Although he was also very close to Akbar. He was the Revenue Minister i.e. Diwan in his court.

7. Raja Mansingh – Raja Mansingh was the chief commander of Akbar's army. It is said that Mansingh had an important contribution in making Akbar's attitude towards Hindus more liberal.

8. Mulla Do Pyaza – Mulla Do Pyaza was a resident of Arabia. He came to India during the time of Humayun. Because he liked Do Pyaza more during meals, Akbar used to address him by the name of Do Pyaza. Due to his ability and loyalty towards the emperor, he also became one of Akbar's nine gems.

9. Hakim Hukkam – Hakim Hukkam was an advisor to Mughal Emperor Akbar and one of the Navaratnas.

🔰 History Important Questions 🔰
==============================

🔹 Battle of Wandiwash took place in the year?
➨ 1760

🔹 Whom did the British defeated in the Battle of Wandiwash?
➨ French

🔹 Battle of Buxar took place in the year?
➨ 1764

🔹 Battle of Karnal took place in the year?
➨ 1739

🔹 Whom did Nadir Shah defeated in the Battle of Karnal?
➨ Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah

🔹 Which policy of the Britishers made the annexation of Indian states compulsory if the adoption of heir had not been approved by the British Authorities?
➨ Doctrine of Lapse

🔹 The person who returned his token of honour to Government of India on 30 May 1919?
➨ Rabindranath Tagore

🔹 Aruna Asaf Ali was a major woman organiser of underground activities during?
➨ Quit India Movement, 1942

🔹 Who accused Indian National Congress of practising politics of prayers, petition and protest?
➨ Bal Gangadhar Tilak

🔹 Who had moved a resolution for the creation of Pakistan in the Muslim League Session of 1940?
➨ Mohammed Ali Jinnah

📖 Important facts on Gupta Dynasty and its rulers 📖
==============================

🔹 Chandragupta I (319-335 A.D.)
1. Chandragupta-I was the son of Ghatotkacha.
2. Chandragupta-I enhanced his power by marrying Kumara Devi, a Lichchhavi princess—the main power in Magadha.
3. Chandragupta-I was the real founder of Gupta dynasty. He expanded his kingdom by conquering much of Magadha, Prayaga and Saketa.
4. He assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja.
5. Patliputra was the capital of Gupta dynasty.


🔹 Samudragupta (335-380 A.D.)
1. Samudragupta was the son of Chandragupta-I.
2. The Gupta dynasty was enlarged enormously by Samudragupta.
3. Due to his bravery and generalship, the historian V. A. Smith quoted him as Napoleon of India.
4. On some coins of Gupta era Samudragupta was shown as playing the musical instrument Veena.
5. Important scholars in the court of Samudragupta were Harishena, Vasubandhu and Asanga.
6. The Prayag Prashasti (also known as Allahbad pillar inscription) composed in Sanskrit by Harisena gave information about Samudragupta's achievment.
7. Samudragupta was a great patron of art and music. He assumed the title of Kaviraja.
8. Samudragupta was a firm believer in Hinduism and is known to have worshipped Lord Vishnu.
9. Samudragupta allowed Sri Lanka's Buddhist king Meghavarman to build a monastery at Bodh Gaya.


🔹 Chandragupta-II (380-413 A.D.)
1. Chandragupta-II was the son of Samudragupta.
2. After Samudragupta's death, Ramagupta succeeded him but his elder brother Chandragupta-II killed him and married his wife Dhruvadevi.
3. Chandragupta-II defeated Rudrasimha III, the Saka king and annexed his kingdom and assumed the title of Vikramaditya.
4. Chandragupta-II was the first ruler to issue silver coins. He also issued copper coins.
5. Patliputra continued to be the capital of Gupta dynasty. Ujjain was made second capital of Gupta dynasty.
6. Court of Chandragupta-II was adorned by nine gems (navratnas) including Kalidasa, Amarsimha, Varahmihira, Dhanvantri, etc.
7. Chinese traveller Fa-hein came during the reign of Chandragupta-II.


🔹 Kumaragupta-I (413-455 A.D.)
1. Kumaragupta-I was the son of Chandragupta-II. He succeeded Chandragupta-II.
2. Kumaragupta-I adopted the title of Mahendraditya.
3. During the later year of his reign the Gupta Empire was threatened by the rebellion of Pushyamitras of central India and invasion of the Hunas. However, Kumaragupta-I was successful in defeating both threats and performed Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice) to celebrate his victory.
4. Kumaragupta-I issued new coins with images of Lord Kartikeya.
5. Kumaragupta-I founded the Nalanda university.
6. Kumaragupta-I was followed by his son Skandagupta. Skandagupta faced the Hunas effectively.
7. The continuous attacks of the Hunas weakened the Gupta dynasty. Skandagupta died in 467 A.D. After his death, the Gupta dynasty began to decline.

👳🏻 Birsa Munda: The Voice of Indigenous Uprising and Freedom

Birsa Munda (1875-1900) was an iconic freedom fighter, a spiritual leader, and a folk hero whose legacy continues to inspire millions. Born in the village of Ulihatu in present-day Jharkhand, Birsa was part of the Munda tribe. His early life was shaped by the rich traditions of his community and the hardships they faced under British colonial rule. Birsa’s deep spiritual inclination led him to develop a unique socio-religious movement known as 'Birsait', aimed at reforming and uniting tribal communities.

🔷 The Revolutionary Spirit
Birsa Munda is best remembered for leading the Munda Rebellion, also known as the Ulgulan (meaning “The Great Tumult”), against British exploitation and the oppressive land system. His call for “Abua Raj” (“Our Kingdom”) was a powerful message advocating for self-governance and freedom from the clutches of landlords and colonial administrators. The movement, though ultimately suppressed, marked a significant chapter in India's struggle for independence, showcasing the valor and resilience of indigenous tribes.

🔷 Birsa Munda in 2024: Remembering a Hero
This year, as India commemorates various milestones in its history, Birsa Munda's legacy finds renewed focus in discussions about indigenous rights and cultural heritage. His birth anniversary, November 15, has gained special recognition as “Janjatiya Gaurav Divas”, underscoring the importance of remembering tribal leaders in the larger narrative of India's freedom struggle. Events, exhibitions, and educational programs are planned across the country to honor his contributions and to foster awareness about tribal histories and rights.

Birsa Munda’s life and revolutionary spirit remain a source of inspiration in modern times, reminding us of the importance of resilience, unity, and the fight for justice.

☑️ LATER MUHGALS [ PART 1]

1. Bahadur Shah I (1707 A.D. – 1712 A.D.)

⏩ His actual name was Mauzzam and was also called Shah Alam I.

⏩ He abolished Jazia once again. He recognized Raja Ajit Singh as the ruler of Malwa. He made Guru Gobind Singh a Mughal Mansabdar and released Shahu from the Agra jail.
⏩ He was also called Shah-i-Bakhaba for his policies.

2. Jahandar Shah (1712 A.D.-1713 A.D.):

⏩ For the first time, Mughal nobles became powerful in Mughal Court. Jahandar Shah came to power with the support of Wazir Zulfiqar Ali.

3. Farukh Siyar (1713 A.D. – 1719 A.D.):

⏩ He came to power with the support of Sayyid Brothers called ‘the kingmakers’. They headed the Hindustani faction. In 1715 A.D., Banda Bahadur, the last Sikh leader was executed.

⏩ Siyar preserved all the Mughal paintings in Red Fort. He was later killed by Sayyid Brothers.

4. Mohammed Shah (1719 A.D. – 1748 A.D.):

⏩ His actual name was Roasha Akhtar and was unpopularly known as Rangeela.
⏩ Sayyid Brothers were killed by the Irani faction led by Sadat Khan and Asafjha Nizam-ul-Mulk.
⏩ The Mughal empire distintegrated and Bengal became independent under Murshid Quli Khan.

⏩ Saddat Khan founded the independent State of Oudh (Ayodhya) and Asafjha founded the independent State of Hyderabad.

⏩ Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1739 A.D. and took away the Kohinoor Diamond and the Peacock Throne to Persia.

☑️ LATER MUGHALS [ PART 2]

1. Ahmed Shah (1748 A.D.-1754 A.D.):

⏩ He was under the influence of court dancer Uddam Bai. Ahmad Shah appointed two years old infants as Governors of Punjab and Kashmir.

2. Alamgir II (1754.A.D.-1759 A.D.):

⏩ His actual name was Azizuddin. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 A.D. was fought during his time. Ahmad Shah Abdali, the king of Persia attacked seven times.

3. Shah Alam II (1759 A.D.-1806 A.D.):

⏩ His actual name was Ali Guhar. Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 A.D. and Battle of Buxar in 1764 A.D. were the major events during his reign.
⏩ In 1765 A.D., he took part in the Diwani rights (rights to collect revenue) for the East India Company in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

⏩ He became the prisoner of the English after the Second Anglo Maratha war.

4. Akbar II (1806 A.D. – 1837 A.D.):

⏩ He conferred the title of ‘Raja’ upon Rammohan Roy and deputed him to London to plead the Pension case in the Privy Council.

5. Bahadur Shah II Zafar (1837 A.D. – 1831 A.D.):

⏩ He was the last Mughal emperor and the nomnial head to lead the 1857 revolt.
⏩ Mirza Ghalib, the father of Modern Urdu potery, was patronized by him. He was departed to Burma, where he died in 1865 A.D.

🔰 History Important Questions 🔰
==============================

🔹 Battle of Wandiwash took place in the year?
➨ 1760

🔹 Whom did the British defeated in the Battle of Wandiwash?
➨ French

🔹 Battle of Buxar took place in the year?
➨ 1764

🔹 Battle of Karnal took place in the year?
➨ 1739

🔹 Whom did Nadir Shah defeated in the Battle of Karnal?
➨ Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah

🔹 Which policy of the Britishers made the annexation of Indian states compulsory if the adoption of heir had not been approved by the British Authorities?
➨ Doctrine of Lapse

🔹 The person who returned his token of honour to Government of India on 30 May 1919?
➨ Rabindranath Tagore

🔹 Aruna Asaf Ali was a major woman organiser of underground activities during?
➨ Quit India Movement, 1942

🔹 Who accused Indian National Congress of practising politics of prayers, petition and protest?
➨ Bal Gangadhar Tilak

🔹 Who had moved a resolution for the creation of Pakistan in the Muslim League Session of 1940?
➨ Mohammed Ali Jinnah

📌 आजाद हिन्द फौज

✍️ आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज या 'इंडियन नेशनल आर्मी' का गठन 1942 ई. में किया गया था। 28-30 मार्च, 1942 ई. को टोक्यो (जापान) में रह रहे भारतीय रासबिहारी बोस ने 'इण्डियन नेशनल आर्मी' (आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज) के गठन पर विचार के लिए एक सम्मेलन बुलाया। कैप्टन मोहन सिंह, रासबिहारी बोस एवं निरंजन सिंह गिल के सहयोग से 'इण्डियन नेशनल आर्मी' का गठन किया गया।

✍️ 'आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज' की स्थापना का विचार सर्वप्रथम मोहन सिंह के मन में आया था। इसी बीच विदेशों में रह रहे भारतीयों के लिए 'इंडियन इंडिपेंडेंस लीग' की स्थापना की गई, जिसका प्रथम सम्मेलन जून 1942 ई, को बैंकाक में हुआ।

✍️ आजाद हिंद फौज की पहली डिवीजन का औपचारिक गठन 1 सितंबर, 1942 को हुआ और कैप्टन मोहन सिंह इसके प्रथम सेनापति बने।

✍️ 4 जुलाई, 1943 को रास बिहारी बोस ने आजाद हिंद फौज की कमान सुभाष चंद्र बोस को सौंप दी। 21 अक्टूबर, 1943 को सुभाष चंद्र बोस ने सिंगापुर में स्वतंत्र भारत की अस्थायी सरकार (आजाद हिंद सरकार) का गठन किया।

✍️ आजाद हिंद फौज का गठन 4 जुलाई, 1943 को सुभाष चंद्र बोस के नेतृत्व में किया गया था। फौज का गठन सिंगापुर द्वीप पर किया गया था किंतु तब सिंगापुर द्वीप ब्रिटिश मलय का अंग था।

✍️ आजाद हिंद फौज दिवस 12 नवंबर, 1945 को मनाया गया था जबकि 5 नवंबर से 11 नवंबर, 1945 तक आजाद हिंद फौज के सिपाहियों आर के सहगल, शाह नवाज तथा गुरुबख्श हिंद फौज के सैनिकों एवं अधिकारियों को गिरफ्तार कर ब्रिटिश सरकार ने नवंबर, 1945 में दिल्ली के लाल किले में उन पर मुकदमा चलाया। इसमें तीन अभियुक्तों प्रेम सहगल, गुरुबख्श सिंह एवं शाहनवाज को फांसी की सजा तथा राशिद अली की 7 वर्ष के कारावास का दंड दिया गया। इनके बचाव के लिए कांग्रेस ने आजाद हिंद फौज बचाव समिति का गठन किया जिसमें भूलाभाई देसाई के नेतृत्व में तेज बहादुर सप्रू, कैलाश नाथ काटजू, अरुणा आसफ अली और जवाहरलाल नेहरु प्रमुख वकील थे।

📌 Azad Hind Fauj

✍️ The Azad Hind Fauj or 'Indian National Army' was formed in 1942 AD. On 28–30 March 1942, the Indian Rasbihari Bose, living in Tokyo (Japan), called a conference to consider the formation of the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj). The Indian National Army was formed in collaboration with Captain Mohan Singh, Rasbihari Bose and Niranjan Singh Gill.

✍️ The idea of establishing 'Azad Hind Fauj' first came to the mind of Mohan Singh. At that time, 'Indian Independence League' was established for Indians living abroad, whose first conference was held in Bangkok on June 1942 AD.

✍️ The First Division of Azad Hind Fauj was formally formed on 1 September 1942 and Captain Mohan Singh became its first commander.

✍️ On 4 July, 1943, Ras Bihari Bose handed over the command of Azad Hind Fauj to Subhash Chandra Bose. On 21 October, 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose formed the Provisional Government of Independent India (Azad Hind Sarkar) in Singapore.

✍️ Azad Hind Fauj was formed on 4 July 1943 under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose. The army was formed on the island of Singapore but then the island of Singapore was part of British Malay.

✍️ Azad Hind Fauj Day was celebrated on 12 November, 1945, while from 5 November to 11 November, 1945, the British government arrested the soldiers and officers of Azad Hind Fauj soldiers R.K. Sehgal, Shah Nawaz and Gurbakhsh Hind Fauj. He was prosecuted at the Red Fort in Delhi. In this, the three accused Prem Sehgal, Gurubakhsh Singh and Shahnawaz were sentenced to death and Rashid Ali was sentenced to 7 years imprisonment. To protect them, the Congress formed the Azad Hind Fauj Rescue Committee, led by Bhulabhai Desai, with Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju, Aruna Asaf Ali and Jawaharlal Nehru as prominent lawyers. There was a sharp reaction against the decision of the government in the whole country. Finally, Viceroy Lord Wavell was forced to waive his death sentence using his privilege.

♻️List of important Governors-General and Viceroys of India

✳️Warren Hastings 1773–85
✳️Lord Cornwallis 1786–93
✳️Lord Wellesley 1798–1805
✳️Lord Hastings 1813–23
✳️Lord William Bentinck 1828–35
✳️Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856
✳️Lord Canning 1856–62
✳️Lord Lytton 1876–80
✳️Lord Ripon 1880–84
✳️Lord Curzon 1899–1905
✳️Lord Chelmsford 1916–21
✳️Lord Reading 1921–26
✳️Lord Irwin 1926–31
✳️Lord Willingdon 1931–36
✳️Lord Linlithgow 1936–44
✳️Lord Wavell 1944–1947
✳️Lord Mountbatten 1947–1948


♻️भारत के महत्वपूर्ण गवर्नर-जनरल और वायसराय की सूची

✳️वारेन हेस्टिंग्स 1773-85
✳️लॉर्ड कॉर्नवालिस 1786-93
✳️लॉर्ड वेलेस्ली 1798-1805
✳️लॉर्ड हेस्टिंग्स 1813-23
✳️लॉर्ड विलियम बेंटिक 1828-35
✳️लॉर्ड डलहौजी 1848-1856
✳️लॉर्ड कैनिंग 1856-62
✳️लॉर्ड लिटन 1876-80
✳️लॉर्ड रिपन 1880-84
✳️लॉर्ड कर्जन 1899-1905
✳️लॉर्ड चेम्सफोर्ड 1916-21
✳️लॉर्ड रीडिंग 1921-26
✳️लॉर्ड इरविन 1926-31
✳️लॉर्ड विलिंग्डन 1931-36
✳️लॉर्ड लिनलिथगो 1936-44
✳️लॉर्ड वेवेल 1944-1947
✳️लॉर्ड माउंटबेटन 1947-1948

📌 घराना          🎯 संबंधित व्यक्ति

✍ ग्वालियर घराना - ग्वालियर घराने का आरंभ नत्थन पीरबख्श (18 ई.) से माना जाता है। यह घराना, जो ख्याल का सर्वप्रसिद्ध घराना है, वास्तव में लखनऊ घराने से निकला हुआ है।गुलाम रसूल, हद्दू खाँ, हस्सू खाँ तथा नत्थू खाँ, मेंहदी हुसैन खाँ, पंडित दीक्षित, पंडित बालागुरू,पंडित जोशी, बालकृष्ण बुआ इचलंकरजीकर, बन्ने खाँ पंजाबी, इनायत हुसैन खाँ, विष्णु पालुष्कर आदि।

✍ आगरा घराना - यह घराना मूलतः ध्रुपद तथा धमार गायकों का रहा है।
आगरा घराने की गायकी के प्रवर्तक हाजी सुजान खां को माना जाता है, जो अलख दास के पुत्र थे वह अच्छे ध्रुपद-धमार गायक थे। हाजी सुजान खां को ध्रुपद-धमार शैलियों का विशेषज्ञ माना गया है। गुलाम अब्बास खाँ, कल्लन खां, नत्थन खां, उस्ताद फैयाज खां

✍ दिल्ली घराना - मोहम्मद शाह रंगीले, नियामत खां (सदारंग), फिरोज खां (अदारंग), तानरस खाँ, मियाँ अल्ला बख्श , उमर खाँ, नन्हें खां, संगी खां, सम्मन खाँ, बुन्दू खाँ, उस्ताद चांद खां

✍ किराना घराना - बीनकार उस्ताद बंदे अली खां, बेहेरे वहीद खां , उस्ताद अब्दुल करीम खां, उस्ताद हैदर खां, हीराबाई बड़ोदकर, सुरेश बाबू माने, रोशन आरा बेगम, उस्ताद रज्जब अली खां, पंडित सवाई गंधर्व, गंगुबाई हंगल, पंडित वासवराज राजगुरु, श्रीकांत देशपांडे, पंडित भीमसेन जोशी, उस्ताद अमीर खां, प्रभा अत्रे आदि हैं।
नायक गोपाल, अब्दुल वाहिद खान

✍ अल्लादिया खां का घराना - अल्लादिया खां, केसरबाई केरकर, मोधूबाई कुर्डीकर तथा शंकरराव सरनाइक, किशोरी अमोणकर

✍ जयपुर घराना - सावल खां, रजब अली खां, मुशर्रफ खां, मुहासिन खां, जमालुद्दीन खां, अब्दुल अजीज खां।

✍ पटियाला घराना - पटियाला घराने के प्रवर्तक के रूप में अलीबख्श खान और बड़े फतेह अली खाँ को माना जाता है।  बड़े गुलाम अली खान साहब।

✍ बनारस घराना - वर्तमान समय में पंडित राजन साजन मिश्र, श्रीमती गिरिजा देवी आदि इस घराने के प्रतिनिधि कलाकार हैं।
बनारस घराना एक ऐसा घराना है, जिसमें ख्याल, टप्पा, ठुमरी, ध्रुपद, धमार, तराने आदि संगीत के सभी अंगों के रूपों का समावेश पाया जाता है।

पन्नालाल मिश्र, छन्नू मिश्र, गुरु प्रसाद मिश्र, सितारा देवी, किशन महाराज, गुदई महाराज (समता प्रसाद मिश्र), मोतीबाई, रसूलन बाई, सिद्धेश्वरी आदि।

✍ भिंडीबाजार घराना - छज्जू खाँ, नाजिर खाँ और खादिस हुसैन खाँ ने इस घराने की स्थापना की।

📌 Gharana 🎯 Related Personalities

✍ Gwalior gharana -The origin of the Gwalior Gharana is believed to be from Nathan Pirbakhsh (18 AD). This gharana, which is the most famous gharana of Khayal, is actually descended from the Lucknow gharana.
Ghulam Rasool, Haddu Khan, Hassu Khan and Nathu Khan, Mehdi Hussain Khan, Pandit Dixit, Pandit Balaguru, Pandit Joshi, Balkrishna Bua Ichalankarjikar, Banne Khan Punjabi, Inayat Hussain Khan, Vishnu Palushkar etc.

✍ Agra Gharana - This gharana originally belonged to Dhrupad and Dhamar singers.
Haji Sujan Khan, who was the son of Alakh Das, is believed to be the originator of the singing of the Agra Gharana, he was a good Dhrupad-Dhamar singer. Haji Sujan Khan is considered an expert in Dhrupad-Dhamar styles.
Ghulam Abbas Khan, Kallan Khan, Nathan Khan, Ustad Fayaz Khan

✍ Delhi Gharana - Mohammad Shah Rangile, Niyamat Khan (Sadarang), Firoz Khan (Adarang), Tanras Khan, Miyan Allah Baksh, Umar Khan, Nanhe Khan, Sangi Khan, Samman Khan, Bundu Khan, Ustad Chand Khan

✍ Kirana Gharana - Binkar Ustad Bande Ali Khan, Behere Waheed Khan, Ustad Abdul Karim Khan, Ustad Haider Khan, Hirabai Barodkar, Suresh Babu Mane, Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Rajab Ali Khan, Pandit Sawai Gandharva, Gangubai Hangal, Pandit Vasavaraj Rajguru, Shrikant Deshpande, Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, Ustad Amir Khan, Prabha Atre etc.
Nayak Gopal, Abdul Wahid Khan

✍ Alladiya Khan's Gharana - Alladiya Khan, Kesarbai Kerkar, Modhubai Kurdikar and Shankarrao Sarnaik, Kishori Amonkar

✍ Jaipur Gharana - Sawal Khan, Rajab Ali Khan, Musharraf Khan, Muhasin Khan, Jamaluddin Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan.

✍ Patiala Gharana - Alibakhsh Khan and the Bade Fateh Ali Khan are considered as the originators of the Patiala Gharana.
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan Sahab.

✍ Bananas Gharana - At present, Pandit Rajan Sajan Mishra, Smt. Girija Devi etc. are the representative artists of this gharana. The Banaras Gharana is one such gharana, in which the forms of all the parts of music like Khayal, Tappa, Thumri, Dhrupad, Dhamar, Tarane etc. are found.
Pannalal Mishra, Chhanu Mishra, Guru Prasad Mishra, Sitara Devi, Kishan Maharaj, Gudai Maharaj (Samata Prasad Mishra), Motibai, Rasoolan Bai, Siddheshwari etc.

✍ Bhendibazar Gharana - Chhajju Khan, Nazir Khan and Khadis Hussain Khan founded this gharana.

🎙 Chanakya:

Chanakya  ( 350 – 275 BCE) is also known as Kautilya and Vishnugupta.  He was born in a Brahmin family and received his education in Takshashila (now in Pakistan).
He was the Prime Minister during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire.
He is best known as the author of the political treatise Arthashastra and the collection of aphorisms 'Chanakya Niti' which he wrote as an instruction manual for the young Chandragupta on how to rule effectively.

🎙 चाणक्य:

चाणक्य (350 - 275 ईसा पूर्व) को कौटिल्य और विष्णुगुप्त के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। उनका जन्म एक ब्राह्मण परिवार में हुआ था और उन्होंने अपनी शिक्षा तक्षशिला (अब पाकिस्तान में) में प्राप्त की थी।
वह मौर्य साम्राज्य के संस्थापक चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य के शासनकाल में प्रधानमंत्री थे।
उन्हें राजनीतिक ग्रंथ अर्थशास्त्र और सूक्तियों के संग्रह 'चाणक्य नीति' के लेखक के रूप में जाना जाता है जिसे उन्होंने प्रभावशाली शासन करने के तरीके पर युवा चंद्रगुप्त के लिये एक निर्देश पुस्तिका के रूप में लिखा था।

📣 FAMOUS SLOGANS 📣

👉Jai Hind : Subhas Chandra Bose

👉India for Indians : Dayanand Saraswati

👉Vande Mataram : Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

👉Satyameva Jayate : Madan Mohan Malviya

👉Jai Jawaan, Jai Kisaan : LB Shastri by aso ebooks team

👉Jai Jawan Jai kisan Jai Vigyan : Vajpayee

👉Garibi Hatao : Indira Gandhi

🔰Major Wars of the World🔰

1600 BCE➖Battle of Mingtiao➖Tang of Shang defeated Jie of Xia. Shang dynasty began in China

1500 BCE➖Battle of the Ten Kings➖King Sudas defeated the Ten Kings in the Punjab region (India)

1184 BCE➖Battle of Troy➖Troy descended after the ten-year Trojan War

1046 BCE➖Battle of Muye➖Zhou Dynasty defeated the Shang Dynasty

925 BCE➖Battle of Bitter Lakes➖Shoshenq I of Egypt defeated a Bedouin incursion

707 BCE➖Battle of Ruge➖The Zheng general Zhu Dan defeated the king Huan of Zhou (China)

693 BCE➖Battle of Diyala River➖The king Sennacherib of Assyria defeated the Elamites of Southern Iran

616 BCE➖Battle of Arrapha➖The king Nabopolassar (of Babylonians) defeated the Assyrians

546 BCE➖Battle of Thymbra➖Cyrus the Great of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia

545 BCE➖Battle of The 300 Champions➖The Spartans defeated the Argives

539-38 BCE➖Battle of Opis➖Cyrus the Great defeated Nabonidus

490 BCE➖Battle of Marathon➖Miltiades (of Athens) defeated Darius I of Persia and Artaphernes

432 BCE➖Battle of Potidaea➖Athens defeated Sparta

429 BCE➖Battle of Spartolos➖Chalcidians (with their allies) defeated Athens

411 BCE➖Battle of Eretria➖Spartans defeated the Athenian fleet

334 BCE➖Battle of the Granicus➖Alexander the Great defeated the Persian army

331 BCE➖Battle of Gaugamela➖Alexander the Great defeated Darius III in Mesopotamia and conquered Persia

326 BCE➖Battle of the Hydaspes➖Alexander the Great defeated the Indian King Porus

281 BCE➖Battle of Corupedium➖Seleucus defeated and killed Lysimachus

101 BCE➖Battle of Vercellae➖Marius (the Roman) defeated the Cimbri

67 BCE➖Battle of Jushi➖Han troops defeated the Xiongnu

66 BCE➖Battle of the Lycus➖Pompey the Great defeated Mithridates VI

58 BCE➖Battle of the Arar➖Caesar defeated the migrating Helvetii

47 BCE➖Battle of the Nile➖Caesar defeated Ptolemy XIII (the Egyptian king)

36 BCE➖Battle of Zhizhi➖Han forces defeated Xiongnu

LORD LINLITHGOW (1936-44)

• 1st General election

• Formation of Forward Block

• Lahore resolution by Muslim League

• August Offer by the viceroy

• Winston Churchill PM of England

• Organisation of Indian National Army

• Cripps Mission Plan rejected

• Ouit India Resolution passed by Congress

😢 Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy

On April 13th 1919, a large crowd gathered peacefully at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab to protest the arrest of Dr. Satyapal & Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew. Colonel Reginald Dyer, the Military Commander of Amritsar, surrounded the Bagh with his troops, closed the gates & gave order to shoot at the peaceful congregation. There was a massacre. Hundreds were killed & thousands wounded. This incident is known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It sent a wave of shock & horror amongst the people.

🔺 Rabindranath Tagore, in protest, renounced his knighthood - a title of honour given to him by the British.

🔺 Gandhi returned the Kaiser-e-Hind medal given to him by the South African Govt.

💠IMPORTANT DATE
🔸Rowlatt Acts - February, 1919
🔸Hunter Commission -14 October, 1919
🔸INC Session - December, 1919 ( Amritsar)

🔸SSC QUESTION IN RESONING
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Simon Commission, Dandi March, ?
Ans : Quit-India Movement

☑️ Indian History Top One Liner (1000) Most IMP Questions on Lucent's : 001 #IndHistory

Que 1. Where is the Hoysala Memorial?
Ans – In Mysore and Bangalore

Que 2. Who was the last ruler of Hoysala dynasty?
Ans – Ballal

Que 3. Where was the capital of the Hoysalas?
Ans – Dwarsamudra

Que 4. When did the Home Rule Movement begin?
Ans – 1916 AD

Que 5. When did the Ho Rebellion take place?
Ans – During 1820-21 AD

Que 6. When did Hyder Ali become the ruler of Mysore?
Ans – 1761 AD

Que 7. Who wrote Humayunnama?
Ans – Gulbadan Begum

Que 8. What is the sequence of the four wars fought by Humayun?
Ans – Debra (1531 AD), Chausa (1539 AD), Bilgram (1540 AD) and Sirhind (1555 AD).

Que 9. When did Humayun sit on the throne?
Ans – 1530 AD

Que 10. Against which king of the Hindushahi dynasty did Subuktagin take part in the struggle?
Ans – Jaipal



☑️ भारतीय इतिहास से सम्बन्धित टॉप (1000) लुसेंट पर आधारित महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तर : 001 #IndHistory

प्रश्‍न 1. होयसल स्मारक कहाँ है ?
उत्तर – मैसूर व बैंगलुरू में

प्रश्‍न 2. होयसल वंश का अंतिम शासक कौन था ?
उत्तर – बल्लाल

प्रश्‍न 3. होयसल की राजधानी कहाँ थी ?
उत्तर – द्वारसमुद्र

प्रश्‍न 4. होमरूल आंदोलन का सूत्रपात कब हुआ ?
उत्तर – 1916 ई.

प्रश्‍न 5. हो विद्रोह कब हुआ था ?
उत्तर – 1820-21 ई. के दौरान

प्रश्‍न 6. हैदरअली मैसूर के शासक कब बने ?
उत्तर – 1761 ई.

प्रश्‍न 7. हुमायूँनामा की रचना किसने की थी ?
उत्तर – गुलबदन बेगम ने

प्रश्‍न 8. हुमायूँ द्वारा लड़े गए चार युद्धों का क्रम क्या है ?
उत्तर – देबरा (1531 ई.), चौसा (1539 ई.) बिलग्राम (1540 ई.) व सरहिंद (1555 ई.)।

प्रश्‍न 9. हुमायूँ गद्दी पर कब बैठा था ?
उत्तर – 1530 ई.

प्रश्‍न 10. हिन्दुशाही-वंश के किस राजा के विरुद्ध सुबुक्तगीन ने संघर्ष में भाग लिया था ?
उत्तर – जयपाल

♻️List of important Governors-General and Viceroys of India

✳️Warren Hastings 1773–85
✳️Lord Cornwallis 1786–93
✳️Lord Wellesley 1798–1805
✳️Lord Hastings 1813–23
✳️Lord William Bentinck 1828–35
✳️Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856
✳️Lord Canning 1856–62
✳️Lord Lytton 1876–80
✳️Lord Ripon 1880–84
✳️Lord Curzon 1899–1905
✳️Lord Chelmsford 1916–21
✳️Lord Reading 1921–26
✳️Lord Irwin 1926–31
✳️Lord Willingdon 1931–36
✳️Lord Linlithgow 1936–44
✳️Lord Wavell 1944–1947
✳️Lord Mountbatten 1947–1948


♻️भारत के महत्वपूर्ण गवर्नर-जनरल और वायसराय की सूची

✳️वारेन हेस्टिंग्स 1773-85
✳️लॉर्ड कॉर्नवालिस 1786-93
✳️लॉर्ड वेलेस्ली 1798-1805
✳️लॉर्ड हेस्टिंग्स 1813-23
✳️लॉर्ड विलियम बेंटिक 1828-35
✳️लॉर्ड डलहौजी 1848-1856
✳️लॉर्ड कैनिंग 1856-62
✳️लॉर्ड लिटन 1876-80
✳️लॉर्ड रिपन 1880-84
✳️लॉर्ड कर्जन 1899-1905
✳️लॉर्ड चेम्सफोर्ड 1916-21
✳️लॉर्ड रीडिंग 1921-26
✳️लॉर्ड इरविन 1926-31
✳️लॉर्ड विलिंग्डन 1931-36
✳️लॉर्ड लिनलिथगो 1936-44
✳️लॉर्ड वेवेल 1944-1947
✳️लॉर्ड माउंटबेटन 1947-1948

📌 चन्द्रगुप्त विक्रमादित्य के अभिलेख #History

✍️ मथुरा स्तम्भ लेख — यह चन्द्रगुप्त द्वितीय का पहला अभिलेख है।

✍️ उदयगिरी गुहालेख — यह उदयगिरी का पहला गुहालेख है। इसे कनिंघम ने खोजा था।

✍️ साँची लेख — यह चन्द्रगुप्त द्वितीय के सेनापति आम्रकार्द्धव का है जोकि बौद्ध था और सुकुली क्षेत्र के निवासी उनदान का पुत्र था।

✍️ मेहरौली लौह स्तम्भलेख — सर्वप्रथम जेम्स प्रिंसेप ने इस लेख को प्रकाशित किया था। वर्तमान में यह दिल्ली के मेहरौली में कुतुबमीनार के पास है।

✍️ गढ़वा लेख — गुप्त संवत में चन्द्रगुप्त द्वितीय ने निर्गत किया था। इसमें चन्द्रगुप्त का नाम तो नहीं दिया गया है परन्तु उसकी उपाधियाँ परमभागवत एवं महाराजधिराज दी गयी हैं।

📌 Inscriptions of Chandragupta Vikramaditya

✍️ Mathura Pillar Inscription — This is the first inscription of Chandragupta II.

✍️ Udaigiri cave inscriptions — This is the first inscription of Udaigiri. It was discovered by Cunningham.

✍️ Sanchi Inscription — It belongs to Amrakardhava, the commander of Chandragupta II, who was a Buddhist and was the son of Undan, a resident of the Sukuli region.

✍️ Mehrauli Iron Pillar — This inscription was first published by James Prinsep. Presently it is near Qutub Minar in Mehrauli, Delhi.

✍️ Garhwa Inscription — Chandragupta II issued in the Gupta era. In this, the name of Chandragupta is not given, but his titles have been given as Param Bhagwat and Maharajadhiraj.

📌 द्वितीय गोलमेज सम्मेलन

✍️ इंडियन लिबरल पार्टी के सदस्य जैसेकि तेज बहादुर सप्रू, सी. वाई. चिंतामणि और श्रीनिवास शास्त्री ने गांधी से वायसराय से बात करने की अपील की। गांधी और इरविन एक समझौते पर पहुँचे जिसे गांधी-इरविन समझौता (दिल्ली संधि) कहा जाने लगा।

✍️ दूसरा गोलमेज सम्मेलन लंदन में 7 सितंबर, 1931 से 1 दिसंबर, 1931 तक आयोजित किया गया था।

✍️ महात्मा गांधी ने कांग्रेस के एकमात्र प्रतिनिधि के रूप में हिस्सा लिया (मौलाना अबुल कलाम आजाद और जवाहर लाल नेहरू ने भाग नहीं लिया था), इनके अलावा सरोजिनी नायडू तथा मदन मोहन मालवीय ने भी इस सम्मेलन में हिस्सा लिया। एनी बेसेंट ने भी इस सम्मेलन में भाग लिया था।

✍️ गांधी जी एस. एस. राजपूताना नामक जलपोत से लंदन पहुंचे तथा वे लंदन के किंग्सले हॉल में ठहरे थे। गतिरोधों के कारण सम्मेलन 1 दिसंबर को समाप्त घोषित कर दिया गया एवं गांधी जी को लंदन से खाली हाथ वापस आना पड़ा। स्वदेश पहुंचने पर गांधी जी ने कहा – “यह सच है कि मैं खाली हाथ लौटा हूं किंतु मुझे संतोष है कि जो ध्वज मुझे सौंपा गया था, उसे नीचे नहीं होने दिया और उसके सम्मान के साथ समझौता नहीं किया।”

✍️ द्वितीय गोलमेज सम्मेलन सांप्रदायिक समस्या पर विवाद के कारण पूरी तरह असफल रहा। दलित नेता भीमराव अंबेडकर ने दलितों के लिए पृथक निर्वाचन मंडल की मांग की जिसे गांधी जी ने अस्वीकार कर दिया। डॉ भीमराव अंबेडकर (बी.आर. अंबेडकर) तीनों गोलमेज सम्मेलन में भाग लेने वाले भारतीय प्रतिनिधि थे।

📌 Second Round Table Conference

✍️ Members of the Indian Liberal Party such as Tej Bahadur Sapru, C.Y. Chintamani and Srinivasa Sastri appealed to Gandhi to talk with the Viceroy. Gandhi and Irwin reached a compromise which came to be known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (the Delhi Pact).

✍️ The second Round Table Conference was held in London from September 7, 1931 to December 1, 1931. The Indian National Congress nominated Mahatma Gandhi as its sole representative. A. Rangaswami Iyengar and Madan Mohan Malaviya were also there.

✍️ Mahatma Gandhi participated as the sole representative of the Congress (Jawaharlal and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad were absent), Sarojini Naidu and Madan Mohan Malaviya also attended this conference. Annie Besant also attended the conference.

✍️ Gandhiji travelled to London on S.S Rajputana ship and stayed at Kingsley Hall in London. Due to protests, the Second Round Table Conference ended on 1st December and Gandhiji returned without any gains. After returning Gandhiji said, “It is true that I returned bare handed but I am content that the Flag I had been handed would never be let down by me and I would never be comprise with the honour of that flag”.

✍️ Second Round Table Conference was totally unsuccessful due to communal issues. B.R. Ambedkar was demanding separated electorate for Dalits which was not acceptable to Gandhiji. B.R. Ambedkar was the only Indian to take part in all three Round Table Conference.

🔰 Important Battles in Indian History 🔰
================================

🔹 Battle of Hydaspeas - 326 B.C.
➨ Alexander defeated Porus

🔹 Kalinga War - 261 B.C.
➨ Ashoka defeated Kalinga

🔹 First Battle of Tarain - 1191 A.D.
➨ Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori

🔹 Second Battle of Tarain - 1192 A.D.
➨ Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan

🔹 Battle of Chandawar - 1193 or 1194
➨ Muhammad Ghori defeated Jaichandra Gaharwar

🔹 First Battle of Panipat - 1526 A.D.
➨ Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi

🔹 Battle of Khanwa - 1527 A.D.
➨ Babar defeated Rana Sanga

🔹 Battle of Ghaghra - 1529 A.D.
➨ Babar defeated Mahmud Lodhi and Sultan Nusrat Shah

🔹 Battle of Chausa - 1539 A.D.
➨ Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) defeated Humayun

🔹 Battle of Kannauj (or Bilgram) - 1540 A.D.
➨ Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) defeated Humayun

🔹 Second Battle of Panipat - 1556 A.D.
➨ Bairam Khan (representing Mughal Emperor Akbar) defeated Hemu

🔹 Battle of Talikota - 1565 A.D.
➨ Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golkonda and Bidar formed alliance and defeated the Vijaynagar empire

🔹 Battle of Haldighati - 1576 A.D.
➨ Akbar's forces headed by Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan defeated Rana Pratap. Rana Pratap refused to surrender to the Mughal Power

🔹 Battle of Karnal - 1739 A.D.
➨ Nadir Shah defeated Mohd. Shah

🔹 Battle of Plassey - 1757 A.D.
➨ Lord Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daula

🔹 Battle of Wandiwash - 1760 A.D.
➨ The English forces defeated the French forces

🔹 Third Battle of Panipat - 1761 A.D.
➨ Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas

🔹 Battle of Buxar - 1764 A.D.
➨ The English forces defeated the alliance of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-daula of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II

🔹 First Anglo Mysore War - (1767-69 A.D.)
➨ Hyder Ali defeated the English forces

🔹 Second Anglo Mysore War - (1780-84 A.D.)
➨ Hyder Ali died in the battle (1782) and subsequently led by his son Tipu Sultan. The war concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore (1784)

🔹 Third Anglo Mysore War - (1789-92 A.D.)
➨ The English forces defeated Tipu Sultan. Treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed

🔹 Fourth Anglo Mysore War - 1799 A.D.
➨ Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed by the English forces

📌 प्रथम गोलमेज सम्मेलन

✍️ पहला गोलमेज सम्मेलन नवंबर 1930 और जनवरी 1931 के बीच लंदन में आयोजित किया गया था। यह आधिकारिक तौर पर किंग जॉर्ज पंचम द्वारा 12 नवंबर, 1930 को शुरु किया गया था और इसकी अध्यक्षता रामसे मैकडोनाल्ड ने की थी।

✍️ 27 मई 1930 को साइमन कमीशन की रिपोर्ट प्रकाशित हुई। राजनीतिक संगठनों ने कमीशन की सिफारिशों को अस्वीकार कर दिया। उस समय कांग्रेस के प्रमुख नेता जेल में थे। इस सम्मेलन में 89 भारतीय प्रतिनिधियों ने भाग लिया किंतु कांग्रेस ने इसमें भाग नहीं लिया। इस सम्मेलन में भाग लेने वालों में प्रमुख थे- तेजबहादुर सप्रू, श्रीनिवास शास्त्री, मुहम्मद अली, मुहम्मद शफी, आगा खां, फजलुल हक, मुहम्मद अली जिन्ना, होमी मोदी, एम. आर. जयकर, मुंजे, भीमराव अंबेडकर तथा सुंदर सिंह मजीठिया आदि।

✍️ इस सम्मेलन में ईसाइयों का प्रतिनिधित्व के.टी. पाल ने किया था। इस सम्मेलन का उद्घाटन ब्रिटिश सम्राट ने किया तथा अध्यक्षता ब्रिटिश प्रधानमंत्री रैम्जे मैक्डोनाल्ड ने की थी।

✍️ प्रथम गोलमेज सम्मेलन में डॉ. अम्बेडकर ने दलित वर्ग के लिए अलग निर्वाचक मंडल की मांग रखी थी।

📌 First Round Table Conference

✍️ The first Round Table Conference was held in London between November 1930 and January 1931. It was officially launched by King George V on 12 November, 1930 and presided over by Ramsay Macdonald.

✍️ Report of Simon Commission was published on 27 May, 1930. Political organization had refused the recommendations of Commission. Main leaders of Congress were in jails. British Government organized 1st Round Table Conference was organised on November 12, 1930 in London in the environment fully of frustration and dissatisfaction. 89 Indian representative members participated in 1st Round Table Conference, but Congress did not participate. Main participants of 1st Round Table Conference were: Tejbahadur Sapru, Srinivas Shastri, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Shafi, Agha Khan, Fazlul Haq, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Homi Modi, M.R. Jaykar, Munje, Bhimrao Ambedkar and Sundar Singh Majithia etc.

✍️ Congress did not participate in 1st Round Table Conference at St. James Palace (London), in 1930. K.T. Paul represented Indian Christians in the Conference.

✍️ First Round Table Conference was inaugurated officially by British King George V and chaired by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay McDonald.

✅ Some Important Words from Ancient History

▪️Jana - Tribe

▪️Vish - People/Clan

▪️Gana - Lineage

▪️Grama - Village

▪️Gavishti/Gavya - War for cattle

▪️Janasya Gopa - Tribal Chief

▪️Godhuli - Dusk

▪️Samgava - Morning

▪️Gavala - Buffalo

▪️Duhitri - Daughter(she who milks cows)

▪️Gomat - Wealthy person (Owner of cattle)

▪️Gojit - Hero (winner of Cows)

▪️Yava - Barley/generic term for cereals.

Important Events of the National Movement

► 1904 ➖ Indian University Act passed

►1905 ➖ Partition of Bengal

► 1906 ➖ Establishment of Muslim League

► 1907 Surat session, split in Congress

►1909 ➖ Marley-Minto Reforms

►1911 ➖ Delhi Durbar of the British Emperor

►1916 ➖ Creation of Home Rule League

►1916 ➖ Muslim League-Congress Pact (Lucknow Pact)

►1917 ➖ Movement in Champaran by Mahatma Gandhi

►1919 ➖ Rowlatt Act

►1919 ➖ Jallianwala Bagh massacre

►1919 ➖ Montague-Chelmsford Reforms

►1920 ➖ Khilafat Movement

►1920 ➖ Non-cooperation movement

►1922 ➖ Chauri-Chaura incident

► 1927 ➖ Appointment of Simon Commission

► 1928 ➖ Simon Commission's arrival in India

► 1929 ➖ Bomb blast in Central Assembly by Bhagat Singh

► 1929 ➖ Demand for complete independence by Congress

►1930 ➖ Civil Disobedience Movement

►1930 ➖ First Round Table Conference

►1931 ➖ Second Round Table Conference

►1932 ➖ Third Round Table Conference

► 1932 ➖ Declaration of communal electoral system

►1932 ➖ Poona Pact

►1942 ➖ Quit India Movement

► 1942 ➖ Arrival of Cripps Mission

► 1943 ➖ Establishment of Azad Hind Fauj

►1946 ➖ Arrival of Cabinet Mission

► 1946 ➖ Election of Indian Constituent Assembly

► 1946 ➖ Establishment of interim government

► 1947 ➖ Mountbatten plan of partition of India

► 1947 ➖ Important events of Indian independence movement

► 1904 ➖ Indian University Act passed

►1905 ➖ Partition of Bengal

► 1906 ➖ Establishment of Muslim League

► 1907 Surat session, split in Congress

►1909 ➖ Marley-Minto Reforms

►1911 ➖ Delhi Durbar of the British Emperor

►1916 ➖ Creation of Home Rule League

►1916 ➖ Muslim League-Congress Pact (Lucknow Pact)

►1917 ➖ Movement in Champaran by Mahatma Gandhi

►1919 ➖ Rowlatt Act

►1919 ➖ Jallianwala Bagh massacre

►1919 ➖ Montague-Chelmsford Reforms

►1920 ➖ Khilafat Movement

►1920 ➖ Non-cooperation movement

►1922 ➖ Chauri-Chaura incident

► 1927 ➖ Appointment of Simon Commission

► 1928 ➖ Simon Commission's arrival in India

► 1929 ➖ Bomb blast in Central Assembly by Bhagat Singh

► 1929 ➖ Demand for complete independence by Congress

►1930 ➖ Civil Disobedience Movement

►1930 ➖ First Round Table Conference

►1931 ➖ Second Round Table Conference

►1932 ➖ Third Round Table Conference

► 1932 ➖ Declaration of communal electoral system

►1932 ➖ Poona Pact

►1942 ➖ Quit India Movement

► 1942 ➖ Arrival of Cripps Mission

► 1943 ➖ Establishment of Azad Hind Fauj

►1946 ➖ Arrival of Cabinet Mission

► 1946 ➖ Election of Indian Constituent Assembly

► 1946 ➖ Establishment of interim government

► 1947 ➖ Mountbatten plan of partition of India

► 1947 ➖ Indian Independence

🏮 DIE - STRUCK INDO GREEK COINS.

#Numismatics

📍 The next stage in the history of Indian coinage is marked by the die-struck Indo Greek coins of the 2nd/1st century BCE.

📍 These are very well-executed, usually round (a few are square or rectangular) and mostly in silver (a few are in copper, billon [a silver–copper alloy], nickel, and lead).

📍 They bear name and portrait of the issuing ruler on the obverse. Coins of Menander and Strato I show them slowly aging from teenagers to old men, indicating long reigns.

📍 Coins issued jointly by kings reflect the practice of conjoint rule.

📍 The reverse of the coins usually had religious symbols.

📍 The Indo-Greeks issued bilingual and bi-script coins, the name of the issuer appearing on the obverse in Greek and on the reverse in the Prakrit language and usually in the Kharoshthi script.

📍 Coins of the Shakas, Parthians, and Kshatrapas follow the basic features of Indo Greek coinage, and include bilingual and bi-script issues.

🏮 KUSHANAS COINS

#Numismatics

📍 The Kushanas (1st–4th centuries CE) were the first dynasty of the subcontinent to mint large quantities of gold coins; their silver coins are rare.

📍 They also issued many copper coins of low denominational value, which indicates the increasing spread of the money economy.

📍 Kushana coins have the figure, name, and title of the king on the obverse.

📍 On the reverse are deities belonging to the Brahmanical, Buddhist, Greek, Roman, and other pantheons.

📍 The legends are either entirely in Greek, or in some cases in Kharoshthi on the reverse.

🏮 LOCAL COINS

#Numismatics

📍 A number of coin types ranging from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE, referred as indigenous, tribal, janapada, or local coins form an important source of information on the history of the dynasties of northern and central India.

📍 These coins are mostly cast or die-struck in copper or bronze, but there are some silver coins and a few rare examples of ones in lead and potin (an alloy of copper, lead, tin, and dross).

📍 They include those issued by chieftains, kings, and non-monarchical states such as the Arjunayanas, Uddehikas, Malavas, and Yaudheyas.

📍 There are also coins bearing the name of cities such as Tripuri, Ujjayini,  Kaushambi, Vidisha, Airikina, Mahishmati, Madhyamika, Varanasi, and Taxila, presumably issued by the administration of these cities.

📍 Some coins with the word negama seem to represent coins issued by merchant guilds.

📍 Taxila coins with the legend pancha-nekame may have been issued jointly by five guilds.

🏮 SATVAHANA'S COINS

#Numismatics

📍 In the Deccan, the pre-Satavahana coinage was followed by the copper and silver coins of the Satavahana kings.

📍 Rulers of this dynasty also issued coins of small denominational value made of lead and potin.

📍  Most Satavahana coins were die-struck, but there are some cast coins.

📍 The legends were generally in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script.

📍 However, the portrait coins (mostly in silver, but also in lead) use a Dravidian language and Brahmi script.

📍 Punch-marked coins continued to circulate alongside the Satavahana issues.

✅ Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)

🔹 Causes of the war:
➖ The Treaty of Seringapatam failed to bring peace between Tipu and the English.
➖ Tipu also refused to accept the Subsidiary Alliance of Lord Wellesley.
➖ Tipu aligned with the French which the British saw as a threat.

🔹 The course of the war:
➖ Mysore was attacked from all four sides.
➖ The Marathas and the Nizam invaded from the North.
➖ Tipu’s troops were outnumbered 4:1.
➖ The British secured a decisive victory at the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799.
➖ Tipu died while defending the city.

🔹 Result of the war:
➖ Tipu’s territories were divided between the British and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
➖ The core area around Seringapatam and Mysore was restored to the Wodeyar dynasty who had been ruling Mysore before Hyder Ali became the de-facto ruler.
➖ Mysore entered into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British and a British resident was placed at the Mysore Court.
➖ The Kingdom of Mysore remained a princely state not directly under the British until 1947 when it chose to join the Indian Union.


✅ चौथा एंग्लो-मैसूर युद्ध (1799)

🔹 युद्ध के कारण:
➖ श्रीरंगपट्टनम की संधि टीपू और अंग्रेजों के बीच शांति लाने में विफल रही।
➖ टीपू ने लॉर्ड वेलेस्ली के सहायक गठबंधन को भी स्वीकार करने से इनकार कर दिया।
➖ टीपू ने फ्रांसीसियों के साथ गठबंधन किया जिसे अंग्रेजों ने एक खतरे के रूप में देखा।

🔹 युद्ध का क्रम:
➖ मैसूर पर चारों तरफ से हमला किया गया।
➖ मराठों और निज़ाम ने उत्तर से आक्रमण किया।
➖ टीपू की सेना संख्या में 4:1 से कम थी।
➖ अंग्रेजों ने 1799 में श्रीरंगपट्टनम की लड़ाई में निर्णायक जीत हासिल की।
➖ शहर की रक्षा करते हुए टीपू की मृत्यु हो गई।

🔹 युद्ध का परिणाम:
➖ टीपू के क्षेत्रों को अंग्रेजों और हैदराबाद के निज़ाम के बीच विभाजित किया गया।
➖ श्रीरंगपट्टनम और मैसूर के आसपास के मुख्य क्षेत्र को वोडेयार राजवंश को वापस दे दिया गया, जो हैदर अली के वास्तविक शासक बनने से पहले मैसूर पर शासन कर रहे थे।
➖ मैसूर ने अंग्रेजों के साथ एक सहायक संधि की और मैसूर दरबार में एक ब्रिटिश निवासी को रखा गया।
➖ मैसूर साम्राज्य 1947 तक एक रियासत बना रहा जो सीधे अंग्रेजों के अधीन नहीं था, जब उसने भारतीय संघ में शामिल होने का फैसला किया।

✅ Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790 – 1792)


🔹 Causes of the war:
➖ The British started improving their relationship with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas.
➖ Tipu Sultan, who assumed control of Mysore after Hyder Ali’s death, had French help in bettering his military resources.
➖ He also refused to free the English prisoners taken during the second Anglo-Mysore war as per the Treaty of Mangalore.

🔹 The course of the war:
➖ Tipu declared war on Travancore in 1789. Travancore was a friendly state of the British.
➖ In 1790, the Governor-General of Bengal, Lord Cornwallis declared war on Tipu.
➖ Tipu was defeated in the first phase of the war and his forces had to retreat.
➖ Later the English advanced towards Tipu’s capital of Seringapatam and Tipu had to bargain for peace.

🔹 Result of the war:
➖ The war ended with the Treaty of Seringapatam in 1792.
➖ As per the treaty, Tipu had to cede half of his kingdom to the English including the areas of Malabar, Dindigul, Coorg and Baramahal.
➖ He also had to pay Rs.3 Crore as war indemnity to the British.
➖ Tipu also had to surrender two of his sons as surety to the British till he paid his due.


✅ तीसरा एंग्लो-मैसूर युद्ध (1790 - 1792)

🔹 युद्ध के कारण:
➖ अंग्रेजों ने हैदराबाद के निज़ाम और मराठों के साथ अपने रिश्ते सुधारने शुरू कर दिए।
➖ हैदर अली की मृत्यु के बाद मैसूर पर नियंत्रण करने वाले टीपू सुल्तान को अपने सैन्य संसाधनों को बेहतर बनाने में फ्रांसीसी मदद मिली।
➖ उन्होंने मैंगलोर की संधि के अनुसार दूसरे एंग्लो-मैसूर युद्ध के दौरान पकड़े गए अंग्रेजी कैदियों को रिहा करने से भी इनकार कर दिया।

🔹 युद्ध का क्रम:
➖ टीपू ने 1789 में त्रावणकोर पर युद्ध की घोषणा की। त्रावणकोर अंग्रेजों का मित्र राज्य था।
➖ 1790 में बंगाल के गवर्नर-जनरल लॉर्ड कॉर्नवालिस ने टीपू पर युद्ध की घोषणा की।
➖ युद्ध के पहले चरण में टीपू की हार हुई और उसकी सेना को पीछे हटना पड़ा।
➖ बाद में अंग्रेज टीपू की राजधानी श्रीरंगपट्टनम की ओर बढ़े और टीपू को शांति के लिए सौदेबाजी करनी पड़ी।

🔹 युद्ध का परिणाम:
➖ युद्ध 1792 में श्रीरंगपट्टनम की संधि के साथ समाप्त हुआ।
➖ संधि के अनुसार, टीपू को मालाबार, डिंडीगुल, कूर्ग और बारामहल के क्षेत्रों सहित अपने राज्य का आधा हिस्सा अंग्रेजों को सौंपना पड़ा।
➖ उन्हें अंग्रेजों को युद्ध क्षतिपूर्ति के रूप में 3 करोड़ रुपये भी देने पड़े।
➖ टीपू को अपने दो बेटों को भी अंग्रेजों को जमानत के तौर पर सौंपना पड़ा, जब तक कि वह अपना बकाया नहीं चुका देता।

✅ Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)

🔹 Causes of the War:
➖ The Marathas attacked Mysore in 1771. But the British refused to honour the Treaty of Madras and did not give support to Hyder Ali
➖ As a result, Hyder Ali’s territories were taken by the Marathas. He had to buy peace with the Marathas for a sum of Rs.➖ 36 lakh and another annual tribute
➖ This angered Hyder Ali who started hating the British
➖ When the English attacked Mahe, a French possession under Hyder Ali’s dominion, he declared war on the English in 1780

🔹 Course of the War:
➖ Hyder Ali forged an alliance with the Nizam and the Marathas and defeated the British forces in Arcot
➖ Hyder Ali died in 1782 and the war was continued by his son Tipu Sultan
➖ Sir Eyre Coote, who had earlier defeated Hyder Ali many times, ended the war inconclusively with the Treaty of Mangalore

🔹 Result of the War:
➖ As per the Treaty of Mangalore (11 March 1784), both parties agreed to return the captured territories and prisoners to each other



✅ दूसरा एंग्लो-मैसूर युद्ध (1780-84)

🔹 युद्ध के कारण:
➖ मराठों ने 1771 में मैसूर पर हमला किया। लेकिन अंग्रेजों ने मद्रास की संधि का सम्मान करने से इनकार कर दिया और हैदर अली को समर्थन नहीं दिया।
➖ परिणामस्वरूप, हैदर अली के क्षेत्रों पर मराठों ने कब्ज़ा कर लिया। उन्हें 36 लाख रुपये और एक और वार्षिक श्रद्धांजलि देकर मराठों के साथ शांति समझौता करना पड़ा।
➖ इससे हैदर अली क्रोधित हो गया और अंग्रेजों से नफरत करने लगा।
➖ जब अंग्रेजों ने हैदर अली के शासन के तहत एक फ्रांसीसी कब्जे वाले माहे पर हमला किया, तो उसने 1780 में अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ युद्ध की घोषणा कर दी।

🔹 युद्ध का क्रम:
➖ हैदर अली ने निज़ाम और मराठों के साथ गठबंधन किया और अर्काट में ब्रिटिश सेना को हराया।
➖ 1782 में हैदर अली की मृत्यु हो गई और युद्ध को उसके बेटे टीपू सुल्तान ने जारी रखा।
➖ सर आयर कूट, जिन्होंने पहले हैदर अली को कई बार हराया था, ने मैंगलोर की संधि के साथ युद्ध को अनिर्णायक रूप से समाप्त कर दिया।

🔹 युद्ध का परिणाम:
➖ मैंगलोर की संधि (11 मार्च 1784) के अनुसार, दोनों पक्ष एक-दूसरे को कब्जे वाले क्षेत्रों और कैदियों को वापस करने के लिए सहमत हुए।

📌 Important Facts Related to Medieval History -

✍️ The purpose of the establishment of Diwan-i-Mustakhraj was to recover and collect arrears of rent.

✍️ Bakshi performed the military and administrative functions in a province during the Sultanate period

✍️ Zainul Abidin was also known as Budshah.

✍ Conquest of Alauddin Khilji in chronological order - Gujarat - Ranthambore - Chittoor - Telangana

✍️ Nasiruddin Khusro Shah - the only Indian Sultan to sit on the throne of Delhi Sultanate

✍️ Tughlaq Empire - was divided into 23 Muktas (provinces)

✍️ The system of hereditaryship in the Army was introduced by Firoz Shah Tughlaq. In other words Iqtadari system was made hereditary in Firoz Shah Tughlaq's period.

✍️ Sultan who believed in divine-right theory of Kingship - Iltutmish. However, the first ruler who had propounded the divine-right theory of Kingship was Balban.

✍️ "Khwaja" (Sahib-e-Diwan) was appointed by Balban to assess the income of Iqtadars.

☑️ LATER MUGHALS [ PART 2]

1. Ahmed Shah (1748 A.D.-1754 A.D.):

⏩ He was under the influence of court dancer Uddam Bai. Ahmad Shah appointed two years old infants as Governors of Punjab and Kashmir.

2. Alamgir II (1754.A.D.-1759 A.D.):

⏩ His actual name was Azizuddin. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 A.D. was fought during his time. Ahmad Shah Abdali, the king of Persia attacked seven times.

3. Shah Alam II (1759 A.D.-1806 A.D.):

⏩ His actual name was Ali Guhar. Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 A.D. and Battle of Buxar in 1764 A.D. were the major events during his reign.
⏩ In 1765 A.D., he took part in the Diwani rights (rights to collect revenue) for the East India Company in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

⏩ He became the prisoner of the English after the Second Anglo Maratha war.

4. Akbar II (1806 A.D. – 1837 A.D.):

⏩ He conferred the title of ‘Raja’ upon Rammohan Roy and deputed him to London to plead the Pension case in the Privy Council.

5. Bahadur Shah II Zafar (1837 A.D. – 1831 A.D.):

⏩ He was the last Mughal emperor and the nomnial head to lead the 1857 revolt.
⏩ Mirza Ghalib, the father of Modern Urdu potery, was patronized by him. He was departed to Burma, where he died in 1865 A.D.

✍ बंगाल के गवर्नर-जनरल (1774-1833)
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

📌 वारेन हेस्टिंग्स (1774-1785)

📝 वारेन हेस्टिंग्स (1732 – 1818) : 1772 में फोर्ट विलियम (बंगाल) के प्रेसीडेंसी के पहले गवर्नर और 1774 में बंगाल के पहले गवर्नर-जनरल बने, जब तक कि उन्होंने 1785 में इस्तीफा नहीं दिया।

➽ इसने राजकीय कोषागार को मुर्शिदाबाद से हटाकर कलकत्ता लाया ।

➽ 1772 ई. में इसने प्रत्येक जिले में एक फौजीदारी तथा दीवानी अदालतों की स्थापना की।

➽ रेगुलेटिंग एक्ट, 1773 के द्वारा बंगाल की दोहरी सरकार को समाप्त कर दिया।

➽ 1781 का अधिनियम, जिसके तहत गवर्नर-जनरल-इन-काउंसिल और कलकत्ता में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के बीच अधिकार क्षेत्र की शक्तियों को स्पष्ट रूप से विभाजित किया गया था।

➽ 1774 में रेगुलेटिंग एक्ट, 1773 के माध्यम से गवर्नर-जनरल बने।

➽ चार्ल्स विल्किंस द्वारा ‘गीता’ के पहले अंग्रेजी अनुवाद का परिचय लिखा।

➽ 1781 में, उन्होंने इस्लामी अध्ययन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए कलकत्ता में प्रथम मदरसा की स्थापना की।

➽ इसी के समय में 1784 में सर विलियम जोन्स ने द एशियाटिक सोसाइटी ऑफ बंगाल की स्थापना की।

➽ इसने मुग़ल सम्राट को मिलने वाला 26 लाख रूपये की वार्षिक पेंशन बंद करवा दी।

➽ इसी के समय में 1780 ई. में भारत का पहला समाचार-पत्र ‘द बंगाल गज़ट’ का प्रकाशन ‘जेम्स ऑगस्टस हिक्की’ ने किया था।

➽ 1774 का रोहिल्ला युद्ध।

➽ पिट्स इंडिया एक्ट 1784।

➽ 1775-82 में प्रथम मराठा युद्ध और 1782 में सालबाई की संधि।

➽ 1780-84 में दूसरा मैसूर युद्ध।

➽ पहला आंग्ल-मराठा युद्ध (1776-82): दूसरा आंग्ल-मैसूर युद्ध (1780-84)।

➽ उन्होंने 1785 में बंगाल की एशियाटिक सोसाइटी के गठन में सर विलियम जोन्स का समर्थन किया।

➽ उनके गलत कामों के लिए इंग्लैंड में उन पर महाभियोग चलाया गया था।

‼️TOP 20 History GK Question and answer in Hindi 2022‼️

1. सम्राट अशोक के शिलालेखों को पढ़ने वाला प्रथम अंग्रेज़ कौन था ?
उत्तर :- जेम्स प्रिंसेप

2. महावीर स्वामी ने ‘जैन संघ’ की स्थापना कहाँ की थी ?
उत्तर :- पावापुरी

3. किस विदेशी दूत ने स्वयं को ‘भागवत’ घोषित किय था ?
उत्तर :- हेलिओडोरस

4. वैदिक कालीन लोगों ने सर्वप्रथम किस धातु का प्रयोग किया ?
उत्तर :- ताँबा

5. किस वेद की रचना गद्य एवं पद्य दोनों में की गई है ?
उत्तर :- यजुर्वेद

6. किस व्यक्ति को ‘बिना ताज का बादशाह’ कहा जाता है ?
उत्तर :- सुरेन्द्रनाथ बनर्जी

7. हड़प्पा काल में ताँबे के रथ की खोज किस स्थान से हुई थी ?
उत्तर :- दैमाबाद (महाराष्ट्र)

8. महावीर स्वामी ‘यती’ कब कहलाए ?
उत्तर :- घर त्यागने के बाद

9. मोहन जोदड़ो के स्नानागार के पश्चिम में स्थित स्तूप का निर्माण किस काल में किया गया था ?
उत्तर :- कुषाण काल

10. हड़प्पा सभ्यता के किस पुरास्थल को ‘सिंध का बाग़’ या ‘मृतकों का टीला’ कहा गया है ?
उत्तर :- मोहनजोदाड़ो

11. ऐसा कौन – सा प्रथम सूफी संत था , जिसने अपने आपको अनलहक घोषित किया था ?
उत्तर :- मंसूर हल्लाज

12. ” हिन्दुस्तान तलवार के ज़ोर पर जीता गया था ” यह कथन किसका है ?
उत्तर :- लॉर्ड एलगिन द्वितीय

13. विष्णु के दस अवतारों की जानकारी का स्रोत किस पुराण में है ?
उत्तर :- मत्स्य पुराण

14. बौद्ध धर्म की किस शाखा में मंत्र , हठयोग एवं तान्त्रिक आचारों को प्रधानता दी गई है ?
उत्तर :- वज्रयान

15. प्रसिद्ध ‘ विजयविट्ठल मन्दिर ‘ , जिसके 56 तक्षित स्तंभ से संगीतमय स्वर निकालते हैं , कहाँ अवस्थित है ?
उत्तर :- हम्पी ( कर्नाटक )

16. किस शासक ने चित्तौड़ के ‘कीर्ति स्तम्भ’ का निर्माण करवाया था ?
उत्तर :- राणा कुम्भा

17. ‘इण्डिया डिवाइडेड’ नाम की पुस्तक के लेखक कौन थे ?
उत्तर :- डॉ राजेंद्र प्रसाद

18. शेरशाह के बाद और अकबर से पहले दिल्ली पर राज करने वाले हिन्दू राजा का नाम क्या था ?
उत्तर :- हेमू

19. ‘आर्य’ शब्द का शाब्दिक अर्थ क्या है ?
उत्तर :- श्रेष्ठ या कुलीन

20. ‘चरक संहिता’ नामक पुस्तक किस विषय से संबंधित है ?
उत्तर :- चिकित्सा