Adults 2024
Endocrine Courses
@endocrine_atm
Summary of ancient science and the latest findings of science 🧑⚕👩⚕
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Endocrine Courses (English)
Are you interested in learning about the fascinating world of endocrinology? Look no further than the Endocrine Courses Telegram channel! This channel, with the username '@endocrine_atm', offers a unique blend of ancient science and the latest findings in the field of endocrinology. Whether you are a healthcare professional looking to expand your knowledge or simply someone with a keen interest in the human body, this channel has something for everyone.
With a variety of resources such as summaries of ancient science and updates on the most recent scientific discoveries, Endocrine Courses is the perfect place to stay informed and engaged. From hormonal regulation to the latest advancements in endocrine research, this channel covers a wide range of topics to keep you up-to-date with the ever-evolving world of endocrinology.
Join the Endocrine Courses Telegram channel today by clicking on the link below:
https://t.me/+NN4iBt094vU4OTky
Don't miss out on this valuable opportunity to enhance your understanding of endocrinology and connect with like-minded individuals who share your passion for this fascinating field. For more information, feel free to contact the channel administrator at @DR_ATM. Expand your knowledge, connect with experts, and discover the wonders of endocrinology with Endocrine Courses!
Endocrine Courses
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Endocrine Board Review, 15th Edition 2023
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Endocrine Courses
03 Oct, 20:02
Endocrine Board Review, 15th Edition 2023
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Endocrine Courses
07 Jul, 16:23
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology 15E ALGRAWANY 2025
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Endocrine Courses
21 Jan, 16:24
🔲 diabetic ketoacidosis
- DKA is an acute, life-threatening medical emergency that can occur in both type I and type II diabetic patients (more common in type I).
- Consequences of DKA include hyperglycemia, ketonemia, metabolic acidosis, and volume depletion
🔹 Precipitating factors
- Any type of stress or illness (e.g., infection, trauma, myocardial infarction, stroke, surgery, sepsis,)
- Inadequate administration of insulin
🔹Diagnosis
- hyperglycemia
- ketonaemia
- metabolic acidosis
- Ketonemia and acidosis are required for the diagnosis of DKA.
- Hyponatremia
- hyperkalemia may be present initially,
although total body potassium is low. As insulin is given, it causes a shift of potassium into cells, resulting in a hypokalemia.
🔹Clinical features
- Symptoms usually occur rapidly, typically in less than 24 hours
- Nausea and vomiting
- rapid, deep breathing ( kussmaul's breathing)
- Abdominal pain (more common in children) that may mimic acute abdomen
- “Fruity” (acetone) breath odor
- Marked dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia—volume depletion is
always present
- Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weakness
- Altered consciousness, drowsiness, and frank coma may occur if not treated
🔹 Management
- The aims of DKA management are to correct circulating volume and electrolyte imbalance
- It is important to identify and treat precipitating causes as well as to prevent complications.
- management of DKA include : intravenous insulin,
intravenous fluid (normal saline)
potassium replacement
- finally refer to a diabetes specialist
Endocrine System @Endocrine_ATM
- DKA is an acute, life-threatening medical emergency that can occur in both type I and type II diabetic patients (more common in type I).
- Consequences of DKA include hyperglycemia, ketonemia, metabolic acidosis, and volume depletion
🔹 Precipitating factors
- Any type of stress or illness (e.g., infection, trauma, myocardial infarction, stroke, surgery, sepsis,)
- Inadequate administration of insulin
🔹Diagnosis
- hyperglycemia
- ketonaemia
- metabolic acidosis
- Ketonemia and acidosis are required for the diagnosis of DKA.
- Hyponatremia
- hyperkalemia may be present initially,
although total body potassium is low. As insulin is given, it causes a shift of potassium into cells, resulting in a hypokalemia.
🔹Clinical features
- Symptoms usually occur rapidly, typically in less than 24 hours
- Nausea and vomiting
- rapid, deep breathing ( kussmaul's breathing)
- Abdominal pain (more common in children) that may mimic acute abdomen
- “Fruity” (acetone) breath odor
- Marked dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia—volume depletion is
always present
- Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weakness
- Altered consciousness, drowsiness, and frank coma may occur if not treated
🔹 Management
- The aims of DKA management are to correct circulating volume and electrolyte imbalance
- It is important to identify and treat precipitating causes as well as to prevent complications.
- management of DKA include : intravenous insulin,
intravenous fluid (normal saline)
potassium replacement
- finally refer to a diabetes specialist
Endocrine System @Endocrine_ATM
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