Geology🌍Books📚

Australopithecus
Australopithecus, which means “southern ape”, was actually an upright-walking hominid with human-like teeth and hands. Its main ape-like features were a small brain, flattened nose region and forward-projecting jaws. Different species of this genus populated the eastern and southern parts of Africa between 4-million and 2-million years ago.

Read more …👇

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaz4729

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Anatase crystals

📸 Matteo Chinellato

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Pyrite octahedral crystals

📸 Matteo Chinellato

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Fluorite crystal

📸 Matteo Chinellato

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Spessartine
Rhombododecahedral crystal with icositetrahedral faces

📸 Matteo Chinellato

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Happy Christmas 🎄 to all of our geo friends around the Earth 🌏🥳

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All about Rocks & Geology in 👇@Geology_Books

When your dad makes you pose as the scale in geology photos☹️😁

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🇦🇫 💎
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Why Dikes are importance?

1. Indicators of Magmatic Activity

Dykes represent pathways where magma intruded into existing rock layers, providing evidence of past volcanic and tectonic activity.

They offer insights into the subsurface processes that shape the Earth's crust.

2. Understanding Tectonic Settings

The orientation and distribution of dykes reveal stress fields and tectonic forces during their formation.

Dykes aligned parallel or perpendicular to fault systems can indicate regional tectonic stress patterns.

3. Dating Geological Events

Dykes can be dated using radiometric techniques, helping geologists determine the timing of magmatic and tectonic events.

They can provide age constraints for the rocks they intrude or are intruded by, aiding in reconstructing geological histories.

4. Mineral Exploration

Dykes can contain valuable minerals, including precious metals (e.g., gold) and rare elements (e.g., lithium).

They act as conduits for mineralizing fluids, leading to the formation of ore deposits.

5. Petrological and Geochemical Studies

The composition of dykes reflects the nature of the magma source and its evolution.

Geochemical analyses can reveal mantle characteristics, magma differentiation processes, and crustal interactions.

6. Structural Markers

Dykes often cut across other rock units and structures, making them useful for identifying relative ages of geological formations.

They can act as markers for mapping deformation and faulting events.

7. Paleomagnetic Studies

Dykes are often well-preserved and can record the Earth's magnetic field at the time of their formation.

This information helps in understanding plate motions and reconstructing paleogeographic configurations.

8. Reservoirs for Groundwater and Hydrocarbons

Dykes can influence the permeability and porosity of surrounding rocks, affecting groundwater flow and hydrocarbon migration.

In some cases, they act as barriers or conduits for fluid flow.

9. Landscape Evolution

Dykes, being more resistant to erosion than surrounding rocks, often form prominent ridges.

Studying these features helps reconstruct past landscapes and erosion patterns.

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Dykes (or dikes) are crucial geological features that hold significant importance for geologists. By the studying dykes, geologists gain valuable insights into the dynamic processes that shape the Earth, contributing to fields like structural geology, volcanology, mineral exploration, and geochronology.

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Identify this rock… 🪨

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From about 300-200 million years ago (late Paleozoic Era until the very late Triassic), the continent we now know as North America was contiguous with Africa, South America, and Europe. They all existed as a single continent called Pangea.

📷 Richard Morden

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Amethyst vein 🔮

📍Morcínov hill, between Bohemian Parise, northern Czech republic

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I am a geologist ⚒️ ✌
Rocks are my Books 📕 📖
Earth is my library🌍📚

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Epithermal mineralization in field survey ⚒️🪨

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A modified genetic model for multiple pulsed mineralized processes at the giant Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization system

https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2023-9145

To gain deeper insights into the processes that led to the formation of porphyry copper deposits (PCD), Zheng et al. obtained data from cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, in-situ trace elements, and Sr isotopes of newly discovered scheelite (Sch 1, Sch 2, and Sch 3) found in three generations of vein types within the giant Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization system. These scheelite veins record at least three superimposed, episodic hydrothermal pulses. Volatiles originating from mafic rocks, injected into the porphyry metallogenic system, assume a pivotal role in shaping PCD formation. These findings shed light on the potential for identifying complementary metal endowments of W-Cu-Mo and extending the metallogenic scope of PCDs within collision zones.

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Columnar basalt
📍Iran
📸 Geologist Online

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Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Zagros and Makran during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic

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The ZAGROS FOLD-THRUST BELT - 1800 km long in the foreland of collision between the ARABIAN and EURASIAN PLATES. Contains about half of the world's reserves of petroleum.

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Pumic of Sahand volcanic mountains
📍East Azarbayjan - Iran

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The discovery of one of the largest diamonds in the history of the world

The Canadian mining company "Lucara Diamond" announced the discovery of 2492 carats (498 grams) of diamonds in the Karowe mine in Botswana. It is one of the largest diamonds in weight in the entire history of diamond mining on the planet.

Previously, the same company had discovered a diamond named Sewelo weighing 1758 carats (in 2019) and a diamond named Lesedi La Rona weighing 1109 carats (in 2015) in the same mine. The record holder is the "Cullinan" diamond weighing 3016.75 carats, which was mined in 1905 in the "Premier" mine in South Africa.

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Geological Software’s for Mapping and Analysis

1. Micromine: A popular mining software that offers geological modeling capabilities.
2. Leapfrog Geo: Another well-known geological modeling software.
3. MapInfo Pro with Discover: A GIS software used by mineral exploration companies.
4. Geovia Surpac: Great for mining and exploration companies.
5. Datamine Studio: Offers comprehensive geological modeling features.
6. RockWorks by RockWare: Useful for various geological tasks.

Additionally;if interested in free + open-source options

- SGS-Geobase: A drilling data logger that interfaces with SGS Genesis.
- QGeoloGIS: A QGIS plugin for well log and timeseries visualization.
- OpenGeoPlotter: An open-source PyQt5 app for mineral exploration drill hole data visualization and cross-section generation.
- GemPy: An open-source implicit geological modeling tool that allows for automation and uncertainty analysis.

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GEOLOGIST'S MATERIALS IN THE FIELD (SAMPLING)

For an effective Field Campaign, especially for a Sampling Campaign, a Field Geologist must be well equipped. For the collection and storage of samples, you will need, among other things, several materials:

- Plastic bags:
* Different sizes (small, medium, large) to accommodate different sample sizes;
* Variable thickness, depending on the nature of the sample (fragile, heavy, wet);
*Marked with numbers or letters for identification.
- Labels :
*Water and weather resistant (durable paper, plastic);
*With a writing surface to note date, location, sample type, sample number, and other important information.
- Sample cases:
* Various sizes for storing, protecting and transporting sample bags;
* Ideally, compartments to facilitate the sorting and organization of samples;
*With sturdy grips and a secure locking system
- A Geologist's Hammer (descriptions and features from our previous publications);
- A field probe:
* Allows access to samples in depth (soil, sediment) without digging;
* Different types of probes exist (manual, crank, percussion), to choose according to needs.

For documentation, the various instructions and navigation:
- Notepads and pencils or pens adapted to waterproof and weather-resistant terrain to note observations, measures, sketches, GPS coordinates, etc.
- A digital camera or smartphone with good resolution and an optical zoom for detailed photos to document geological context, outflow, structures, minerals, fossils, etc.
- A GPS receiver (charged and with spare batteries) to locate and map sample points, with sufficient precision for map production;
- A Clinometer Geologist's Compass for measuring the characteristics of structures in the field;
- A field magnifying glass with sufficient magnification for precise identification of minerals for the observation of minerals and structures with the naked eye.

For safety because even for a Sampling Campaign, safety matters:

- Safety helmet ;
- Work gloves ;
- Safety shoes ;
- Protective clothing suitable for climate and terrain conditions;
- First aid kit;
- Water and food (because it matters a lot. And we don't leave the rest of the food or packaging of those on the field. )

Tips:
- Adapt your equipment to the geographical and climatic conditions of the study area;
- Organize your backpack for easy access to all essentials;
Do some tests before going out to the field to ensure all equipment is working properly.

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Meteorite ☄️ Portugal 🇵🇹
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The Craton Enigma: Scientists Propose a New Continental Formation Theory

The scientists reported in the journal Nature that the continents may not have emerged from Earth’s oceans as stable landmasses, the hallmark of which is an upper crust enriched in granite. Rather, the exposure of fresh rock to wind and rain about 3 billion years ago triggered a series of geological processes that ultimately stabilized the crust — enabling the crust to survive for billions of years without being destroyed or reset.
The findings may represent a new understanding of how potentially habitable, Earth-like planets evolve, the scientists said.

Read more.. 👇

https://scitechdaily.com/the-craton-enigma-scientists-propose-a-new-continental-formation-theory/

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Dutch astronomer and seismologist Frank Hoogerbeets, predicted the occurrence of a relatively large earthquake in the center of #Turkey in the coming days.

https://www.facebook.com/share/HRbCosjDwksN4uKe/?mibextid=WC7FNe

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Cataclastic metamorphism in the BIF (Banded-Iron Formation) ,Prieska ,South Africa

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Geophysical Methods Of Exploration

Gravity method: This method measures the variations in the Earth's gravity field caused by changes in the density of the rocks below the surface. Dense rocks have a stronger gravitational pull than less dense rocks, so the gravity field will be stronger over a body of dense rock.

Seismic method: This method uses seismic waves to image the subsurface. Seismic waves are generated by an artificial source, such as an explosion or a thump, and they travel through the Earth's crust and mantle. The waves are reflected and refracted by the different layers of rock, and these reflections and refractions can be used to create a map of the subsurface.

Electrical resistivity method: This method measures the electrical resistance of the rocks below the surface. The resistance of a rock depends on its porosity, water content, and mineral composition. Changes in these properties can be detected by measuring the electrical resistivity of the rocks.

Magnetic method: This method measures the variations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by changes in the magnetic properties of the rocks below the surface. Magnetic rocks, such as iron ore, have a stronger magnetic field than non-magnetic rocks.

Radiometric method: This method measures the natural radioactivity of the rocks below the surface. Radioactive rocks emit radiation, and the amount of radiation emitted depends on the type of rock and its age.

These are just a few of the many geophysical methods that are used in exploration. The choice of method depends on the specific application and the properties of the rocks that are being investigated.

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