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Mapping upsc & PSC
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Mapping upsc & PSC (English)
Are you preparing for competitive exams like UPSC and State PSC? Look no further than the Telegram channel 'Mapping upsc & PSC' (username: @mapping_psc) for all your mapping needs. This channel is dedicated to providing valuable resources and guidance for aspirants of UPSC and State PSC exams. Who is it? 'Mapping upsc & PSC' is a channel specifically designed for candidates who are preparing for UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) and State PSC (Public Service Commission) exams. It caters to the needs of individuals who are looking for detailed maps, geographical information, and other relevant resources to enhance their preparation. What is it? This channel focuses on mapping as a crucial aspect of the syllabus for UPSC and State PSC exams. By providing well-curated maps, explanations, and tips related to various geographical topics, 'Mapping upsc & PSC' aims to help aspirants understand and retain geographic information effectively. Whether you are studying for prelims, mains, or interview stages of the exams, 'Mapping upsc & PSC' offers comprehensive content that can aid in your preparation. From historical maps to current affairs-related geographic data, this channel covers a wide range of topics that are essential for success in competitive exams. Join 'Mapping upsc & PSC' today to access high-quality mapping resources, prepare effectively for your exams, and stay updated with the latest geographical trends. Let this channel be your guide as you navigate through the vast ocean of geographic knowledge required for UPSC and State PSC exams. Best of luck with your preparation!
Mapping upsc & PSC
09 Jan, 13:22
πCountries bordering Ukraine
Tricks BeSHRaM RuPi
β B : Belarus
β S : Slovakia
β H : hungry
β R : Romania
β M : Moldova
β R : Russia
β P : Poland
places in news
β Donetsk
β Luhansk
β Kherson
β Zaporizhzhia
β Mariupol
β Kharkiv
β Odessa
β Kyiv
β Lviv
β Crimea
β Snake Island
[ Mariupol and Odessa port cities ]
β Crimea that Russia annexed in 2014, Russia
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Tricks BeSHRaM RuPi
β B : Belarus
β S : Slovakia
β H : hungry
β R : Romania
β M : Moldova
β R : Russia
β P : Poland
places in news
β Donetsk
β Luhansk
β Kherson
β Zaporizhzhia
β Mariupol
β Kharkiv
β Odessa
β Kyiv
β Lviv
β Crimea
β Snake Island
[ Mariupol and Odessa port cities ]
β Crimea that Russia annexed in 2014, Russia
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Mapping upsc & PSC
08 Jan, 17:26
Ecuador
β Location: It is situated in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru.
β Capital : Quito
β Highest point: Mount Chimborazo
β Major Rivers : The Babahoyo, Chira, Coca, Curaray, Daule, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Napo, Paztaza and the Putumayo.
β It is known for its diverse and stunning landscapes, which include the vast Amazon jungle, the towering Andean highlands, and the GalΓ‘pagos Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its unique wildlife.
β Ecuador has also been associated with illegal drug trade activities.
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β Location: It is situated in western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru.
β Capital : Quito
β Highest point: Mount Chimborazo
β Major Rivers : The Babahoyo, Chira, Coca, Curaray, Daule, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Napo, Paztaza and the Putumayo.
β It is known for its diverse and stunning landscapes, which include the vast Amazon jungle, the towering Andean highlands, and the GalΓ‘pagos Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its unique wildlife.
β Ecuador has also been associated with illegal drug trade activities.
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Mapping upsc & PSC
07 Jan, 07:19
π Red Sea
β It (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
β The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden.
β To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal).
β Bordering countries are:
Eastern shore: Saudi Arabia, Yemen Western shore: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti.
Tricks - DESSEY
β D: Djibouti
β E: Eritrea
β S: Sudan
β S: Saudi Arabia
β E: Egypt
β Y: Yemen
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β It (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
β The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden.
β To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal).
β Bordering countries are:
Eastern shore: Saudi Arabia, Yemen Western shore: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti.
Tricks - DESSEY
β D: Djibouti
β E: Eritrea
β S: Sudan
β S: Saudi Arabia
β E: Egypt
β Y: Yemen
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Mapping upsc & PSC
06 Jan, 07:41
Gomti River
β It is a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River, flowing entirely through the state of Uttar Pradesh.
β The Gomti River originates from the Gomat Taal, otherwise called Fulhaar Jheel, which is found near the Madho Tanda in the Pilibhit district in Uttar Pradesh.
β The river drains the area betweenriver Ramganga and Sharda.
β It has a length of about 960 km.
β The popular Markandey Mahadev Temple is located at the confluence (Sangam) of the rivers Ganga and Gomti.
β Major tributaries of the Gomti river include the Sai River, Saryu River, Chowka River etc.
β Cities located on the bank of the Gomti river include Lucknow, Sultanpur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Jaunpur.
β The river is polluted at several points due to discharge of industrial waste, sewage, and residential wastewater into the river
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β It is a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River, flowing entirely through the state of Uttar Pradesh.
β The Gomti River originates from the Gomat Taal, otherwise called Fulhaar Jheel, which is found near the Madho Tanda in the Pilibhit district in Uttar Pradesh.
β The river drains the area betweenriver Ramganga and Sharda.
β It has a length of about 960 km.
β The popular Markandey Mahadev Temple is located at the confluence (Sangam) of the rivers Ganga and Gomti.
β Major tributaries of the Gomti river include the Sai River, Saryu River, Chowka River etc.
β Cities located on the bank of the Gomti river include Lucknow, Sultanpur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Jaunpur.
β The river is polluted at several points due to discharge of industrial waste, sewage, and residential wastewater into the river
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Mapping upsc & PSC
06 Jan, 02:30
If any aspirant find reading the newspaper and Making notes from it boring or time consuming,
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Best Telegram channel for The Hindu News Analysis.
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Best Telegram channel for The Hindu News Analysis.
Mapping upsc & PSC
05 Jan, 01:26
Science and technology is one of the Subjects which have high weightage, upsc prelims & mains GS 3
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Hindu, IE, PIB NEWS π
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Mapping upsc & PSC
04 Jan, 14:41
πSaraswati River
β The river is mentioned over 80 times in the Rigveda and is believed to have dried up more than 5,000 years ago due to climatic and tectonic shifts.
β It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan, North Gujarat, and Pakistan before reaching the Gulf at the Western Sea, spanning approximately 4,000 km.
β The river had two branchesβwestern and easternβthat joined at Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala.
β The western branch, represented by the ancient Satluj, flowed through the channels of the present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets.
πΈThe eastern branch, supported by the Markanda and Sarsuti rivers, is now known as the Tons-Yamuna rivers.
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β The river is mentioned over 80 times in the Rigveda and is believed to have dried up more than 5,000 years ago due to climatic and tectonic shifts.
β It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan, North Gujarat, and Pakistan before reaching the Gulf at the Western Sea, spanning approximately 4,000 km.
β The river had two branchesβwestern and easternβthat joined at Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala.
β The western branch, represented by the ancient Satluj, flowed through the channels of the present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets.
πΈThe eastern branch, supported by the Markanda and Sarsuti rivers, is now known as the Tons-Yamuna rivers.
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04 Jan, 01:26
Environment Shankar ias Book short notes and newspaper Crisp notes for prelims & mains
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03 Jan, 05:56
πBab al-Mandab Strait
β It is a strait that connects the Red Sea (northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
β It is located between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest).
β It is an important strategic connection in the marine commerce route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
β It is one of the world's most important seaborne commodity shipping routes, primarily for crude oil and petroleum.
β Yemen borders it on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea border it on the African coast.
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β It is a strait that connects the Red Sea (northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
β It is located between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest).
β It is an important strategic connection in the marine commerce route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
β It is one of the world's most important seaborne commodity shipping routes, primarily for crude oil and petroleum.
β Yemen borders it on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea border it on the African coast.
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02 Jan, 15:58
Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant:
β Location: Situated in Rooppur, Ishwardi Upazila, Pabna District.
β Built by: Constructed by Rosatom, Russiaβs state nuclear corporation.
β River bank: Located along the Padma River.
β Total capacity: 2.4 GWe.
Comprises two units of VVER-1200 reactors.
β Expected to become operational by 2025, making it Bangladeshβs first nuclear power plant
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β Location: Situated in Rooppur, Ishwardi Upazila, Pabna District.
β Built by: Constructed by Rosatom, Russiaβs state nuclear corporation.
β River bank: Located along the Padma River.
β Total capacity: 2.4 GWe.
Comprises two units of VVER-1200 reactors.
β Expected to become operational by 2025, making it Bangladeshβs first nuclear power plant
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02 Jan, 15:58
Denali Fault
β The Denali Fault in southern Alaska has been a significant factor in shaping Earthβs geological evolution.
β Tectonic Movement: Over millions of years, horizontal movement along the fault caused a displacement of over 483 km, resulting in the separation of this unified feature
Tectonic Setting: It forms a boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.
β The Pacific Plate is actively subducting (sliding under) the North American Plate, leading to immense geological stress and deformation in the region.
β Seismic Activity: The Denali Fault was the source of a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in 2002.
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β The Denali Fault in southern Alaska has been a significant factor in shaping Earthβs geological evolution.
β Tectonic Movement: Over millions of years, horizontal movement along the fault caused a displacement of over 483 km, resulting in the separation of this unified feature
Tectonic Setting: It forms a boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.
β The Pacific Plate is actively subducting (sliding under) the North American Plate, leading to immense geological stress and deformation in the region.
β Seismic Activity: The Denali Fault was the source of a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in 2002.
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01 Jan, 15:24
Cameroon Islands
β Why in news: In Cameroon, the NGO Papaye International runs a sanctuary for the Orphaned Chimpanzees on three islands in the Douala-Edea national park.
β Location: Cameroon is situated at the junction of western and central Africa.
β Bordering Nations: Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
β Geography: Diverse landscapes include northern savannas, central highlands, southern coastal plains, and western volcanic mountains (e.g., Mount Cameroon).
β Drainage: Major rivers include Sanaga, Wouri, Nyong (Atlantic-bound), and Benue (flows into Nigeriaβs Niger Basin).
β Soil: Rich, fertile soils in the south and vulnerable, fertile soils in the north.
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β Why in news: In Cameroon, the NGO Papaye International runs a sanctuary for the Orphaned Chimpanzees on three islands in the Douala-Edea national park.
β Location: Cameroon is situated at the junction of western and central Africa.
β Bordering Nations: Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
β Geography: Diverse landscapes include northern savannas, central highlands, southern coastal plains, and western volcanic mountains (e.g., Mount Cameroon).
β Drainage: Major rivers include Sanaga, Wouri, Nyong (Atlantic-bound), and Benue (flows into Nigeriaβs Niger Basin).
β Soil: Rich, fertile soils in the south and vulnerable, fertile soils in the north.
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Mapping upsc & PSC
25 Dec, 13:55
πGreenland
β Capital: Nuuk
β Highest Point: Gunnbjornβs Fjeld
β Greenland is the worldβs largest island, lying in the North Atlantic Ocean.
β It is geographically part of the North American continent but politically associated with Europe as an autonomous territory of Denmark.
β Borders: It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Greenland Sea to the east, the North Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, the Davis Strait to the southwest, Baffin Bay to the west, and the Nares Strait and Lincoln Sea to the northwest.
β Greenland shares its maritime borders with Canada, Iceland and Norway.
β Northeast Greenland National Park is the worldβs largest national park.
β Climate: Two-thirds of Greenland lies above the Arctic Circle, creating frigid climate year-round.
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β Capital: Nuuk
β Highest Point: Gunnbjornβs Fjeld
β Greenland is the worldβs largest island, lying in the North Atlantic Ocean.
β It is geographically part of the North American continent but politically associated with Europe as an autonomous territory of Denmark.
β Borders: It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Greenland Sea to the east, the North Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, the Davis Strait to the southwest, Baffin Bay to the west, and the Nares Strait and Lincoln Sea to the northwest.
β Greenland shares its maritime borders with Canada, Iceland and Norway.
β Northeast Greenland National Park is the worldβs largest national park.
β Climate: Two-thirds of Greenland lies above the Arctic Circle, creating frigid climate year-round.
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25 Dec, 08:05
πSagar Island
β Sagar Island, also known as Ganga Sagar or Sagardwip, is located in the Ganges delta on the continental shelf of the Bay of Bengal.
β It consists of 43 villages and is separated from Mahisani Island by the River Muriganga Batala.
β The island, along with Mahisani and Ghoramara, is classified under the sand group category.
β It is a significant religious site for Hindus, especially during the Makar Sankranti festival, where pilgrims honor the Sun.
πΈThe Kapil Muni Temple on the island is a major pilgrimage center.
β Sagar Island, also known as Ganga Sagar or Sagardwip, is located in the Ganges delta on the continental shelf of the Bay of Bengal.
β It consists of 43 villages and is separated from Mahisani Island by the River Muriganga Batala.
β The island, along with Mahisani and Ghoramara, is classified under the sand group category.
β It is a significant religious site for Hindus, especially during the Makar Sankranti festival, where pilgrims honor the Sun.
πΈThe Kapil Muni Temple on the island is a major pilgrimage center.
Mapping upsc & PSC
24 Dec, 14:45
πPanama Canal.
πWhy in news.
β Recently, the US President-elect Donald Trump has hinted that his administration might attempt to regain control of the Panama Canal.
Panama Canal:
β It is a man made waterwaythat connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.
β It is owned and administered by Panama, and it is 40 miles long from shoreline to shoreline.
β It was built by the Unites states and completed in August 1914,
It is one of the two most strategic artificial waterways in the world, the other being the Suez Canal.
β From its opening in 1914 until 1979, the Panama Canal was controlled solely by the United States, which built it.
β In 1979, however, control of the canal passed to the Panama Canal Commission, a joint agency of the United States and the Republic of Panama, and complete control passed to Panama at noon on December 31, 1999.
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πWhy in news.
β Recently, the US President-elect Donald Trump has hinted that his administration might attempt to regain control of the Panama Canal.
Panama Canal:
β It is a man made waterwaythat connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.
β It is owned and administered by Panama, and it is 40 miles long from shoreline to shoreline.
β It was built by the Unites states and completed in August 1914,
It is one of the two most strategic artificial waterways in the world, the other being the Suez Canal.
β From its opening in 1914 until 1979, the Panama Canal was controlled solely by the United States, which built it.
β In 1979, however, control of the canal passed to the Panama Canal Commission, a joint agency of the United States and the Republic of Panama, and complete control passed to Panama at noon on December 31, 1999.
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22 Dec, 08:58
πMasali Village:
β Masali village in Gujaratβs Banaskantha district has become Indiaβs first fully solar-powered border village under the PM Suryaghar Yojana.
β Location: Banaskantha district, Gujarat, 40 km from the Pakistan border.
β Solarisation Scheme: Solar rooftops installed on 119 houses under the PM Suryaghar Yojana, generating over 225 kilowatts of electricity.
πSignificance:
β First solar-powered border village in India.
β Promotes renewable energy and self-sufficiency in energy needs.
β Part of the Border Development Project to solarize 11 villages in Vav taluka and six in Suigam taluka.
β Boosts energy security in remote, strategic border areas.
#Geographyoptional paper 2 map
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β Masali village in Gujaratβs Banaskantha district has become Indiaβs first fully solar-powered border village under the PM Suryaghar Yojana.
β Location: Banaskantha district, Gujarat, 40 km from the Pakistan border.
β Solarisation Scheme: Solar rooftops installed on 119 houses under the PM Suryaghar Yojana, generating over 225 kilowatts of electricity.
πSignificance:
β First solar-powered border village in India.
β Promotes renewable energy and self-sufficiency in energy needs.
β Part of the Border Development Project to solarize 11 villages in Vav taluka and six in Suigam taluka.
β Boosts energy security in remote, strategic border areas.
#Geographyoptional paper 2 map
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Mapping upsc & PSC
21 Dec, 08:38
Libya:
β Location: Situated in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north.
Capital: Tripoli.
β Border Nations: Egypt (east), Sudan (southeast), Chad (south), Niger (southwest), Algeria (west), and Tunisia (northwest).
πGeographic Features:
β Mountains: Nafusa Mountains and Jebel Akhdar are prominent.
β Desert: Majority of Libya is covered by the Libyan Desert (part of the Sahara Desert).
β Rivers & Lakes: Libya lacks perennial rivers; the Great Man-Made River (artificial water project) is significant.
β Coastline: Over 1,770 km along the Mediterranean Sea, making it a key geographical location for trade.
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β Location: Situated in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north.
Capital: Tripoli.
β Border Nations: Egypt (east), Sudan (southeast), Chad (south), Niger (southwest), Algeria (west), and Tunisia (northwest).
πGeographic Features:
β Mountains: Nafusa Mountains and Jebel Akhdar are prominent.
β Desert: Majority of Libya is covered by the Libyan Desert (part of the Sahara Desert).
β Rivers & Lakes: Libya lacks perennial rivers; the Great Man-Made River (artificial water project) is significant.
β Coastline: Over 1,770 km along the Mediterranean Sea, making it a key geographical location for trade.
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20 Dec, 15:11
πLa NiΓ±a?
β La NiΓ±a is a phase of the El NiΓ±o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual.
β It is the opposite of El NiΓ±o, which brings warming in the same region. Both phases significantly influence global weather patterns.
πHow La NiΓ±a Affects Global Climate?
β India: Promotes normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
β Africa: Causes drought-like conditions in certain regions.
β Atlantic Ocean: Intensifies hurricanes.
β United States: Southern states receive increased rainfall during La NiΓ±a.
πLa NiΓ±a and Indiaβs Climate
Winter Effects:
β Colder Winters: La NiΓ±a winters tend to bring colder nights in northern India but with slightly higher daytime temperatures.
β Wind Speed and Pollution:
Higher Wind Speeds help disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
β Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) may trap pollutants closer to the ground, worsening pollution.
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β La NiΓ±a is a phase of the El NiΓ±o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual.
β It is the opposite of El NiΓ±o, which brings warming in the same region. Both phases significantly influence global weather patterns.
πHow La NiΓ±a Affects Global Climate?
β India: Promotes normal to above-normal monsoon rainfall, leading to better agricultural yields.
β Africa: Causes drought-like conditions in certain regions.
β Atlantic Ocean: Intensifies hurricanes.
β United States: Southern states receive increased rainfall during La NiΓ±a.
πLa NiΓ±a and Indiaβs Climate
Winter Effects:
β Colder Winters: La NiΓ±a winters tend to bring colder nights in northern India but with slightly higher daytime temperatures.
β Wind Speed and Pollution:
Higher Wind Speeds help disperse air pollution, improving air quality.
β Lower Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) may trap pollutants closer to the ground, worsening pollution.
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Mapping upsc & PSC
19 Dec, 08:13
ESTONIA
β Why in news : Estonia, one of the worldβs most advanced digital countries, is looking to partner with India to collaborate on strengthening the two countriesβ cybersecurity infrastructure.
β Estonia, officially theRepublic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
β It is bordered to the north by theGulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and
β The territory of Estonia consists of themainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
β Tallinn, thecapital city, and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country.
β Estonia wasrepeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied; by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and was ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR).
β Following the 1988β1990 bloodless Estonian βSinging Revolutionβ against the Soviet rule, the nationβs full independence was restored on20 August 1991.
β Estonia is adeveloped country, with a high-income advanced economy, ranking 31st (out of 191) in the Human Development Index.
β Thesovereign state of Estonia is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic, administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties).
β With a population of just around 1.4 million, it is one of the least populous members of theEuropean Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the Schengen Area, and
β Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings forquality of life, education, press freedom, digitalisation of public services and the prevalence of technology companies.
β Why in news : Estonia, one of the worldβs most advanced digital countries, is looking to partner with India to collaborate on strengthening the two countriesβ cybersecurity infrastructure.
β Estonia, officially theRepublic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
β It is bordered to the north by theGulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and
β The territory of Estonia consists of themainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
β Tallinn, thecapital city, and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country.
β Estonia wasrepeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied; by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and was ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR).
β Following the 1988β1990 bloodless Estonian βSinging Revolutionβ against the Soviet rule, the nationβs full independence was restored on20 August 1991.
β Estonia is adeveloped country, with a high-income advanced economy, ranking 31st (out of 191) in the Human Development Index.
β Thesovereign state of Estonia is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic, administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties).
β With a population of just around 1.4 million, it is one of the least populous members of theEuropean Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the Schengen Area, and
β Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings forquality of life, education, press freedom, digitalisation of public services and the prevalence of technology companies.
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15 Dec, 16:34
Opsc prelims, TGPSC prelims, arunachal pradesh psc prelims today paper
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14 Dec, 15:10
Chakki River:
β It is one of the tributaries of the Beas River.
β It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and merges with the Beas near Pathankot, Punjab.
β It is fed by snow and rain in the Dhauladhar mountains.
β Unregulated sand mining has been a major ecological issue, degrading its riverbed and banks.
πBeas River:
β It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
β It is one of the five rivers that give Punjab (βFive Riversβ) its name.
β The river was also known as Arjiki or Vipas to the ancient Indians and the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks.
Course:
β Origin: It originates in the Rohtang Pass of the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh.
β It flows for a length of 290 miles (470 km) before uniting with the Sutlej River at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab.
β Finally, the river drains its water into the Arabian Sea.
β Major Tributaries: The major tributaries of the Beas River are Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal, along with Banner, Chakki, Gaj, Harla, Mamuni, Parvati, Patlikuhlal, Sainj, Suketi, and Tirthan.
β It forms the world famous valleys of Kullu and Kangra.
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β It is one of the tributaries of the Beas River.
β It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and merges with the Beas near Pathankot, Punjab.
β It is fed by snow and rain in the Dhauladhar mountains.
β Unregulated sand mining has been a major ecological issue, degrading its riverbed and banks.
πBeas River:
β It flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
β It is one of the five rivers that give Punjab (βFive Riversβ) its name.
β The river was also known as Arjiki or Vipas to the ancient Indians and the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks.
Course:
β Origin: It originates in the Rohtang Pass of the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh.
β It flows for a length of 290 miles (470 km) before uniting with the Sutlej River at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab.
β Finally, the river drains its water into the Arabian Sea.
β Major Tributaries: The major tributaries of the Beas River are Bain, Banganga, Luni, and Uhal, along with Banner, Chakki, Gaj, Harla, Mamuni, Parvati, Patlikuhlal, Sainj, Suketi, and Tirthan.
β It forms the world famous valleys of Kullu and Kangra.
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14 Dec, 12:04
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13 Dec, 11:40
Rivers in News:
πSong River
β Origin: Lesser Himalayas, near Mussoorie, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Seasonal feeder to the Ganga River system.
πWestern Nayar River
β Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Ganga River.
πEastern Nayar River
β Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Ganga River.
Shipra River
β Origin: Nainital district, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Kosi River.
NOTE: Madhya Pradesh also has one of the rivers named Shipra, which joins Chambal.
πGaudi River
β Origin: Champawat district, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Tributary of the Saryu River
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πSong River
β Origin: Lesser Himalayas, near Mussoorie, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Seasonal feeder to the Ganga River system.
πWestern Nayar River
β Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Ganga River.
πEastern Nayar River
β Origin: Pauri district, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Ganga River.
Shipra River
β Origin: Nainital district, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Kosi River.
NOTE: Madhya Pradesh also has one of the rivers named Shipra, which joins Chambal.
πGaudi River
β Origin: Champawat district, Uttarakhand.
β Tributary of: Tributary of the Saryu River
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12 Dec, 13:31
Tikhir Tribe:
β It is one of the indigenous Naga tribes, found in Nagaland and in parts of the neighboring States. Some live across the border, in Myanmar also.
β They speak a language called Naga Yimchungru, which is part of the Tibeto-Burman language family, like other Naga languages.
β They make their living from agriculture and hunting. At one time, the Tikhir were headhunters and a man's prestige depended upon the number of enemies he had killed.
β Headhunting was banned, and the last recorded incident took place in the 1960s.
πBeliefs:
β With the coming of the Christian missionaries to Nagaland, most Tikhirs converted to Christianity.
β Many of the Tikhir practice elements of folk religion with their Christianity.
β "Tsonglaknyi" the main Tikhir Festival, is observed from 9th to 12th October every year. It is basically a festival of the sanctification of Shield
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β It is one of the indigenous Naga tribes, found in Nagaland and in parts of the neighboring States. Some live across the border, in Myanmar also.
β They speak a language called Naga Yimchungru, which is part of the Tibeto-Burman language family, like other Naga languages.
β They make their living from agriculture and hunting. At one time, the Tikhir were headhunters and a man's prestige depended upon the number of enemies he had killed.
β Headhunting was banned, and the last recorded incident took place in the 1960s.
πBeliefs:
β With the coming of the Christian missionaries to Nagaland, most Tikhirs converted to Christianity.
β Many of the Tikhir practice elements of folk religion with their Christianity.
β "Tsonglaknyi" the main Tikhir Festival, is observed from 9th to 12th October every year. It is basically a festival of the sanctification of Shield
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09 Dec, 11:40
Baltimore in news due to recent bridge collapse after a ship accident here
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08 Dec, 16:21
π Red Sea
β It is a semi-enclosed inlet(or extension) of the Indian Ocean between the continents of Africa and Asia.
β It is one of the worldβs warmest seas.
β The northern portion of the Red Sea is bifurcated by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez, where it is connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the famous Suez Canal.
βͺοΈBordering Countries:
β Yemen and Saudi Arabia border the Red Sea to the east.
β It is bordered by Egypt to the north and west and by Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti to the west.
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β It is a semi-enclosed inlet(or extension) of the Indian Ocean between the continents of Africa and Asia.
β It is one of the worldβs warmest seas.
β The northern portion of the Red Sea is bifurcated by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez, where it is connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the famous Suez Canal.
βͺοΈBordering Countries:
β Yemen and Saudi Arabia border the Red Sea to the east.
β It is bordered by Egypt to the north and west and by Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti to the west.
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08 Dec, 16:21
πKopili fault zone
β Recently, researchers from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have identified seismogenic liquefaction features in the active Kopili Fault (KF) zone.
β It is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament situated in the northeastern region (NER) of India.
β It extends from the western part of Manipur to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
It is closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust.
β This is a seismically active area falling in the highest Seismic Hazard Zone V.
β It is associated with collisional tectonics because of the Indian Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate.
β The fault itself is a transpressional fracture that generates lower crustal dextral strike-slip earthquakes.
β A tectonic depression filled up by the alluvium of the Kopili river and its tributaries, the Kopili fault zone has witnessed many seismic activities in the past including the 1869 earthquake (7.8 magnitude) and the 1943 earthquake (7.3 magnitude).
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β Recently, researchers from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have identified seismogenic liquefaction features in the active Kopili Fault (KF) zone.
β It is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament situated in the northeastern region (NER) of India.
β It extends from the western part of Manipur to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
It is closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust.
β This is a seismically active area falling in the highest Seismic Hazard Zone V.
β It is associated with collisional tectonics because of the Indian Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate.
β The fault itself is a transpressional fracture that generates lower crustal dextral strike-slip earthquakes.
β A tectonic depression filled up by the alluvium of the Kopili river and its tributaries, the Kopili fault zone has witnessed many seismic activities in the past including the 1869 earthquake (7.8 magnitude) and the 1943 earthquake (7.3 magnitude).
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08 Dec, 16:21
π Bab al-Mandab strait
β Yemen's Houthis have been targeting vessels in the southern Red Sea and the Bab al-Mandab strait.
β It is strait between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest) that connects the Red Sea(northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
β It forms a vital strategic link in the maritime trade route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal
β It is one of the world's most important routes for global seaborne commodity shipments, particularly crude oil and fuel.
β It is bordered by Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti and Eritrea on the African coast.
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β Yemen's Houthis have been targeting vessels in the southern Red Sea and the Bab al-Mandab strait.
β It is strait between Arabia (northeast) and Africa (southwest) that connects the Red Sea(northwest) with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean (southeast).
β It forms a vital strategic link in the maritime trade route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal
β It is one of the world's most important routes for global seaborne commodity shipments, particularly crude oil and fuel.
β It is bordered by Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti and Eritrea on the African coast.
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06 Dec, 15:19
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06 Dec, 15:02
#River_series
#Kaveri_River #Cauvery_River
πKaveri/ Cauvery river
β It rises in the Brahmagiri range near Cherangala village of Kodagu (Coorg) district of Karnataka and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
β It is bounded by Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and by the ridges separating it from Krishna basin and Pennar basin.
β It is the third largest river β after Godavari and Krishna β in South India
β the largest river in the State of Tamil Nadu
β Cauvery basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and UT of Puducherry.
Tributaries:
β Left Bank: the Harangi, the Hemavati, the Shimsha and the Arkavati.
β Right Bank: Lakshmantirtha, the Kabbani, the Suvarnavati, the Bhavani, the Noyil and the Amaravati.
β On the Cauvery, lies the βGrand Anicut damβ said to have been constructed by Chola King in 1st century A.D.
β Imp dams : Krishna Raja Sagara dam, Mettur
#Kaveri_River #Cauvery_River
πKaveri/ Cauvery river
β It rises in the Brahmagiri range near Cherangala village of Kodagu (Coorg) district of Karnataka and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
β It is bounded by Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and by the ridges separating it from Krishna basin and Pennar basin.
β It is the third largest river β after Godavari and Krishna β in South India
β the largest river in the State of Tamil Nadu
β Cauvery basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and UT of Puducherry.
Tributaries:
β Left Bank: the Harangi, the Hemavati, the Shimsha and the Arkavati.
β Right Bank: Lakshmantirtha, the Kabbani, the Suvarnavati, the Bhavani, the Noyil and the Amaravati.
β On the Cauvery, lies the βGrand Anicut damβ said to have been constructed by Chola King in 1st century A.D.
β Imp dams : Krishna Raja Sagara dam, Mettur
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02 Dec, 15:34
πLake Prespa
β According to experts, of the 450 hectares of Little Prespa Lake in Albania, at least 430 hectares have been transformed into swamps or dried up.
β It is one of the oldest tectonic lakes in Europe, and also the highest tectonic lake on the Balkan Peninsula.
β It lies at the junction of three major geological masses: a granite massif on the East, a karstic massif belonging to Galicica on the West, and the Suva Gora on the South.
β The region is famous for having rocks from the oldest Paleozoic form to sediments belonging to the young Neogene era.
β It is made up of the Great Prespa Lake (Albania, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia) and Small Prespa Lake.
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β According to experts, of the 450 hectares of Little Prespa Lake in Albania, at least 430 hectares have been transformed into swamps or dried up.
β It is one of the oldest tectonic lakes in Europe, and also the highest tectonic lake on the Balkan Peninsula.
β It lies at the junction of three major geological masses: a granite massif on the East, a karstic massif belonging to Galicica on the West, and the Suva Gora on the South.
β The region is famous for having rocks from the oldest Paleozoic form to sediments belonging to the young Neogene era.
β It is made up of the Great Prespa Lake (Albania, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia) and Small Prespa Lake.
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30 Nov, 12:37
Teesta Valley
β It is a biologically rich area located in the northeastern region of India, primarily in the state of Sikkim.
β The valley is named after the Teesta River, which flows through it.
β The river originates in the Tibetan Plateau and flows southward, passing through the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal before joining the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh.
β Khecheopalri Lake, often referred to as a sacred lake, is located near the valley and attracts many pilgrims and trekkers.
β The river joins the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh before it flows into the Bay of Bengal after meeting with the Ganges and the Meghna.
β Two major large barrages constructed on Teesta β
πΈGajoldoba in West Bengal, India
πΈDuani in Bangladesh.
Major Tributaries of Teesta River
β Left-bank Tributaries: Lachung Chhu, Chakung Chhu, Dik Chhu, Rani Khola and Rangpo Chhu.
β Right-bank Tributaries: Zemu Chhu, Rangyong Chhu and Rangit River.
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β It is a biologically rich area located in the northeastern region of India, primarily in the state of Sikkim.
β The valley is named after the Teesta River, which flows through it.
β The river originates in the Tibetan Plateau and flows southward, passing through the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal before joining the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh.
β Khecheopalri Lake, often referred to as a sacred lake, is located near the valley and attracts many pilgrims and trekkers.
β The river joins the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh before it flows into the Bay of Bengal after meeting with the Ganges and the Meghna.
β Two major large barrages constructed on Teesta β
πΈGajoldoba in West Bengal, India
πΈDuani in Bangladesh.
Major Tributaries of Teesta River
β Left-bank Tributaries: Lachung Chhu, Chakung Chhu, Dik Chhu, Rani Khola and Rangpo Chhu.
β Right-bank Tributaries: Zemu Chhu, Rangyong Chhu and Rangit River.
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30 Nov, 06:22
πBaltic Sea:.
β Location: Part of the North Atlantic Ocean, situated in Northern Europe, separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from continental Europe.
β Surrounding Countries: Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland, and Sweden.
π Trick- RuDe Germany SELL Poland & Finland
β R - Russia
β D - Denmark
β G - Germany
β S - Sweden
β E - Estonia
β L - Latvia
β L - Lithuania
β P - Poland
β F - Finland
β Connections: Links to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish Straits, facilitating global trade and connectivity.
β Gulfs: Contains the Gulf of Bothnia (north), Gulf of Finland (east), and Gulf of Riga (south).
β Rivers: Over 250 rivers drain into it, with the Neva River being the largest contributor.
β Islands: Hosts over 20 islands and archipelagos, with Gotland (off Swedenβs coast) as the largest
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β Location: Part of the North Atlantic Ocean, situated in Northern Europe, separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from continental Europe.
β Surrounding Countries: Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland, and Sweden.
π Trick- RuDe Germany SELL Poland & Finland
β R - Russia
β D - Denmark
β G - Germany
β S - Sweden
β E - Estonia
β L - Latvia
β L - Lithuania
β P - Poland
β F - Finland
β Connections: Links to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish Straits, facilitating global trade and connectivity.
β Gulfs: Contains the Gulf of Bothnia (north), Gulf of Finland (east), and Gulf of Riga (south).
β Rivers: Over 250 rivers drain into it, with the Neva River being the largest contributor.
β Islands: Hosts over 20 islands and archipelagos, with Gotland (off Swedenβs coast) as the largest
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29 Nov, 13:44
Raimona National Park:
β Ilocated Indo-Bhutan border in Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), Assam.
β It shares contiguous forest patches of Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in Bhutan, creating a trans-boundary conservation landscape of more than 2,400 sq km.
β Rivers: The Sankosh River ,the Saralbhanga River
β Vegetation: It includes as many as twelve different types and sub-types of forests ranging from very moist sal forests, sub-Himalayan high alluvial semi-evergreen forests, savannah forests, moist-mixed deciduous forests, riparian fringing forests, to khair-sissoo forests.
β Flora: This park flourishes with myriads of orchid species, other tropical rainforest species, and riverine grasslands.
β Fauna: The park is famous for its endemic species, golden langur, which has been named the mascot of the Bodoland region.
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β Ilocated Indo-Bhutan border in Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), Assam.
β It shares contiguous forest patches of Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park in Bhutan, creating a trans-boundary conservation landscape of more than 2,400 sq km.
β Rivers: The Sankosh River ,the Saralbhanga River
β Vegetation: It includes as many as twelve different types and sub-types of forests ranging from very moist sal forests, sub-Himalayan high alluvial semi-evergreen forests, savannah forests, moist-mixed deciduous forests, riparian fringing forests, to khair-sissoo forests.
β Flora: This park flourishes with myriads of orchid species, other tropical rainforest species, and riverine grasslands.
β Fauna: The park is famous for its endemic species, golden langur, which has been named the mascot of the Bodoland region.
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28 Nov, 13:29
Pennaiyar River:
β flowing through Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
β It is also known as the South Pennar River, Dakshina Pinakini in Kannada, and Thenpennai, Ponnaiyar, in Tamil.
β Origin: It originates in the Nandi Hills in the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka.
β The basin is bounded on the northwest and south by various ranges of the Eastern Ghats, like the Velikonda Range, the Nagari Hills, the Javadhu Hills, the Shevaroy Hills, the Chitteri Hills and the Kalrayan Hills, and in the east by the Bay of Bengal.
β It is the second largest interstate east-flowing river basin among the 12 basins lying between the Pennar and Cauvery basins.
β It drains an area of 16,019 sq.km., out of which nearly 77 percent lies in Tamil Nadu.
β Major tributaries are the Chinnar, Markanda, Vaniar, and Pamban.
β The river is extensively dammed for irrigation, especially in Tamil Nadu.
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β flowing through Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
β It is also known as the South Pennar River, Dakshina Pinakini in Kannada, and Thenpennai, Ponnaiyar, in Tamil.
β Origin: It originates in the Nandi Hills in the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka.
β The basin is bounded on the northwest and south by various ranges of the Eastern Ghats, like the Velikonda Range, the Nagari Hills, the Javadhu Hills, the Shevaroy Hills, the Chitteri Hills and the Kalrayan Hills, and in the east by the Bay of Bengal.
β It is the second largest interstate east-flowing river basin among the 12 basins lying between the Pennar and Cauvery basins.
β It drains an area of 16,019 sq.km., out of which nearly 77 percent lies in Tamil Nadu.
β Major tributaries are the Chinnar, Markanda, Vaniar, and Pamban.
β The river is extensively dammed for irrigation, especially in Tamil Nadu.
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27 Nov, 15:02
Cayirhan Mine:
β Location: Situated on the outskirts of Ankara, in Ankara Province, Turkiye.
β Grade of Coal: Produces lignite, a low-grade coal primarily used for power generation.
Significance:
β Supplies the adjacent 620 MW Cayirhan coal-fired power station.
β Integral to Turkiyeβs energy production and local employment.
β Subject of environmental and economic scrutiny due to proposed extensions and concerns over inefficiency and pollution.
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β Location: Situated on the outskirts of Ankara, in Ankara Province, Turkiye.
β Grade of Coal: Produces lignite, a low-grade coal primarily used for power generation.
Significance:
β Supplies the adjacent 620 MW Cayirhan coal-fired power station.
β Integral to Turkiyeβs energy production and local employment.
β Subject of environmental and economic scrutiny due to proposed extensions and concerns over inefficiency and pollution.
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27 Nov, 15:00
Kanhirapoil megalithic site:
β Discovery details: 24 pairs of carved footprints and a human figure were found on a private property in Madikkai grama panchayat, Kasaragod, Kerala.
β Artistic features: Carvings include footprints of varying sizes (6β10 inches), likely representing both children and adults, with a human figure accompanied by circular pits.
β Cultural parallels: The findings resemble prehistoric rock art at Avalakki Pera in Udupi and other sites in Kerala, including Edakkal Caves and Erikulam Valiyapara.
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β Discovery details: 24 pairs of carved footprints and a human figure were found on a private property in Madikkai grama panchayat, Kasaragod, Kerala.
β Artistic features: Carvings include footprints of varying sizes (6β10 inches), likely representing both children and adults, with a human figure accompanied by circular pits.
β Cultural parallels: The findings resemble prehistoric rock art at Avalakki Pera in Udupi and other sites in Kerala, including Edakkal Caves and Erikulam Valiyapara.
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26 Nov, 14:09
Sabarmati River:
β It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
β It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
β The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area.
β Tributaries: Wakal, the Hathmati, Vatrak, Sei
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β It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
β It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
β The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area.
β Tributaries: Wakal, the Hathmati, Vatrak, Sei
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25 Nov, 14:58
πAshtamudi Lake
β It is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.
β The lake is fed by the major river, Kallada.
β The name βAshtamudiβ means βeight conedβ in Malayalam, referring to the shape of the lake, which resembles a set of eight small channels.
β The lake is connected to the Arabian Sea through the Ashtamudi Estuary.
β It is part of the Ashtamudi Wetland, which is a Ramsar Wetland site, recognized in 2002 for its international importance.
β Ashtamudi Lake faces challenges such as pollution, encroachment, and the impact of climate change.
β Efforts are being made to preserve its ecological balance through conservation initiatives.
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β It is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.
β The lake is fed by the major river, Kallada.
β The name βAshtamudiβ means βeight conedβ in Malayalam, referring to the shape of the lake, which resembles a set of eight small channels.
β The lake is connected to the Arabian Sea through the Ashtamudi Estuary.
β It is part of the Ashtamudi Wetland, which is a Ramsar Wetland site, recognized in 2002 for its international importance.
β Ashtamudi Lake faces challenges such as pollution, encroachment, and the impact of climate change.
β Efforts are being made to preserve its ecological balance through conservation initiatives.
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25 Nov, 06:04
πLine of Actual Control (LAC)
β The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
β India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
β It is divided into three sectors:
πΈ the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim;
πΈ the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh,and;
πΈ the western sector in Ladakh.
β LAC in the eastern sector consisting of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim is called the McMahon Line which is 1,140 km long.
β Major friction points along the India-China border
πΈ Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
πΈ Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the boundary between India and China.
πΈPangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the LAC in the region.
πΈ Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
πΈ Arunachal Pradesh: This northeastern Indian state is claimed by China as part of its territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
β How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
πΈThe LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War.
πΈ It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
πΈ The LAC, is only a concept and it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
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β The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
β India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
β It is divided into three sectors:
πΈ the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim;
πΈ the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh,and;
πΈ the western sector in Ladakh.
β LAC in the eastern sector consisting of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim is called the McMahon Line which is 1,140 km long.
β Major friction points along the India-China border
πΈ Depsang Plains: This area is located in the northernmost part of Ladakh and has seen incursions by Chinese troops in the past.
πΈ Demchok: This area is located in eastern Ladakh and has seen disputes over the boundary between India and China.
πΈPangong Lake: This area has been a major flashpoint between the two countries, with Chinese troops attempting to change the status quo on the LAC in the region.
πΈ Gogra and Hot Springs: These two areas are located in eastern Ladakh and have seen standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops in recent years.
πΈ Arunachal Pradesh: This northeastern Indian state is claimed by China as part of its territory and has been a major point of contention between the two countries.
β How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
πΈThe LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War.
πΈ It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
πΈ The LAC, is only a concept and it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
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22 Nov, 09:27
πCloud-seeding
β It is a weather modification technique used to induce artificial rainfall by introducing chemical βnucleiβ like silver iodide, potassium iodide, dry ice, or liquid propane into pre-existing clouds.
β These chemicals help moisture in the air condense, accelerating rainfall.
β Types of Cloud-Seeding:
πΈHygroscopic: Uses salt particles to accelerate droplet formation in liquid clouds.
πΈGlaciogenic: Uses silver iodide or dry ice to induce ice formation in supercooled clouds.
β Implementation: India: Attempted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra for drought relief.
β Global: Used in Australia, America, Spain, France, UAE, and Russia.
β Effectiveness: Effectiveness and environmental impact are debated, with experts citing the need for more research.
πΈPune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reported a 60-70% success rate in inducing rain.
πΈBut there are concerns about the environmental impact of silver iodide.
β Therefore cloud seeding has seen varying degrees of success and requires specific atmospheric conditions to be effective.
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β It is a weather modification technique used to induce artificial rainfall by introducing chemical βnucleiβ like silver iodide, potassium iodide, dry ice, or liquid propane into pre-existing clouds.
β These chemicals help moisture in the air condense, accelerating rainfall.
β Types of Cloud-Seeding:
πΈHygroscopic: Uses salt particles to accelerate droplet formation in liquid clouds.
πΈGlaciogenic: Uses silver iodide or dry ice to induce ice formation in supercooled clouds.
β Implementation: India: Attempted in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra for drought relief.
β Global: Used in Australia, America, Spain, France, UAE, and Russia.
β Effectiveness: Effectiveness and environmental impact are debated, with experts citing the need for more research.
πΈPune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology reported a 60-70% success rate in inducing rain.
πΈBut there are concerns about the environmental impact of silver iodide.
β Therefore cloud seeding has seen varying degrees of success and requires specific atmospheric conditions to be effective.
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21 Nov, 15:41
Environment Shankar ias Book short notes and newspaper Crisp notes for prelims & mains
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20 Nov, 14:44
#Sea_Series
πDead Sea
β The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
β It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
β It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
β It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
β To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
β It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earthβs lowest land-based feature.
β Salinity: The Dead Sea is one of the Earthβs saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
β It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarcticaβs Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djiboutiβs Lake Assal.
β The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
β The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
β It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
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πDead Sea
β The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
β It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
β It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
β It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
β To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
β It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earthβs lowest land-based feature.
β Salinity: The Dead Sea is one of the Earthβs saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
β It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarcticaβs Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djiboutiβs Lake Assal.
β The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
β The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
β It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
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20 Nov, 03:25
πNigeria
β Nigeria (capital: Abuja) an African country on the Gulf of Guinea, has many natural landmarks and wildlife reserves. β Protected areas such as Cross River National Park and Yankari National Park have waterfalls, dense rainforests, savanna and rare primate habitats. It is Africaβs top oil producer.
β Nigeria (capital: Abuja) an African country on the Gulf of Guinea, has many natural landmarks and wildlife reserves. β Protected areas such as Cross River National Park and Yankari National Park have waterfalls, dense rainforests, savanna and rare primate habitats. It is Africaβs top oil producer.
Mapping upsc & PSC
19 Nov, 14:31
Barak River:
β Origin and Course:
Rises in the Manipur Hills, flows into Assam, and later enters Bangladesh as the Surma and Kushiyara rivers.
β Joins the Meghna River, receiving the combined flow of the Ganga and Brahmaputra.
β Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal.
β Drainage and Sub-basin:
Covers a drainage area of 41,723 sq. km in India, about 1.38% of the countryβs total geographical area.
Lies across Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland.
β Geographic Boundaries:
Bounded by the Barail range to the north, the Lushai Hills to the east, and Bangladesh to the south and west.
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β Origin and Course:
Rises in the Manipur Hills, flows into Assam, and later enters Bangladesh as the Surma and Kushiyara rivers.
β Joins the Meghna River, receiving the combined flow of the Ganga and Brahmaputra.
β Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Jiri, Dhaleswari, Singla, Longai, Sonai, and Katakhal.
β Drainage and Sub-basin:
Covers a drainage area of 41,723 sq. km in India, about 1.38% of the countryβs total geographical area.
Lies across Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland.
β Geographic Boundaries:
Bounded by the Barail range to the north, the Lushai Hills to the east, and Bangladesh to the south and west.
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18 Nov, 13:31
Lake Kariba:
β It is a lake in central Africa, along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
β It is positioned 810 miles upstream from the Indian Ocean.
β It is the world's largest man-made lake. It covers an area of 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km).
β It was formed by damming the Zambezi Riverin the Kariba Gorge, where the river narrows between hills of hard rock 250 miles (400 km) below Victoria Falls.
β The Kariba Dam consists of adouble-arch wall. It is 128 meters in height, 617 meters in length, 13 meters wide at its top, and 24 meters wide at the base.
β It provides considerable electric power to both Zambia and Zimbabwe and supports a thriving commercial fishing industry.
β The lake encompasses a total of 102 islands, including well-known ones like Chete Island and Spurwing Island.
β Chete Island boasts the world's largest expanse of protected, undeveloped wetlands and hosts the largest single population of African elephants.
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β It is a lake in central Africa, along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
β It is positioned 810 miles upstream from the Indian Ocean.
β It is the world's largest man-made lake. It covers an area of 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km).
β It was formed by damming the Zambezi Riverin the Kariba Gorge, where the river narrows between hills of hard rock 250 miles (400 km) below Victoria Falls.
β The Kariba Dam consists of adouble-arch wall. It is 128 meters in height, 617 meters in length, 13 meters wide at its top, and 24 meters wide at the base.
β It provides considerable electric power to both Zambia and Zimbabwe and supports a thriving commercial fishing industry.
β The lake encompasses a total of 102 islands, including well-known ones like Chete Island and Spurwing Island.
β Chete Island boasts the world's largest expanse of protected, undeveloped wetlands and hosts the largest single population of African elephants.
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10 Nov, 02:12
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09 Nov, 15:06
πLewotobi Laki-Laki:
β Location: Situated on Flores Island, southeastern Indonesia.
β Twin volcano: Part of the Lewotobi twin volcano complex, comprising Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (Female) stratovolcanoes.
β Geological significance: Positioned within the βRing of Fire,β a region known for intense tectonic activity.
β Eruption details: Recently erupted, emitting lava and ash, causing significant damage to surrounding villages and resulting in multiple fatalities.
β Safety measures: Authorities advised residents to stay at least 7 km away from the volcano due to the risk of further eruptions and earthquakes.
β Previous names: Historically referred to as Lobetabi, Lovotivo, and Loby Toby.
β Location: Situated on Flores Island, southeastern Indonesia.
β Twin volcano: Part of the Lewotobi twin volcano complex, comprising Lewotobi Laki-Laki (Male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (Female) stratovolcanoes.
β Geological significance: Positioned within the βRing of Fire,β a region known for intense tectonic activity.
β Eruption details: Recently erupted, emitting lava and ash, causing significant damage to surrounding villages and resulting in multiple fatalities.
β Safety measures: Authorities advised residents to stay at least 7 km away from the volcano due to the risk of further eruptions and earthquakes.
β Previous names: Historically referred to as Lobetabi, Lovotivo, and Loby Toby.
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09 Nov, 04:18
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06 Nov, 13:37
πMalawi:
β It is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa.
β It shares borders with Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zambia.
β Capital: Lilongwe
Major languages: English and Chichewa (both official)
β Currency: Malawi kwacha (MWK)
β Endowed with spectacular highlands and extensive lakes, it occupies a narrow, curving strip of land along the East African Rift Valley.
β Lake Nyasa (one of the deepest lakes in the world), known in Malawi as Lake Malawi, accounts for more than one-fifth of the countryβs total area.
β Malawi remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which employs over 80% of the population.
β It is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa.
β It shares borders with Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zambia.
β Capital: Lilongwe
Major languages: English and Chichewa (both official)
β Currency: Malawi kwacha (MWK)
β Endowed with spectacular highlands and extensive lakes, it occupies a narrow, curving strip of land along the East African Rift Valley.
β Lake Nyasa (one of the deepest lakes in the world), known in Malawi as Lake Malawi, accounts for more than one-fifth of the countryβs total area.
β Malawi remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which employs over 80% of the population.
Mapping upsc & PSC
06 Nov, 08:50
#Places_in_news
πDepsang Plains
β The Depsang Plains along with Pangong Tso are the two major areas of concern in the standoff along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh.
β Despite the strategic importance of the Depsang Plains, the series of military talks held so far have focussed on the standoff areas at Galwan, Gogra Hotsprings and Finger area of Pangong Tso.
β Depsang is one of the few places on the LAC where tank manoeuvres are possible.
β During the 1962 war, Chinese troops occupied the Plains. In 2013, Chinese troops came 19 km inside and pitched tents resulting in a 21-day standoff.
πDepsang Plains
β The Depsang Plains along with Pangong Tso are the two major areas of concern in the standoff along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh.
β Despite the strategic importance of the Depsang Plains, the series of military talks held so far have focussed on the standoff areas at Galwan, Gogra Hotsprings and Finger area of Pangong Tso.
β Depsang is one of the few places on the LAC where tank manoeuvres are possible.
β During the 1962 war, Chinese troops occupied the Plains. In 2013, Chinese troops came 19 km inside and pitched tents resulting in a 21-day standoff.
Mapping upsc & PSC
04 Nov, 14:04
πPapua New Guinea:
β It is an island country that lies in the south-western Pacific.
β It includes the eastern half of New Guinea (the worldβs second-largest island) and many small offshore islands.
β Neighbors: Indonesia to the west, Australia to the south, and the Solomon Islands to the southeast.
β Terrain: It is mainly mountainous but has low-lying plains in southern New Guinea.
β The islands that constitute Papua New Guinea were settled over a period of 40,000 years by a mixture of peoples who are generally referred to as Melanesians.
β Language: English is the main language of government and commerce. In most everyday contexts, the most widely spoken language is Tok Pisin.
Government:
β The country is a constitutional monarchy and a member of the Commonwealth.
β The British monarch, represented by a governor-general, is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government.
β Papua New Guineaβs rainforests are rich in biodiversity, housing rare species such as birds of paradise, tree kangaroos, and the Queen Alexandraβs birdwing butterfly.
β These forests represent only one per cent of Earthβs land but play a vital role in absorbing carbon and supporting the lives and traditions of Papua New Guineaβs indigenous peoples.
β Capital: Port Moresby
β It is an island country that lies in the south-western Pacific.
β It includes the eastern half of New Guinea (the worldβs second-largest island) and many small offshore islands.
β Neighbors: Indonesia to the west, Australia to the south, and the Solomon Islands to the southeast.
β Terrain: It is mainly mountainous but has low-lying plains in southern New Guinea.
β The islands that constitute Papua New Guinea were settled over a period of 40,000 years by a mixture of peoples who are generally referred to as Melanesians.
β Language: English is the main language of government and commerce. In most everyday contexts, the most widely spoken language is Tok Pisin.
Government:
β The country is a constitutional monarchy and a member of the Commonwealth.
β The British monarch, represented by a governor-general, is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government.
β Papua New Guineaβs rainforests are rich in biodiversity, housing rare species such as birds of paradise, tree kangaroos, and the Queen Alexandraβs birdwing butterfly.
β These forests represent only one per cent of Earthβs land but play a vital role in absorbing carbon and supporting the lives and traditions of Papua New Guineaβs indigenous peoples.
β Capital: Port Moresby
Mapping upsc & PSC
03 Nov, 14:11
πCloud Chamber:
β A cloud chamber is a scientific apparatus that mimics the conditions required for cloud formation.
β It resembles a closed cylindrical or tubular drum, inside which water vapour, aerosols, etc. are injected.
β Under the desired humidity and temperature inside this chamber, a cloud can develop.
β India is building a cloud chamber with convection properties, as required to study Indian monsoon clouds. Globally, there are only a handful of convective cloud chambers.
β Objective: The objective of establishing a convective cloud chamber is to gain a better understanding of cloud physics under conditions commonly affecting Indian weather systems. Thereafter, this knowledge can be used for strategic planning of weather modification.
β Significance: Scientists will have the flexibility to tailor physical and atmospheric parameters to suit environmental requirements that influence the Indian weather and climate.
β A cloud chamber is a scientific apparatus that mimics the conditions required for cloud formation.
β It resembles a closed cylindrical or tubular drum, inside which water vapour, aerosols, etc. are injected.
β Under the desired humidity and temperature inside this chamber, a cloud can develop.
β India is building a cloud chamber with convection properties, as required to study Indian monsoon clouds. Globally, there are only a handful of convective cloud chambers.
β Objective: The objective of establishing a convective cloud chamber is to gain a better understanding of cloud physics under conditions commonly affecting Indian weather systems. Thereafter, this knowledge can be used for strategic planning of weather modification.
β Significance: Scientists will have the flexibility to tailor physical and atmospheric parameters to suit environmental requirements that influence the Indian weather and climate.
Mapping upsc & PSC
31 Oct, 10:27
πTriton Island
β Location: Triton Island is the southernmost island in the Paracel Islands chain in the South China Sea, situated closer to Vietnam than to other parts of China.
β Strategic Importance: Triton Island is of strategic importance due to its proximity to vital shipping lanes, fisheries, and potential underwater energy reserves.
β Conflicting Claims: The Paracel Islands, including Triton Island, are claimed by China, Vietnam, and Taiwan.
β China asserts its claim based on the Nine-Dash Line, a demarcation on maps covering most of the South China Sea.
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β Location: Triton Island is the southernmost island in the Paracel Islands chain in the South China Sea, situated closer to Vietnam than to other parts of China.
β Strategic Importance: Triton Island is of strategic importance due to its proximity to vital shipping lanes, fisheries, and potential underwater energy reserves.
β Conflicting Claims: The Paracel Islands, including Triton Island, are claimed by China, Vietnam, and Taiwan.
β China asserts its claim based on the Nine-Dash Line, a demarcation on maps covering most of the South China Sea.
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30 Oct, 14:24
πMount Fuji:
β Mount Fuji, also known as Fuji-san, is the highest mountain in Japan, standing at 3,776 meters.
β It is situated close to the Pacific coast in the Yamanashi and Shizuoka prefectures in the heart of the large island of Honshu, about 100km to the southwest of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area.
β Unlike other famous high-elevation mountains in the world, Mt. Fuji is not part of a large mountain range.
β It is a stratovolcanothat has been dormant since its last eruption in 1707 but is still generally classified as active by geologists.
β It has a prominent summit craterand is constructed from innumerable basaltic lava flows, each a few meters thick.
β It has a smooth slope and a wide, spreading base, creating a beautiful skyline as it narrows to a magnificent peak.
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β Mount Fuji, also known as Fuji-san, is the highest mountain in Japan, standing at 3,776 meters.
β It is situated close to the Pacific coast in the Yamanashi and Shizuoka prefectures in the heart of the large island of Honshu, about 100km to the southwest of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area.
β Unlike other famous high-elevation mountains in the world, Mt. Fuji is not part of a large mountain range.
β It is a stratovolcanothat has been dormant since its last eruption in 1707 but is still generally classified as active by geologists.
β It has a prominent summit craterand is constructed from innumerable basaltic lava flows, each a few meters thick.
β It has a smooth slope and a wide, spreading base, creating a beautiful skyline as it narrows to a magnificent peak.
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Mapping upsc & PSC
27 Oct, 15:49
πTaiwan Strait:
β The Taiwan Strait, or Formosa Strait is a 180 km-wide strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan.
β It runs between the coast of Fujian (Fukien) Province, China, and the island of Taiwan.
β The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north.
β The straitβs seafloor is mostly a continental shelf extending out from the Asian continent, with Taiwan on the outer edge.
β It is relatively shallow. It has an average depth of about 490 feet, and a minimum depth of 82 feet.
πIslands:
β The biggest islands along the Taiwan side include Penghu (or Pescadores), Xiamen, and Pingtan.
β The Xiamen and Pingtan Islands are administered by the Peopleβs Republic of China, while the other three islands: Penghu (or Pescadores), Kinmen and Matsu are under the administration of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
β The Taiwan Strait, or Formosa Strait is a 180 km-wide strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan.
β It runs between the coast of Fujian (Fukien) Province, China, and the island of Taiwan.
β The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north.
β The straitβs seafloor is mostly a continental shelf extending out from the Asian continent, with Taiwan on the outer edge.
β It is relatively shallow. It has an average depth of about 490 feet, and a minimum depth of 82 feet.
πIslands:
β The biggest islands along the Taiwan side include Penghu (or Pescadores), Xiamen, and Pingtan.
β The Xiamen and Pingtan Islands are administered by the Peopleβs Republic of China, while the other three islands: Penghu (or Pescadores), Kinmen and Matsu are under the administration of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
Mapping upsc & PSC
25 Oct, 15:38
πCaspian Sea
πIn news?
β The Caspian Sea has been shrinking since the mid-1990s, but the rate at which it's disappearing has sped up since 2005.
β It is the worldβs largest inland body of water, covering a total surface area of about 386,400 sq km .
β It is located between Asia and Europe.
β It lies to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia.
β Bordering countries: It is bordered by Russia and Azerbaijan on the west, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan on the north and east, and Iran on the south.
β The sea was named for the Kaspi, ancient peoples who once lived on its western shores.
β Three major riversβthe Volga, the Ural, and the Terekβempty into the Caspian from the north.
β Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, is the largest city on the Caspian. Another important city along the Caspian is Iranβs Nowshahr.
β It is the source of most of the worldβs caviar.
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πIn news?
β The Caspian Sea has been shrinking since the mid-1990s, but the rate at which it's disappearing has sped up since 2005.
β It is the worldβs largest inland body of water, covering a total surface area of about 386,400 sq km .
β It is located between Asia and Europe.
β It lies to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia.
β Bordering countries: It is bordered by Russia and Azerbaijan on the west, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan on the north and east, and Iran on the south.
β The sea was named for the Kaspi, ancient peoples who once lived on its western shores.
β Three major riversβthe Volga, the Ural, and the Terekβempty into the Caspian from the north.
β Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, is the largest city on the Caspian. Another important city along the Caspian is Iranβs Nowshahr.
β It is the source of most of the worldβs caviar.
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25 Oct, 03:07
πM Laxmikant /the Hindu / PYQ Polity Governance MCQ
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22 Oct, 15:47
πChagos Islands
β The Chagos Islands, a remote archipelago in the Indian Ocean, hold a rich history of cultural connections, colonial struggles, and significant ecological importance.
β The islands, comprising seven atolls, are geographically close to the Maldives and share deep historical ties with the region.
β It is imperative to explore the historical claims of the Maldives over the Chagos Islands, the cultural and navigational connections between the regions, and the contemporary issue of marine conservation.
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β The Chagos Islands, a remote archipelago in the Indian Ocean, hold a rich history of cultural connections, colonial struggles, and significant ecological importance.
β The islands, comprising seven atolls, are geographically close to the Maldives and share deep historical ties with the region.
β It is imperative to explore the historical claims of the Maldives over the Chagos Islands, the cultural and navigational connections between the regions, and the contemporary issue of marine conservation.
#geography
#mapping
Mapping upsc & PSC
21 Oct, 05:42
πRoopkund Lake
β Climate change is affecting Roopkund Lake in Uttarakhand, causing it to shrink annually.
πRoopkund Lake:
β Roopkund, also known as the " lake of skeletonsβ is a glacial lake in Uttarakhand.
β It is situated at 16,500 feet above sea level at the base of Mt. Trishul in the Garhwal Himalayas.
β Measuring a mere 130 feet in width, the lake is encased in ice for the majority of the year.
β It is surrounded by snow-capped peaks and lush green meadows.
πMystery:
β It is called the "lake of skeletons" as the glacial body conceals numbers of human skeletons, some with preserved flesh. These skeletons become visible when snow melts in the region.
β These skeletal remains, dating back to around the 9th century AD, have led to various theories about the cause of death.
β A 2019 study by scientists from India, the US, and Germany challenged the belief that the skeletons belonged to a single group that perished in a single event, instead suggesting they were genetically diverse individuals who died over a span of up to 1,000 years.
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β Climate change is affecting Roopkund Lake in Uttarakhand, causing it to shrink annually.
πRoopkund Lake:
β Roopkund, also known as the " lake of skeletonsβ is a glacial lake in Uttarakhand.
β It is situated at 16,500 feet above sea level at the base of Mt. Trishul in the Garhwal Himalayas.
β Measuring a mere 130 feet in width, the lake is encased in ice for the majority of the year.
β It is surrounded by snow-capped peaks and lush green meadows.
πMystery:
β It is called the "lake of skeletons" as the glacial body conceals numbers of human skeletons, some with preserved flesh. These skeletons become visible when snow melts in the region.
β These skeletal remains, dating back to around the 9th century AD, have led to various theories about the cause of death.
β A 2019 study by scientists from India, the US, and Germany challenged the belief that the skeletons belonged to a single group that perished in a single event, instead suggesting they were genetically diverse individuals who died over a span of up to 1,000 years.
#geography
#mapping
Mapping upsc & PSC
18 Oct, 13:09
πChaukhamba Peak:
β It is a four-pillar-shaped enormous peak located in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, west of the Hindu holy town of Badrinath.
β It is a mountain massif that has four summits, along a northeast-southwest trending ridge situated in the Gangotri group of the Garhwal Himalayas.
β Being named as Chaukhamba Peak I, II, III, and IV, all of them have different elevations that lie between 7,138 m and 6,854 m.
β Chaukhamba Peak I remain the tallest of all the four summits, i.e., 7,138 m above sea level.
β It towers above the Gangotri glacier, forming the eastern anchor of the group.
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β It is a four-pillar-shaped enormous peak located in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, west of the Hindu holy town of Badrinath.
β It is a mountain massif that has four summits, along a northeast-southwest trending ridge situated in the Gangotri group of the Garhwal Himalayas.
β Being named as Chaukhamba Peak I, II, III, and IV, all of them have different elevations that lie between 7,138 m and 6,854 m.
β Chaukhamba Peak I remain the tallest of all the four summits, i.e., 7,138 m above sea level.
β It towers above the Gangotri glacier, forming the eastern anchor of the group.
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18 Oct, 09:40
πBushveld Igneous Complex
β Researchers recently discovered pockets of living microbes in a 2-billion-year-old rock from the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa, providing insights into early life on Earth and potentially aiding the search for life on Mars.
πBushveld Igneous Complex
β It is the largest layered igneous intrusion within the Earth's crust.
β It is located in northern South Africa, exposed at the edge of the Transvaal Basin.
β It covers a pear-shaped area of over 66,000 sq. Km
β The complex varies in thickness, sometimes reaching 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) thick.
β It is renowned for containing some of the richest ore deposits.
β The complex contains the world's largest reserves of platinum-group metals (PGMs), i.e., platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhodium, and ruthenium, along with vast quantities of iron, tin, chromium, titanium, and vanadium.
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β Researchers recently discovered pockets of living microbes in a 2-billion-year-old rock from the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa, providing insights into early life on Earth and potentially aiding the search for life on Mars.
πBushveld Igneous Complex
β It is the largest layered igneous intrusion within the Earth's crust.
β It is located in northern South Africa, exposed at the edge of the Transvaal Basin.
β It covers a pear-shaped area of over 66,000 sq. Km
β The complex varies in thickness, sometimes reaching 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) thick.
β It is renowned for containing some of the richest ore deposits.
β The complex contains the world's largest reserves of platinum-group metals (PGMs), i.e., platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhodium, and ruthenium, along with vast quantities of iron, tin, chromium, titanium, and vanadium.
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14 Oct, 09:05
πGodavari River:
β It is India's second-longest river after the Ganga and the third-largest in India drains about 10% of India's total geographical area.
β It is also called Dakshina Ganga, which translates into the South Ganges River.
πCourse:
β The origin of the Godavari River is in Brahmagiri Mountain at Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra.
β It runs for a length of about 1,465 kilometers.
β It finally empties itself into the Bay of Bengal at Narasapuram in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh.
β The river mainstem travels through three states: Maharashtra, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh, while its basin includes Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
β Tributaries: The principal tributaries of the river are the Pravara, the Purna, the Manjra, the Penganga, the Wardha, the Wainganga, the Pranhita (combined flow of Wainganga, Penganga, Wardha), the Indravati, the Maner, and the Sabri.
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β It is India's second-longest river after the Ganga and the third-largest in India drains about 10% of India's total geographical area.
β It is also called Dakshina Ganga, which translates into the South Ganges River.
πCourse:
β The origin of the Godavari River is in Brahmagiri Mountain at Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra.
β It runs for a length of about 1,465 kilometers.
β It finally empties itself into the Bay of Bengal at Narasapuram in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh.
β The river mainstem travels through three states: Maharashtra, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh, while its basin includes Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
β Tributaries: The principal tributaries of the river are the Pravara, the Purna, the Manjra, the Penganga, the Wardha, the Wainganga, the Pranhita (combined flow of Wainganga, Penganga, Wardha), the Indravati, the Maner, and the Sabri.
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Mapping upsc & PSC
09 Oct, 10:23
Rann of Kutch
β The Rann of Kutch is a vast salt marsh region straddling the India-Pakistan border, primarily located in Gujarat, India, with a smaller portion extending into Pakistanβs Sindh province. It started forming about 150-200 million years ago.
β It is divided into two parts: the Great Rann of Kutch to the north and the Little Rann of Kutch to the southeast.
β The Rann of Kutch is a unique ecosystem, bordered by the Thar Desert to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south.
β Originally, waters from the Arabian Sea entered this region. Later, geological shifts led to the formation of a landmass that separated the Kutch basin from the sea.
β During monsoons, the Little Rann turns into a shallow wetland. About 75 elevated pieces of land turn into islands, called bets by the local Agariya and Maldhari communities.
β Historically, the region has been inhabited since the Neolithic period, with influences from the Indus Valley Civilization and various Indian empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties.
β Human activity
β Salt Production: The region is significant for salt production, providing 30% of Indiaβs total salt output.
β Threat: Large-scale cattle grazing harms the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
Further, irrigation canals that bring water to the southern rim of the Little Rann add salinity to the soil.
β The Rann of Kutch is a vast salt marsh region straddling the India-Pakistan border, primarily located in Gujarat, India, with a smaller portion extending into Pakistanβs Sindh province. It started forming about 150-200 million years ago.
β It is divided into two parts: the Great Rann of Kutch to the north and the Little Rann of Kutch to the southeast.
β The Rann of Kutch is a unique ecosystem, bordered by the Thar Desert to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south.
β Originally, waters from the Arabian Sea entered this region. Later, geological shifts led to the formation of a landmass that separated the Kutch basin from the sea.
β During monsoons, the Little Rann turns into a shallow wetland. About 75 elevated pieces of land turn into islands, called bets by the local Agariya and Maldhari communities.
β Historically, the region has been inhabited since the Neolithic period, with influences from the Indus Valley Civilization and various Indian empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties.
β Human activity
β Salt Production: The region is significant for salt production, providing 30% of Indiaβs total salt output.
β Threat: Large-scale cattle grazing harms the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
Further, irrigation canals that bring water to the southern rim of the Little Rann add salinity to the soil.
Mapping upsc & PSC
09 Oct, 04:38
πSudan
πIn news?
β The fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces has severely impacted Sudanβs economy and led to shortages of essential resources.
β It is located in northeastern Africa.
β It is the third largest nation in all of Africa occupying an area of 1,886,068 sq. km.
β Sudan shares a border with its seven neighbors: South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Egypt, Libya, Chad, and the Central African Republic.
β Sudan also has a significant coastline along the Red Sea.
π Darfur region:
β It is a region in western Sudan that has been plagued by violent conflict and humanitarian crises.
β The area has experienced ethnic tensions between Arab and African communities, leading to widespread violence and human rights abuses.
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πIn news?
β The fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces has severely impacted Sudanβs economy and led to shortages of essential resources.
β It is located in northeastern Africa.
β It is the third largest nation in all of Africa occupying an area of 1,886,068 sq. km.
β Sudan shares a border with its seven neighbors: South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Egypt, Libya, Chad, and the Central African Republic.
β Sudan also has a significant coastline along the Red Sea.
π Darfur region:
β It is a region in western Sudan that has been plagued by violent conflict and humanitarian crises.
β The area has experienced ethnic tensions between Arab and African communities, leading to widespread violence and human rights abuses.
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Mapping upsc & PSC
09 Oct, 04:36
πEnglish Channel:
β It is a narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean.
β It separates the southern coast of England (part of Great Britain) from the northern coast of France.
β The channel and the North Sea are connected by the Strait of Dover in the east.
β The current name, βEnglish Channel,β dates back to the 18th century. Before then, the English mostly referred to the waterway as a βNarrow Sea.β
β The French refer to the Channel as βla Mancheβ because of its sleevelike shape.
β It is one of the worldβs busiest shipping areas, linking southern England, the United Kingdom to northern France.
β It accounts for up to 20% of the global maritime trade and connects the Atlantic Ocean to the North Sea.
β It is a narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean.
β It separates the southern coast of England (part of Great Britain) from the northern coast of France.
β The channel and the North Sea are connected by the Strait of Dover in the east.
β The current name, βEnglish Channel,β dates back to the 18th century. Before then, the English mostly referred to the waterway as a βNarrow Sea.β
β The French refer to the Channel as βla Mancheβ because of its sleevelike shape.
β It is one of the worldβs busiest shipping areas, linking southern England, the United Kingdom to northern France.
β It accounts for up to 20% of the global maritime trade and connects the Atlantic Ocean to the North Sea.
Mapping upsc & PSC
05 Oct, 11:01
πSahara Desert
β The Sahara Desert is undergoing a rare transformation as heavy rainfall brings unexpected greenery to its arid landscape.
πSahara Desert:
β The Sahara, located in Northern Africa, is the world's largest hot desertand the third most extensive desert after the polar deserts of Antarctica and the northern Arctic.
β It spans over 9,200,000 sq. km (8% of the earthβs land area).
β The Sahara Desert encompasses a major portion of North Africa, occupying about 31% of the entire African continent.
β The countries within the Sahara Desert are Morocco, Mali, Mauritania, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Chad, the Niger Republic, some parts of Sudan, a small portion of Nigeria, and a small part of Burkina Faso.
β The desert is bounded by the Mediterranean Seaand the Atlas Mountains on the northern side; the Red Sea on the eastern side; the Atlantic Ocean on the western side and the semiarid Sahel region on the southern side.
β The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi (3,415m), a volcano located in the Tibesti Mountains, Chad.
β The Sahel region serves as a transition zone between the hot desert in the north and the humid savannas of Sub-Saharan Africain the south.
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β The Sahara Desert is undergoing a rare transformation as heavy rainfall brings unexpected greenery to its arid landscape.
πSahara Desert:
β The Sahara, located in Northern Africa, is the world's largest hot desertand the third most extensive desert after the polar deserts of Antarctica and the northern Arctic.
β It spans over 9,200,000 sq. km (8% of the earthβs land area).
β The Sahara Desert encompasses a major portion of North Africa, occupying about 31% of the entire African continent.
β The countries within the Sahara Desert are Morocco, Mali, Mauritania, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Chad, the Niger Republic, some parts of Sudan, a small portion of Nigeria, and a small part of Burkina Faso.
β The desert is bounded by the Mediterranean Seaand the Atlas Mountains on the northern side; the Red Sea on the eastern side; the Atlantic Ocean on the western side and the semiarid Sahel region on the southern side.
β The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi (3,415m), a volcano located in the Tibesti Mountains, Chad.
β The Sahel region serves as a transition zone between the hot desert in the north and the humid savannas of Sub-Saharan Africain the south.
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Mapping upsc & PSC
04 Oct, 14:23
πLake Prespa
β According to experts, of the 450 hectares of Little Prespa Lake in Albania, at least 430 hectares have been transformed into swamps or dried up.
β It is one of the oldest tectonic lakes in Europe, and also the highest tectonic lake on the Balkan Peninsula.
β It lies at the junction of three major geological masses: a granite massif on the East, a karstic massif belonging to Galicica on the West, and the Suva Gora on the South.
β The region is famous for having rocks from the oldest Paleozoic form to sediments belonging to the young Neogene era.
β It is made up of the Great Prespa Lake (Albania, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia) and Small Prespa Lake.
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β According to experts, of the 450 hectares of Little Prespa Lake in Albania, at least 430 hectares have been transformed into swamps or dried up.
β It is one of the oldest tectonic lakes in Europe, and also the highest tectonic lake on the Balkan Peninsula.
β It lies at the junction of three major geological masses: a granite massif on the East, a karstic massif belonging to Galicica on the West, and the Suva Gora on the South.
β The region is famous for having rocks from the oldest Paleozoic form to sediments belonging to the young Neogene era.
β It is made up of the Great Prespa Lake (Albania, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia) and Small Prespa Lake.
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02 Oct, 16:54
πJordan
β Jordan becomes the first country in the world to eliminate leprosy, receiving official verification from the World Health Organisation (WHO).
β It is an Arab country of Southwest Asia, in the rocky desert of the northern Arabian Peninsula.
β It is named for the Jordan River, which passes on its western border.
β It occupies an area of around 91,880 sq. km.
β Bordering Countries: It is bounded to the north by Syria, to the east by Iraq, to the southeast and south by Saudi Arabia, and to the west by Israeland the West Bank.
β The capital and largest city in the country is Ammanβnamed for the Ammonites, who made the city their capital in the 13th century BCE.
β Jordan has 16 miles (26 km) of coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)in the southwest, where Al-ΚΏAqabah, it's only port, is located.
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β Jordan becomes the first country in the world to eliminate leprosy, receiving official verification from the World Health Organisation (WHO).
β It is an Arab country of Southwest Asia, in the rocky desert of the northern Arabian Peninsula.
β It is named for the Jordan River, which passes on its western border.
β It occupies an area of around 91,880 sq. km.
β Bordering Countries: It is bounded to the north by Syria, to the east by Iraq, to the southeast and south by Saudi Arabia, and to the west by Israeland the West Bank.
β The capital and largest city in the country is Ammanβnamed for the Ammonites, who made the city their capital in the 13th century BCE.
β Jordan has 16 miles (26 km) of coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)in the southwest, where Al-ΚΏAqabah, it's only port, is located.
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Mapping upsc & PSC
02 Oct, 16:26
πMount Erebus
β In a strange incident, Antarctica's second largest volcano, Mount Erebus, is spewing out gold dust, which has left scientists in complete shock.
πMount Erebus
β It is the worldβs southernmost active volcano.
β Location: It is situated on Ross Island, Antarctica.
β It was discovered in 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it after his ship, the Erebus.
β Itβs a stratovolcano characterized by a conical shape and layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.
β Mount Erebus is known for its persistent lava lake.
β The lake has been active since at least 1972and is one of only a few long-lived lava lakes on Earth.
β It constantly churns and occasionally spews bombs of molten rock in Strombolian eruptions.
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β In a strange incident, Antarctica's second largest volcano, Mount Erebus, is spewing out gold dust, which has left scientists in complete shock.
πMount Erebus
β It is the worldβs southernmost active volcano.
β Location: It is situated on Ross Island, Antarctica.
β It was discovered in 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it after his ship, the Erebus.
β Itβs a stratovolcano characterized by a conical shape and layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.
β Mount Erebus is known for its persistent lava lake.
β The lake has been active since at least 1972and is one of only a few long-lived lava lakes on Earth.
β It constantly churns and occasionally spews bombs of molten rock in Strombolian eruptions.
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#geography
Mapping upsc & PSC
29 Sep, 08:40
πPhiladelphi corridor
Israel has been under intense pressure to give up control of the Philadelphi corridor.
Philadelphi corridor:
It is a ribbon of land about 14kms in length and 100 metres wide along Gazaβs border with Egypt.
It was designated as a demilitarised border zone after the withdrawal of Israeli settlements and troops from Gaza in 2005 and runs from the Mediterranean to the Kerem Shalom crossing with Israel.
The Corridor was originally established under the 1979 Israel-Egypt peace treaty as a 100-meter-wide buffer zone.
The zone was later expanded beginning during the Second Intifada to be several hundred meters wide. It covers the entire 8.7-mile-long border.
The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza is within the Philadelphi Corridor.
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Israel has been under intense pressure to give up control of the Philadelphi corridor.
Philadelphi corridor:
It is a ribbon of land about 14kms in length and 100 metres wide along Gazaβs border with Egypt.
It was designated as a demilitarised border zone after the withdrawal of Israeli settlements and troops from Gaza in 2005 and runs from the Mediterranean to the Kerem Shalom crossing with Israel.
The Corridor was originally established under the 1979 Israel-Egypt peace treaty as a 100-meter-wide buffer zone.
The zone was later expanded beginning during the Second Intifada to be several hundred meters wide. It covers the entire 8.7-mile-long border.
The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza is within the Philadelphi Corridor.
#Mapping
Mapping upsc & PSC
23 Sep, 08:05
π Falkland Islands
β Researchers have found evidence that the treeless, rugged, grassland landscape of the Falkland Islands was home to a lush, diverse rainforest up to 30 million years ago
β Also known as the Malvinas Islands, the Falkland Islands is an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
β It is an archipelago located in the South Atlantic Ocean, some 500 km from mainland South America
β It comprises of two large islands (East Falkland and West Falkland) and several hundred smaller ones.
β The two large islands are separated by Falkland Sound (strait).
β The islands are positioned both in the southern and western hemispheres of the Earth.
β Climate: A cool temperate oceanic climate that is characterised by its lack of extremes.
β Capital: Located on the island of East Falkland, is Stanley (also, Port Stanley) is the capital of the Falkland Islands.
β Economy: depends on sheep farming.
β Currency: The official currency is the Falkland pound, which is on par with the British pound.
β Researchers have found evidence that the treeless, rugged, grassland landscape of the Falkland Islands was home to a lush, diverse rainforest up to 30 million years ago
β Also known as the Malvinas Islands, the Falkland Islands is an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
β It is an archipelago located in the South Atlantic Ocean, some 500 km from mainland South America
β It comprises of two large islands (East Falkland and West Falkland) and several hundred smaller ones.
β The two large islands are separated by Falkland Sound (strait).
β The islands are positioned both in the southern and western hemispheres of the Earth.
β Climate: A cool temperate oceanic climate that is characterised by its lack of extremes.
β Capital: Located on the island of East Falkland, is Stanley (also, Port Stanley) is the capital of the Falkland Islands.
β Economy: depends on sheep farming.
β Currency: The official currency is the Falkland pound, which is on par with the British pound.
Mapping upsc & PSC
20 Sep, 16:06
πMali
β An elaborate attack by an Al Qaeda affiliate in Mali's capital killed around 70 people recently.
β It is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of 1,240,192 sq. km.
β Capital: Bamako
β Bordering Countries: Mali borders seven other nations: Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, and Mauritania.
πGeography:
β Approximately 65% of the country is covered by desert or semi-desert.
β The Sahara Desert makes up a large portion of Mali's total land area.
β Mali has a monotonous landscape, with plains and plateaus dominating the country's topography.
β The landscape transitions from the Sahara Desert in the north through the Sahel to the zone of Sudanian savanna in the south.
β It is one of the hottest nations on earth with an average temperature of 114.8 Β°F (46 Β°C) in the summer months.
β The Niger River flows through its interior, serving as its main source of water
β ethnic groups Bambara, making up 36.5% of the population.
β Languages: Bambara (most widely spoken
β An elaborate attack by an Al Qaeda affiliate in Mali's capital killed around 70 people recently.
β It is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of 1,240,192 sq. km.
β Capital: Bamako
β Bordering Countries: Mali borders seven other nations: Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, and Mauritania.
πGeography:
β Approximately 65% of the country is covered by desert or semi-desert.
β The Sahara Desert makes up a large portion of Mali's total land area.
β Mali has a monotonous landscape, with plains and plateaus dominating the country's topography.
β The landscape transitions from the Sahara Desert in the north through the Sahel to the zone of Sudanian savanna in the south.
β It is one of the hottest nations on earth with an average temperature of 114.8 Β°F (46 Β°C) in the summer months.
β The Niger River flows through its interior, serving as its main source of water
β ethnic groups Bambara, making up 36.5% of the population.
β Languages: Bambara (most widely spoken
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