Geology of the world and the Environment

Igneous rocks from left to right: gabbro, andesite, pegmatite, basalt, pumice, porphyry, obsidian, granite, and

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

1. All igneous rocks cool and crystallize from magma or lava, or consolidate from pyroclastic materials

a. Magma is molten rock below the surface
b. Lava is molten material on the surface
c. Pyroclastic materials are particles such as volcanic ash and “bombs”
d. Typically occurs at subduction or divergent plate boundaries

2. Intrusive igneous rocks form from magma that cools inside openings or cracks beneath the Earth’s surface.
a. Also called "plutonic" rock

3. Extrusive (or volcanic) igneous rocks form from lava that cools on the Earth’s surface

4. Examples of igneous rocks
a. Basalt
i. Most common extrusive igneous rock
ii. Forms ocean floors
iii. Very dense
b. Granite
i. Most common intrusive igneous rock
ii. Cools more slowly than extrusive rock, so it has more time to grow larger crystals (grains)
iii. Less dense then basalt
c. Pumice
i. Very porous, frothy volcanic obsidian (amorphic volcanic glass)
ii. Hardened foam that floats on water
d. Obsidian
i. Volcanic glass forms when lava solidifies so quickly that crystals do not have time to growl

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WRITING A GREAT GEOLOGICAL REPORT

1. Abstract
Provide a concise overview of the area investigated, the methods used (e.g., field mapping, sampling, drilling), the objective (e.g., establishing stratigraphy, identifying structures), and key results (e.g., completion of geological maps).

2. Introduction
Explain the purpose, location, and methodology of the study, as well as what has been achieved, such as maps or stratigraphic columns. Describe the report's structure, including sections on stratigraphy, structures, and geological evolution.

3. Stratigraphy and Lithology
This section covers detailed field observations. Describe the rock units from oldest to youngest, with stratigraphic columns and sketches. For each type of unit:

Basement Terranes: State the terrane type (metamorphic/sedimentary/igneous), lithology, rock unit, petrography, thickness, and age.

Sedimentary Units: Discuss the basal boundary, lithology, classification, bedding, facies, fossil content, and unit thickness.

Igneous Units: Detail lithology, facies (e.g., flow, dyke), thickness, and age.


4. Structures
Define if the area is mildly or strongly deformed and identify the tectonic regime. Distinguish between ductile (e.g., folds, foliation) and brittle structures (e.g., faults). Describe structural features, including:

Folds: Geometry, fold type, dimensions, orientation, and age.

Faults: Dimensions, strike, dip, rake, movement type, systems of faults, displacement, and age.


5. Geological History
Summarize the region's geological evolution from oldest to youngest. Include:

Basement rocks: Deposition time, metamorphic events, and age.

Stratigraphic Cycles: Identify unconformities, sedimentary transitions (terrestrial to marine), igneous events, and uplift/deformation phases.


6. Conclusions
Summarize achievements, such as maps, cross-sections, new findings (e.g., fossil localities), and constructed geological history.

7. References
List all cited publications.

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Trilobites, like the ones fossilized here, emerged more than 500 million years ago in what’s called “the Cambrian explosion,” a period when large numbers of novel species with skeletons, eyes and limbs evolved with remarkable suddenness. Trilobites are so called because of the three parts, or lobes, of their bodies. Morocco.

#Note

Trilobites form one of the earliest known groups of arthropods. The first appearance of trilobites in the fossil record defines the base of the Atdabanian stage of the Early Cambrian period (521 million years ago), and they flourished throughout the lower Paleozoic era before beginning a drawn-out decline to extinction when, during the Devonian, all trilobite orders except the Proetids died out. Trilobites finally disappeared in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian about 250 million years ago. The trilobites were among the most successful of all early animals, roaming the oceans for over 270 million years

By the time trilobites first appeared in the fossil record, they were already highly diversified and geographically dispersed. Because trilobites had wide diversity and an easily fossilized exoskeleton, an extensive fossil record was left behind, with some 17,000 known species spanning Paleozoic time. The study of these fossils has facilitated important contributions to biostratigraphy, paleontology, evolutionary biology, and plate tectonics. Trilobites are often placed within the arthropod subphylum Schizoramia within the superclass Arachnomorpha

Trilobites had many lifestyles; some moved over the sea bed as predators, scavengers, or filter feeders, and some swam, feeding on plankton. Most lifestyles expected of modern marine arthropods are seen in trilobites, with the possible exception of parasitism. Some trilobites are even thought to have evolved a symbiotic relationship with sulfur-eating bacteria from which they derived food.

Picture © Andrew A. Sicree

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Bingham Canyon mine, Utah 😉

Bingham Canyon mine is a copper career in Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. It is 1.2 km deep and 4 km in diameter. It is the largest man-made excavation in the world.
The Bingham Canyon ore deposits occur in the Bingham nappe. They are a porphyry copper deposit, formed by a quartz monzonite porphyry intruded into sedimentary rocks. They exhibit a concentric alteration pattern and mineralogic zonation around the Bingham stock. These zones include a central core containing magnetite, followed by "a molybdenite zone low in copper, a bornite-chalcopyrite-gold higher grade copper zone, a pyrite-chalcopyrite zone, a pyrite zone, and an outermost lead-zinc zone."

Structurally, Late Paleozoic rocks were thrust faulted over the Precambrian craton during the Cretaceous Sevier orogeny. These rocks were later intruded and altered in the Tertiary by granitoid rocks. This igneous event was the source of deposition of gold, silver and other base metals.

Copper and molybdenum sulfide minerals are dispersed in the intruded stock and in the adjoining carbonate sedimentary skarns. The main stratigraphic rocks in Bingham Canyon are Upper Pennsylvanian sandstones, quartzites, and limestones known as the Bingham Mine Formation in the Oquirrh Group. The central porphyry ores formed from mantle hydrothermal circulation while the outer vein and deposits in the sedimentary rocks formed at lower temperature when magmatic and meteoric waters mixed.

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Folds in alternating layers of #limestone and chert in Crete, Greece 🇬🇷 | #Geology of the #World

A #geological #fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and #planar surfaces, such as sedimentary #strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent #deformation.

#Synsedimentary folds are those due to slumping of #sedimentary material before it is lithified. Folds in rocks vary in size from #microscopic crinkles to #mountain-sized folds. They occur singly as isolated folds and in extensive fold trains of different sizes, on a variety of scales.

Folds form under varied conditions of #stress, #hydrostatic pressure, pore pressure, and temperature gradient, as #evidenced by their presence in #soft #sediments, the full spectrum of #metamorphic rocks, and even as primary flow #structures in some #igneous rocks. A set of folds distributed on a regional scale constitutes a fold belt, a common feature of #orogenic zones. Folds are commonly formed by shortening of existing #layers, but may also be formed as a result of displacement on a non-planar #fault (fault bend fold), at the tip of a propagating fault (fault #propagation fold), by differential #compaction or due to the effects of a high-level igneous #intrusion e.g. above a #laccolith.

#GeologyOfTheWorld #Environment #Area

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Hey everyone! Do you have any idea what geomorphological feature you're seeing in this video? We'd love to hear your thoughts—let's see how many different opinions we can gather! From your comments, we'll be able to spot the true geology experts! 🌍💡

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1. Explore the World Together: Geologists love to travel, and you'll get to visit amazing places with them—sometimes even the most remote corners of the earth!

2. A Heart as Big as the Earth: They love you deeply—after all, anyone who loves rocks has plenty of love to give!

3. Gemstone Galore: Your jewelry box will always be full since they can find gemstones like a pro (and maybe even get them for free)!

4. Endless Laughter: Living with a geologist means constant humor—who else can make talking to rocks sound so interesting?

5. A Path to Riches: Geologists have a knack for finding valuable resources. Who knows? You might strike it rich together!

6. Genius Kids: Expect smart, curious, and adventurous children—they’ll definitely inherit those geologist genes.

7. Free Fuel: Forget the gas station! Your geologist spouse will have a deep connection to the oil industry. 😉

8. A Rock-Solid Home: With a geologist, your home will be built with the best materials—they know exactly where to find them!

9. Safety First: Your geologist partner will keep you safe—they can predict natural disasters before they happen!

10. Eco-Friendly Living: Geologists are the ultimate environmentalists, so you’ll be living in a green, sustainable environment!


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