قناة ( الملتقى لخبرات الرخصه إنجليزي)

♋Classifications of Sentences

1⃣Compound sentences
◾A compound sentence is made up of at least two independent clauses that are joined using a coordinating conjunction or just a semicolon (:)

▫Coordinating conjunctions in English:
📍The acronym FANBOYS:
1-for
2-and
3-nor
4-but
5-or
6-yet
7-so.

📍She wanted to play tennis, but he wanted to play basketball.

2⃣Complex sentences
◾Are one of the four main sentence structures. They are made up of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses .

📍I went to the supermarket because we were out of milk.
📍Although I got up early, I missed the bus.

▫If, before, when, because, since, that, although..etc

3⃣Compound-Complex sentences
◾Are made up of two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

📍'Because' I love to read, I like to visit the library, 'and' I enjoy going to book stores, too.

📍I will go to the party 'as long as' Terry is there, I won't stay long, 'though'.

♋Sentence Fragment

◾It is an incomplete sentence which cannot stand on its own .

📍When I try to talk with my parents about my career

✴️Finite and Non-finite verbs✴️

♋Finite verbs forms show 'tense, person and number

▫I go, She goes ,We went

📍She 'was waiting' in the room before he came in.
📍'Does' your brother 'know' my brother?
📍'Aren't' you a bit late?

♋Non-finite verb forms do not show tense, person or number.

◾They are infinitive forms with and without to (to go, go) -ing forms, -ed forms and past participle forms (going, gone)

📍She trained hard so as 'to win' a medal.

✴️Syntax النحو✴️
◾Is the study of the sentence pattern in a language دراسة انماط وتركيبات الجمل في اللغة

🔗Generative grammar is system of grammatical rules that allow speakers to create possible sentences in a language.

♋Deep and surface structure
1⃣Charlie broke the window
2⃣The window was broken by Charlie

▫in traditional grammar, the 1⃣ is called active sentence and the 2⃣ is a passive sentence .

◾الفرق بين الجملتين سطحي ويخفي حقيقة ان الجملتين متشابهة جدا او متطابقة.

◾The basic components (NP + V + NP) shared by the two sentences is called their deep structure المكونات الاساسية المتشاركة بين الجملتين تسمى البنية العميقة.

◾The deep structure is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented.

◾That same deep structure can be the source of many other surface structures such as :
3⃣It was Charlie who broke the window.
4⃣Was the window broken by Charlie?

✴️Syntax
♋Clauses الجملة
◾Are groups of words that contain both a subject and a predicate.

1⃣Independent clauses, which can function independently as sentence الجملة المستقلة لا تعتمد على جملة اخرى لكي يكتمل معناها
📍The girl in the red jacket ran quickly towards the bus.

2⃣Dependent clauses (subordinate clauses), which depend on an independent clause to form a sentence الجملة الاعتمادية ، تعتمد على الجملة المستقلة لكي يكتمل معناها.
📍"Whenever I travel", I like to stay in fancy hotels.

✴️Categories of Dependent clauses

▶️Noun Clauses
◾It functions as a noun.
◾It could be the subject or the object of a verb.

📍'Whenever we decide to go' is fine with me. (Subject of the sentence)
📍I want to see 'what is available' before I make a purchase. (Direct object of the verb see)

▶️Relative Clauses (adjective clauses)
◾It provides descriptive information about a noun.
◾It can be restrictive clauses or non-restrictive clauses.
◾They are introduced by either a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.

📍The man, whom I'd heard so much about, gave an electrifying speech to the crowed (non-restrictive clause)

▶️Adverbial Clauses
◾Used to modify adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and sometimes entire clauses.

◾It uses suboordinating conjunctions to connect to an independent clause.

📍I went to the park 'before my parents woke up'. (Modified the verb went)
📍I work better 'when I have total privacy'. (Modified the adverb better)

♋Parts of Speech اجزاء الكلام

🔗Noun الاسم
◾A naming word, it names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature كلمة تسمي شخص او مكان او شيء او فكرة او كائن حي.
📍box-theater-Ali-cowboy

🔗Verb الفعل
◾Is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something) كلمة تصف الحدث (عمل شيء)
📍walk-talk-think-live-go-want

🔗Adjective الصفة
◾Is a word which usually describes a noun كلمة تصف الاسم
📍big-yellow-beautiful

🔗Adverb الحال/الظرف
◾Is a word which usually describes a verb كلمة تصف الفعل
📍slowly-well-here-everywhere

🔗Pronoun الضمائر
◾Is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun تستخدم بدلا عن الاسم لتفادي تكرار الاسم
📍I-You-We-He-She.

🔗Conjunction ادوات الربط
◾Joins two words, phrases or sentences together ربط كلمتين او عبارتين او جملتين.
📍but-so-and-because of.

🔗Preposition حرف جر
◾Usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence غالبا يأتي قبل الاسم او الضمير او عبارة اسمية. تربط الاسم بجزء اخر من الجملة.
📍in-on-at-by-with

🔗Interjection اداة تعجب
◾Words which express emotions or surprise, usually followed by exclamation marks كلمة تعبر عن مشاعر او تفاجئ ، غالبا يأتي بعدها علامات تعجب.
📍Ouch! - Hello! - Oh no! - Ha!

🔗Article ادوات التعريف
◾Is used to introduce a noun كلمة تعرف الاسم
📍The - an - a

4⃣Infinitive Phrase
◾An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + base form of the verb]. It will often include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought.
🔗To + verb
📍He does his best to reach his goal.
📍To be fit, you should go on a diet.

5⃣Adjective Phrase
◾A phrase that acts like an adjective in a sentence is called adjective phrase. Like an adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.

📍A kid on the roof is looking at the sky. (Modifies: kid)
📍She bought a beautiful brown chair. (Modifies: chair)
📍She gave me a cup full of tea. (Modifies: cup)

6⃣Adverb Phrase
◾Is simply two or more words that act as an adverb. It can modify a verb, or adjective and can tell "How,Where,Why,When".

📍The detective arrived at the crime scene. (Modifies verb use and tells "Where").
📍To track my running speed. I use a stopwatch. (Modifies verb use and tells "Why").
📍Exercise is good for your health. (Modifies adjective: good)

7⃣Participle Phrases
◾It will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is present, it will end in -ing. Likewise, a regular past participle will end in -ed .
◾Participle phrase always acts as an adjective phrase (modifying a noun) in a sentence.

📍The player, scoring the most point, won the medal. (Modifies noun: player)
📍Frightened by the loud fireworks, the dog hid under the couch. (Modifies noun: dog)

8⃣Absolute Phrase
◾Is a group of words that serves to modify or add information to an entire sentence. It is made up of a 'Noun' or 'Pronoun' and a 'participle', along with any modifying information.
🔗Noun / Pronoun + past/present participle.

📍The students having left early, I decided to catch up on some grading.
📍The test finished, Jason heaved a sigh of relief.

9⃣Gerund Phrase
🔗Verb+ing
◾Functions as a noun in the sentence

📍Walking in the sun affects the complexion of a person.

♋Intensifiers
◾Are adverbs or adverbial phrases that strengthen the meaning of other expressions and show emphasis.

♋Types of Phrases انواع شبه الجملة /انواع العبارات
◾A phrase is a group of words which function as a single part of speech and does not contain a subject and a verb. Phrases cab be very short or quite long .
📍After lunch
📍After sending an e-mail to Mr.Ali to invite him to his party.

1⃣Noun Phrase
◾A phrase that acts like a noun in the sentence is called a Noun Phrase. It contains a noun and other associated words ( usually determiners and modifiers ) which modify the noun.

🔗Noun + Determiners and Modifiers
📍I bought a new pair of shoes.
▫Noun: pair. Determiner: a. Modifiers: new/of shoes.

2⃣Verb Phrase
◾It consists of a main verb and any (helping verbs) auxiliaries attached to it.

🔗Helping verbs + main verb
📍She has been waiting for a long time.
▫Main verb: waiting Helping verbs: has/been.

3⃣Prepositional Phrase
◾A phrase comprising a preposition and a noun, noun phrase or a pronoun is called a prepositional phrase.

🔗Preposition + noun, noun phrase or pronoun
📍He always speaks in a loud voice.
▫Preposition: in Noun phrase: a loud voice.

◾A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb.
🔗As an adjective, the pp will answer the question Which one?
📍The book on the second shelf is mine

🔗As an adverb, the pp will answer questions such as How? When? Where? Why?
📍He traveled to Jeddah by plane (How)
📍Omar finally found the umbrella under the seat. (Where)

⛔️Antonym = opposite
كلمه وعكسها good - bad

⛔️Synonym = means exactly or nearly the same .
كلمه مرادفها » big - larg

⛔️Homophones = have same pronounciation but different meaning .
لها نفس النطق لكن يختلف المعنى »
Sun - son

⛔️Homographs
Are two words or more identical in spelling but different in meaning,
pronunciation or both.
⛔️Heteronyms
Have different pronunciation and meanings. In the other words. They are
homographs but not homophones.
e.g. desert (v.) (leave) / desert (n.) (arid region)
⛔️Homophones
They are words that share the same pronunciation, no matter how they
are spelled, but also have a different meaning. e.g. (fare – fair) (some –
sum) (hour – our)