UPSC Insight: Quiz & CA Highlights

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❇️ Article 254: Inconsistency Between Central and State Laws

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### Constitutional Provisions

#### Article 254(1):
- If a State law is repugnant (contradictory) to a Central law on a subject in the Concurrent List, the Central law prevails, and the State law becomes void to the extent of the repugnancy.
- This applies whether the Central law was enacted before or after the State law.

#### Article 254(2):
- If a State law on a Concurrent List subject conflicts with an earlier Central law, the State law can prevail only if:
- It is reserved for the President’s consideration.
- The President gives assent to the law.
- However, Parliament retains the power to amend, repeal, or override the State law at any time.

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### Editorial Analysis

- Doctrine of Repugnancy:
- Purpose: Ensures uniformity of laws in subjects under the Concurrent List.
- Principle: If both the Centre and a State legislate on the same subject and conflict arises, the Central law prevails unless the State law has Presidential assent.

- Role of the President:
- The President’s assent acts as an exception, allowing a State law to prevail despite repugnancy.
- However, Parliament can later override such a State law by passing a new law on the same subject.

- Judicial Interpretation:
- M. Karunanidhi v. Union of India (1979): Laid down conditions for determining repugnancy between Central and State laws.
- Kishan Singh v. State of Rajasthan (1955): Supreme Court ruled that if both laws can coexist without contradiction, there is no repugnancy.
- Zaverbhai v. State of Bombay (1954): If a Central law intends to cover the whole subject, any conflicting State law becomes void.

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### Core Themes

✅ Doctrine of Repugnancy | ✅ Federalism & Legislative Powers | ✅ Presidential Assent & Parliamentary Supremacy

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### Key Insights for Aspirants

1. Central Law Prevails Over State Law: When both Parliament and a State legislature make laws on the same subject in the Concurrent List, the Central law prevails.
2. Exception via Presidential Assent: If a State law has been reserved for the President’s assent and approved, it prevails only in that State.
3. Parliament's Overriding Power: Even if the President assents to a State law, Parliament can still override it by passing a new law on the same subject.
4. Judicial Review: Courts can invalidate a State law if it contradicts a Central law unless Presidential assent is obtained.

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### Exam-Oriented Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding Article 254 of the Indian Constitution:

1. If a State law conflicts with a Central law on a subject in the Concurrent List, the State law automatically prevails.
2. A State law conflicting with an earlier Central law can prevail only if it is reserved for the President’s consideration and receives assent.
3. Parliament has the power to override a State law approved by the President by passing a new law on the same subject.
4. A State law never prevails over a Central law under any circumstances.

Which of the statements is/are correct?

- (a) 1 and 4 only
- (b) 2 and 3 only
- (c) 1, 3, and 4 only
- (d) All of the above

#article #mains #prelims

❇️ Article 168: Constitution of Legislatures in States

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### Constitutional Provisions

#### Article 168(1):
- Each State shall have a Legislature consisting of:
- The Governor
- One House (Unicameral system) or
- Two Houses (Bicameral system) in certain states.

#### Article 168(1)(a):
- States with Bicameral Legislatures (Two Houses):
- Bihar
- Maharashtra
- Karnataka
- Uttar Pradesh

#### Article 168(1)(b):
- All other states have a Unicameral Legislature (One House).

#### Article 168(2):
- In states with two Houses, they are called:
- Legislative Council (Upper House)
- Legislative Assembly (Lower House)
- In states with one House, it is called:
- Legislative Assembly

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### Editorial Analysis

- Bicameral vs. Unicameral Legislature:
- Bicameral legislatures ensure detailed scrutiny of laws but may lead to delays in decision-making.
- Unicameral legislatures are simpler and faster but lack a review mechanism.

- Role of the Governor:
- The Governor is a part of the State Legislature but functions primarily as a constitutional head.

- Amendments and Changes:
- The Seventh Amendment Act, 1956 allowed states to establish Bicameral Legislatures based on need.
- States can create or abolish Legislative Councils under Article 169, subject to Parliamentary approval.

- Current Status of Legislative Councils:
- Some states like Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have revived or abolished their Legislative Councils based on political decisions.

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### Core Themes

✅ Bicameralism vs. Unicameralism | ✅ Role of the Governor | ✅ State Autonomy in Legislative Structure

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### Key Insights for Aspirants

1. Legislative Structure is State-Specific: Some states have two Houses, while most have one House.
2. Governor's Role is Nominal: The Governor is part of the Legislature but does not directly participate in law-making.
3. Legislative Councils are Optional: States can create or abolish Legislative Councils through Article 169.
4. Seventh Amendment, 1956: Enabled certain states to adopt a bicameral system.

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### Exam-Oriented Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding Article 168 of the Indian Constitution:

1. The Governor is a part of the State Legislature.
2. All states in India have a Bicameral Legislature.
3. The Legislative Council is the Upper House in states that have a Bicameral Legislature.
4. The Parliament has the power to create a Legislative Council in any state.

Which of the statements is/are correct?

- (a) 1 and 3 only
- (b) 1, 3, and 4 only
- (c) 2, 3, and 4 only
- (d) All of the above

#article #prelims #mains

1️⃣. India has developed the Shahid Beheshti Terminal at the Chabahar port under a 2016 trilateral agreement with Iran and Afghanistan

2️⃣. Renewed fighting broke out last week in the states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile between the Army and a faction of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM N) led by Abdel Aziz al-Hilu.

#map #prelims

📑 Concise Notes

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1️⃣ India's Climate Finance Receipts
India has received *$1.16 billion* in climate finance through *UNFCCC mechanisms*, including *$346.52M from GEF, $803.9M from GCF, and $16.86M from the Adaptation Fund*.
📌 GS Paper III: Environmental Governance | Climate Finance.

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2️⃣ Indian Deportations from the U.S.
Since 2009, *15,756 illegal Indian immigrants* have been deported from the *U.S.*, with *2019 recording the highest deportations (2,042 people)*, according to *EAM S. Jaishankar*.
📌 GS Paper II: Indian Diaspora | Immigration Policies.

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3️⃣ State Healthcare Initiatives
Telangana’s *T-Diagnostics* has conducted *18.1 crore tests* since *2018*, saving *₹1,100 crore* in patient costs, while Kerala's *Aardram Mission* strengthens *family health centres* for affordable diagnostics.
📌 GS Paper II: Public Health | Government Schemes. #Data #mains

Q60)Which of the following statements regarding the Pinaka rocket system is/are correct?

1.It is a Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).  
2.Its first major deployment was during the Kargil War.  
3.The recent contracts for Pinaka ammunition include the procurement of guided rockets with a range exceeding 100 km.
 
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Q56)

1.The Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act 2010 aims to bring all diagnostic centres and labs under its ambit, with their registration with respective State councils as clinical establishments.

2.The Act also aims to provide guidance on the minimum standards of facilities and services that should be provided by diagnostic centres and labs.

3.To date, the Act has been adopted by all the States & UTs.

4.Diagnostic centres in India can obtain accreditation voluntarily from organisations such as the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL).


Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 4

Q57)

1.Article 224-A, introduced by the Constitution First Amendment Act, allows the appointment of retired judges to High Courts on an ad-hoc basis.
2.These judges receive allowances as determined by the President’s order and exercise the same jurisdiction, powers, and privileges as a sitting High Court judge.
3.The detailed procedure for such appointments is outlined in the constiution.
4.There have only been three documented instances of ad-hoc judicial appointments.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 2 and 4 only

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Nigeria 🌍
Award: The Indian Prime Minister has been conferred with Nigeria’s prestigious national award - "Grand Commander of the Order of Niger".

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Political Features 🏛
- Location: Western coast of Africa.
- Political Structure: Multi-ethnic and culturally diverse federation.
- Population: Most populous country in Africa.
- Boundaries:
- North – Niger
- North-east – Chad
- East – Cameroon
- West – Benin
- South – Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean)

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Geographical Features 🏞
- Physiography:
- Plateaux – Jos Plateau, Udi Plateau
- Mountains – Mount Dimlang
- Lowlands – Sokoto plains, Chad Basin
- Rivers: Niger, Benue
- Lakes: Lake Chad (shared with Chad and Niger)
- Vegetation: Rainforests, swamps, and savannah grasslands.

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Economic Importance 💰
- Largest oil and gas producer in Africa – vital to the country's economy.

#MAP #Prelims

Q320)Consider the following regarding the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India:

1.The Central Government is responsible for identifying eligible families and issuing ration cards.
2.The State Governments manage the allocation of food grains within the state and supervise Fair Price Shops (FPS).
3.The Food Corporation of India (FCI) handles procurement, storage, and bulk allocation of food grains.

Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Q317)Consider the following statements regarding the 'An Eye on Methane' report:

1.The report is published by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
2.It highlights that human-caused methane emissions contribute to one-third of global warming.
3.The Oil and Gas Methane Partnership 2.0 (OGMP 2.0) covers less than half of global oil and gas production.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1 and 2 only

Hi friends 👋, day 4 Challange:

The year 2024 is almost coming to an end, and 2025 is just around the corner 😊.

Let’s make the most of the remaining days of 2024 to ensure a strong and efficient start to 2025!

Here’s a 10-day 100% Challenge from December 21 to December 30:

1️⃣ Each member is encouraged to share their daily targets early in the morning.
2️⃣ At the end of the day, update your progress and completion levels.
3️⃣ Aim to complete your targets with 💯% consistency.

This consistent effort will pave the way for a brighter and more successful exam journey in 2025.

Let’s aim for maximum participation and work together to make this challenge a meaningful step forward. As a small incentive, I’ll offer some rewards to those who successfully complete the 10-day challenge with 💯% dedication.

So, let’s start this challenge with enthusiasm, friends 😊!

Together, let’s make the remaining days of 2024 count and step into 2025 with confidence and motivation!

👆 Questions based on the facts file 🗃

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Q315) Consider the following statements regarding the Northern River Terrapin:

1.It is one of the largest freshwater turtles in Asia.
2.The species is omnivorous, feeding on plants and small animals.
3.It is listed as ‘Endangered’ under the IUCN Red List.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Hi friends, 😊

If you enjoy the Hindu Newspaper -related works, please show some love with a ❤️ and share your rating in the comments (e.g., 1-5/5) as well as number of Qns correct. Your feedback will help us evaluate and improve our efforts. Even one or two comments are greatly appreciated! Suggestions for improvement are always welcome too. Let’s grow together, friends! 😊

1️⃣. Incoming U.S. President Donald Trump slammed “unfair fees” for U.S. ships passing through the Panama Canal and threatened to demand that control of the waterway be returned to Washington.

💥 He also hinted at China's growing influence around the canal that allows to move goods between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

2️⃣. Cyclone Chido killed at least 94 people in Mozambique in its deadly rampage through the Indian Ocean last week, raising a previous death toll of 76.

💥The cyclone, which devastated the French island territory of Mayotte before hitting the African mainland, also destroyed 1,10,000 homes in Mozambique.

#map #prelims