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Important news 🎊

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India’s Solar Program
☀️

India's solar program has emerged as a cornerstone of its renewable energy strategy, reflecting the nation's commitment to sustainable development and energy security. With an ambitious target of achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, including 280 GW from solar power, India is positioning itself as a global leader in solar energy.

Historical Context

The foundation of India’s solar initiatives was laid with the launch of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in 2010. This mission aimed to promote solar energy in India and initially set a target of 20 GW of installed solar capacity by 2022. The program has since evolved, with India surpassing its initial goals and reaching an installed solar capacity of approximately 72.7 GW by late 2024.

Key Initiatives and Schemes

1. National Solar Mission (NSM): Launched in 2010, the NSM aims to establish India as a global leader in solar energy technology. It focuses on creating favorable policies for the rapid diffusion of solar technology across the country.

2. Rooftop Solar Scheme: The Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana aims to install rooftop solar systems in one crore households, providing up to 300 units of free electricity per month. This initiative significantly enhances access to clean energy for low-income families.

3. Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM): This scheme promotes solar energy use among farmers by providing financial assistance for installing solar pumps and decentralized solar power plants on agricultural land.

4. Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects: The government has established solar parks across various states to facilitate large-scale solar power generation, aiming for a cumulative capacity of over 40 GW.

5. Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Programme: This initiative encourages residential sectors to adopt rooftop solar systems, offering Central Financial Assistance (CFA) that covers a significant portion of installation costs.

Achievements

- As of late 2024, India ranks fifth globally in solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment.
- The country has made significant strides towards its renewable energy targets, with plans to expand its solar capacity significantly.
- The government has also set up mechanisms like Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) to promote investment in renewable energy projects.

International Solar Alliance (ISA)

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) plays a pivotal role in advancing India's solar ambitions and enhancing global cooperation on solar energy. Launched jointly by India and France on the sidelines of the 2015 Paris Climate Conference, ISA aims to mobilize efforts against climate change through the deployment of solar energy solutions.

Objectives and Impact

- Mobilization of Investments: ISA seeks to mobilize USD 1 trillion in investments for solar energy solutions by 2030, facilitating access to clean energy for over 1 billion people.

- Collaboration Among Member Countries: With over 100 countries as signatories, ISA provides a collaborative platform for sharing best practices, technology transfer, and capacity building in solar energy deployment.

- Focus on Solar Deployment: ISA’s ‘Towards 1000’ strategy aims to install 1,000 GW of solar energy capacity globally, which aligns with India's domestic targets and enhances its leadership role in international climate action.

Challenges Ahead

Despite its progress, India's solar program faces several challenges:

- Infrastructure Development: There is a need for improved grid infrastructure to handle the increasing share of solar power.

- Financing and Investment: Securing adequate financing for large-scale projects remains a hurdle.

- Policy Consistency: Ensuring stable policies and regulations is crucial for attracting long-term investments in the sector.

Conclusion

India's solar program represents a vital component of its broader strategy to transition towards sustainable energy sources and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The collaboration through the International Solar Alliance further strengthens India's position as a global leader in renewable energy, promoting international cooperation while addressing domestic energy needs. With continued investment and policy support, India's journey towards becoming a leader in renewable energy is well underway, contributing significantly to global efforts against climate change.

@prepofssb
citations

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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
🕴

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a maritime area established under international law, specifically the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It grants coastal states special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, extending up to 200 nautical miles (approximately 370 kilometers) from their coastline. This zone plays a crucial role in managing marine resources and asserting national sovereignty over adjacent oceanic areas.

Definition and Scope

- Extent: The EEZ begins where the territorial sea ends, typically at 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state. It extends outward to a maximum of 200 nautical miles, encompassing vast areas of ocean that can be rich in natural resources.

- Rights and Responsibilities: Within its EEZ, a coastal state has exclusive rights to:
- Explore and exploit both living resources (such as fish) and non-living resources (such as oil, gas, and minerals).
- Conduct marine scientific research.
- Protect and preserve the marine environment.

While the coastal state has significant rights within its EEZ, it must also respect the rights of other states, which include freedoms such as navigation and overflight.

Importance of the EEZ

1. Resource Management: The EEZ is vital for managing fisheries, hydrocarbons, and other marine resources. It allows countries to regulate fishing practices and ensure sustainable exploitation of these resources.

2. Economic Development: Control over an EEZ can significantly contribute to a nation's economy through resource extraction, tourism, and maritime trade.

3. Geopolitical Significance: The establishment of EEZs helps mitigate disputes over maritime boundaries among neighboring countries. However, overlapping claims can lead to tensions, requiring diplomatic negotiations to delineate boundaries.

Global Context

- As of now, more than 150 countries have ratified UNCLOS, leading to the establishment of numerous EEZs worldwide. Collectively, these zones cover about 42% of the world's oceans, highlighting their significance in global resource management.

- Countries like the United States have claimed their own EEZs since 1983, which includes vast areas rich in biodiversity and natural resources.

Challenges

Despite their importance, EEZs face several challenges:

- Overfishing: Unsustainable fishing practices can deplete fish stocks within EEZs, threatening both ecological balance and economic stability for coastal communities.

- Environmental Concerns: Pollution from land-based sources and maritime activities poses risks to marine ecosystems within EEZs.

- Geopolitical Tensions: Disputes over overlapping EEZ claims can lead to conflicts between nations. Notable examples include tensions in the South China Sea and Arctic regions.

Conclusion

The Exclusive Economic Zone is a critical aspect of modern maritime law that empowers coastal nations to manage their marine resources effectively while balancing international rights. As global demand for marine resources increases, the sustainable management of these zones will be essential for environmental conservation and economic prosperity. Addressing challenges within EEZs through international cooperation and responsible practices will be vital for ensuring their long-term viability.

@prepofssb
citations

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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12BNNmVqIZf13QsCeYEnYSZy4hG1Gvxrs

https://youtu.be/xVjEOdo8d4k

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I did alright in SSB

Le ME :- NOMINATED MYSELF for NARRATION and fumble kr diya 🥲🥴
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🚀CRUISE MISSILES

Cruise missiles are a class of precision-guided weapons designed to deliver a high-explosive warhead with pinpoint accuracy over long distances. Unlike ballistic missiles, which follow a parabolic trajectory, cruise missiles fly at relatively low altitudes and maintain a near-constant velocity, often using terrain-following and guidance systems to evade detection. Let’s break this down for deeper understanding:

Key Features of Cruise Missiles

🎖️Flight Path and Propulsion:
Cruise missiles travel at subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic speeds, depending on their design.
They are powered throughout their flight by jet engines or turbofans, enabling sustained low-altitude flight.

🎖️Guidance Systems:
Equipped with advanced navigation systems like GPS, INS (Inertial Navigation System), TERCOM (Terrain Contour Matching), and DSMAC (Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation) to ensure high accuracy.
Some variants use radar or infrared for terminal guidance.

🎖️Stealth and Low Observability:
Cruise missiles are designed to minimize radar cross-section and utilize terrain masking to avoid detection by enemy radar.

🎖️Payloads:
Typically carry conventional high-explosive warheads, but some are designed for nuclear payloads.

🎖️Launch Platforms:
Can be launched from land-based systems, submarines, ships, and aircraft, giving them a strategic advantage.


Cruise Missiles of India

India has developed an array of cruise missiles to bolster its strategic defense capabilities. Here are the major ones:

🎖️BrahMos Missile

Type: Supersonic cruise missile.

Development: Jointly developed by India (DRDO) and Russia (NPO Mashinostroyeniya).

Range: Initially 290 km, extended to 450 km; newer versions can exceed 800 km.

Speed: Mach 2.8 to Mach 3.0 (supersonic).

Payload: 200–300 kg (conventional or nuclear).

Guidance: GPS/GLONASS/INS and active radar homing in the terminal phase.

Launch Platforms: Land-based, ship-launched, submarine-launched, and air-launched variants (BrahMos-A for Su-30MKI).

Notable Features:
Terrain-following capability,Pinpoint accuracy,
High speed makes interception challenging.



🎖️Nirbhay Missile

Type: Subsonic cruise missile.

Development: Indigenous development by DRDO.

Range: 1,000–1,500 km.

Speed: Subsonic (~0.7 Mach).

Payload: 200–300 kg (conventional or nuclear).

Guidance: INS and GPS/GLONASS.

Launch Platforms: Canisterized launch from land and potential air and sea platforms.

Notable Features:
Terrain-following ability for low-level flight,High endurance and flexibility.

🎖️Prahar (Potential Tactical Role)

Although primarily a short-range ballistic missile, its advancements are paving the way for developing short-range tactical cruise missiles.


India’s Cruise Missile Development Strategy

🎖️Indigenization: India aims to reduce reliance on foreign technology through programs like "Make in India."

🎖️Strategic Deployment: BrahMos has been deployed in key sectors, including the northeastern regions, to counter potential threats from neighboring adversaries.

🎖️Upgrades: Newer BrahMos versions include enhanced stealth, range, and capability to counter hypersonic threats.


Global Context of Indian Cruise Missiles

🎖️Regional Superiority: The BrahMos is one of the fastest cruise missiles in the world, giving India a significant edge over regional adversaries like Pakistan and China.

🎖️Strategic Deterrence: The nuclear-capable variants add to India's second-strike capability under its No-First-Use policy.

🎖️Export Potential: India has started exporting BrahMos to friendly nations, strengthening its geopolitical influence.


Challenges and Way Forward

🎖️Counter-Cruise Missile Defense: Developing systems to intercept enemy cruise missiles is crucial, given their increasing use in modern warfare.

🎖️Hypersonic Research: India is already working on hypersonic missiles like the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), which will drastically change the dynamics of cruise missile technology.

Important news 🗞️🚩

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It’s time to shelve 2024 and check out a brand-new year—Happy New Year 2025! Let’s bookmark success, catalog our dreams, and issue positivity all year long.

As Neil Gaiman said, ‘A book is a dream you hold in your hands.’ This year, let’s dream big and make every page count.

#Welcome 2025🌄✍️
Arpit singh

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TAT/PPDT of the DAY

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Important news 🚩

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Hello everyone!

Here's the topic that is especially relevant for those candidates who have got their SSB interview in recent times. They can share their SSB centre and date so that others who're having the same date can contact you and then plan your journey ahead together!

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#GD@prepofssb #SSBtasks@prepofssb

To prepare effectively for a Group Discussion (GD) in the Services Selection Board (SSB) interview, consider the following strategies:

Understand the Topic

- Stay Informed: Regularly read newspapers, magazines, and online resources to keep up with current affairs and relevant topics. This knowledge will help you contribute meaningfully during discussions[3][6].
- Develop Opinions: Formulate your own views on various subjects, as GDs are not just about sharing information but expressing informed opinions[4].

Enhance Communication Skills

- Practice Speaking Clearly: Work on articulating your thoughts in a clear and concise manner. Avoid rambling and focus on making structured arguments supported by facts[5][6].
- Active Listening: Pay close attention to others during the discussion. This demonstrates respect for different viewpoints and allows you to build on or counter their arguments effectively[1][3].

Engage in Mock Discussions

- Simulate GDs: Participate in mock group discussions with peers or mentors. This practice can help you gain confidence, improve your speaking skills, and identify areas for improvement[6].
- Time Management: Practice managing your speaking time to ensure you contribute without dominating the conversation. Aim for a balanced approach where you listen 70% of the time and speak 30%[2][5].

Display Leadership Qualities

- Initiate When Possible: If you feel confident about the topic, consider starting the discussion. This can showcase your leadership skills and confidence[1][4].
- Encourage Participation: Make space for others to speak by being assertive yet respectful. Acknowledge their points before adding your own, which fosters a collaborative environment[2][5].

Maintain Positive Body Language

- Use Non-Verbal Cues: Maintain eye contact, use appropriate gestures, and exhibit confident posture throughout the discussion. Positive body language can enhance your verbal communication[5][6].
- Stay Calm Under Pressure: If disagreements arise, try to mediate and steer the conversation back to constructive dialogue. This shows maturity and conflict resolution skills[3][6].

Key Dos and Don'ts

Dos:
- Be concise and stick to relevant points.
- Respect differing opinions and engage in healthy debates.
- Use examples or data to support your arguments.

Don'ts:
- Avoid dominating the conversation or interrupting others.
- Do not become overly aggressive or confrontational.
- Refrain from repeating points unnecessarily.

By integrating these strategies into your preparation, you'll enhance your performance in SSB Group Discussions, showcasing your suitability for a leadership role in the armed forces.
citations

Click here to read GD Notes

@prepofssb

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#lecturette

Lecturette topics of SSB Bangalore

17 SSB Bangalore

👉Terrorism
👉ISRAEL - PALESTINE conflict
👉Democracy
👉Age of Technology
👉Pm modi
👉My fav footballer
👉Cyber crimes
👉GST
👉Same sex marriage
👉Valentine day
👉 MANREGA
👉 Pulse polio
👉 Rajwardhan Rathore
👉National anthem
👉G 20
👉Volcano
👉Sachin Tendulkar
👉 Secularism
👉India’s role in World Forum
👉National integration
👉Indo Israel relation
👉T 20 cricket
👉Time management
👉Importance of army in national peace
👉Drug addiction
👉Importance of army in disaster management
👉South China sea
👉Stress management
👉My favourite war hero
👉My favourite tourist destination
👉Indo Russia relation

@brainmegs

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INS VIKRANT
⚓️

imagesource

#aircraftcarrier #ins #navy

INS VIKRANT

INS Vikrant (pronounced [vikraːnt̪ə]) is an aircraft carrier in service with Indian Navy.
The carrier is India's fourth carrier and the first to be built in India. It was constructed by the Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) in Kochi, Kerala. The namesake Vikrant is a tribute to India's first aircraft carrier INS Vikrant (1961). Vikrant means "courageous" in Sanskrit.
The motto of the ship, "जयेम सम् युधिस्पृधः" (Sanskrit), means "I defeat those who dare to challenge me" (English).

Work on the ship's design began in 1999. The keel was laid in 2009. The carrier was floated out of dry dock in December 2011 and launched in August 2013. Basin trials were completed in December 2020, and sea trials started in August 2021. Its commissioning ceremony was held on 2 September 2022. Aircraft flight trials will be completed in 2023. The total cost of the project is approximately ₹23,000 crore (equivalent to ₹260 billion or US$3.2 billion in 2023) at the time of first sea trials.

Vikrant's air group can consist up to 26 Rafale M fighters/ Mig-29K and up to 4 Kamov Ka-31, or 2 HAL Dhruv NUH or 4 MH-60R helicopters.
India is currently negotiating with France for the purchase of 26 Rafale-M carrier jets as the Mig-29Ks are in short supply.

It uses the STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) method to launch and recover aircraft for which it is equipped with a ski-jump to launch aircraft, and three 'arrester wires' for their recovery.
It is 262 metres (860 ft) in length, with a top speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) and endurance of 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km; 8,600 mi).
It has a total area in excess of 12,450 m^2 which equals to about 2.5xhockey field.
The ship has 2,300 compartments manned by 1,700 seamen. It has a hospital complex, cabins for female officers, eight kilometres (5.0 mi) of corridors, and eight generators capable of lighting up a city of 2 million people.

IAC-2
In addition to the already proposed INS Vishal, the Indian Navy is also looking for another Vikrant class aircraft carrier, IAC-2, with similar dimensions and capabalities. As of March 2024, Indian Navy has been submitted the proposal to acquire another Aircraft Carrier to Ministry of Defence. IAC-2 will have an increased indigenous content than INS Vikrant (IAC-1). The major components which will be indigenised includes arresting gear system, restraining gear used to launch aircraft and Precision Approach Radar.

INS-Vishal as India’s third aircraft carrier, that is not entirely right. Design, construction and operationalisation of a carrier takes a long time and the IAC-II, if it comes in time, will be a timely replacement for INS Vikramaditya.

The erstwhile 19,500 tonne Vikrant was India’s first carrier purchased from the U.K., which arrived in 1961 and played a vital role in the 1971 war. Then came the 28,700 tonne INS Viraat commissioned in 1987, formerly HMS Hermes, also from the U.K. INS Vikramaditya procured from Russia and commissioned in 2013 is India’s third carrier.

from 'The Significance of Carrier Aviation'
The Hindu & Wikipedia
@prepofssb

#lecturette

Lecturette topics from Bhopal


21 SSB Bhopal

1. Inflation
2. Infrastructure of India
3. Rain water harvesting
4. Favorite Cricketer
5. Ambition in life
6. Adult Education
7. Indo US relations
8. Cable TV

22 SSB Bhopal

1. Right to Information Act and its fallout
2. Water bodies
3. India’s foreign trade
4. Indo Pak relations- the future
5. Disaster management in India
6. Water resources
7. Girl Child
8. Health
9. Aviation industry in India

@brainmegs

#lecturette #gd #interview

PART:-06

👌Poshan Abhiyaan

• Salient Features: A multi-ministerial convergence mission aimed at addressing malnutrition with a focus on adolescent girls, pregnant
women, lactating mothers, and children.
• Aim: To reduce the level of stunting, under-nutrition, anemia, and low birth weight.
• Achievements: Significant progress has been made in reducing malnutrition across the target groups, with millions of beneficiaries under the scheme.

👌National Health Mission (NHM)

• Salient Features: Aims to provide accessible, affordable, and quality
health services to all, especially the vulnerable sections of the society.
• Aim: To strengthen public health systems, improve maternal and child
health, and combat communicable and non-communicable diseases.
• Achievements: The NHM has contributed to significant improvements in key health indicators like IMR, MMR, and institutional deliveries.

👌eSanjeevani

• Salient Features: A telemedicine service offering online OPD services to
citizens across India.
• Aim: To provide healthcare services remotely, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Achievements: Over 1 crore teleconsultations have been conducted through eSanjeevani, making healthcare accessible to remote areas.

👌Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)

• Salient Features: A rural development program to develop model
villages with adequate physical and institutional infrastructure.
•Aim: To achieve integrated development of selected villages with more than 50% SC population.
• Achievements: Several villages have been developed as model villages under this scheme.

PART:-05 👈

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TH✅

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#tat #ppdt

TAT/PPDT of the DAY

@brainmegs

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TH✅

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#interview #gd #lecturette

PART:- 02 👈

PART:-03

👌Khelo India

• Salient Features: A national program for the development of sports,
aiming to foster a strong sports culture in the country.
• Aim: To revive the sports culture in India at the grassroots level by
building a strong framework for all sports.
• Achievements: The program has successfully organized multiple Khelo
India Youth Games, nurturing young talents.

👌PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi)

• Salient Features: Provides income support to all landholding farmer
families in the country to supplement their financial needs.
• Aim: To provide direct income support of ₹6,000 per year to farmers.
• Achievements: Over ₹2.17 lakh crore has been transferred to the bank
accounts of over 11 crore farmers.

👌Atmanirbhar Bharat

• Salient Features: A self-reliance movement launched during the COVID-
19 pandemic focusing on five pillars: Economy, Infrastructure, System,
Vibrant Demography, and Demand.
• Aim: To make India self-reliant and reduce dependence on imports by
promoting domestic production and consumption.
• Achievements: A series of economic packages were announced,
boosting MSMEs, agriculture, and infrastructure sectors.

👌Ayushman Bharat

• Salient Features: A health scheme that aims to provide free access to
healthcare for 10 crore families in India.
• Aim: To provide health coverage up to ₹5 lakh per family per year for
secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
• Achievements: Over 3 crore hospital treatments have been provided
under this scheme since its launch.

👌Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)

• Salient Features: Provides LPG connections to women from Below
Poverty Line (BPL) households.
• Aim: To replace the use of traditional cooking fuels like firewood and
cow dung with clean cooking gas.
• Achievements: Over 9 crore LPG connections have been distributed
under this scheme, improving the health of millions of women and
children.

@brainmegs
@brainmegswritten

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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/12BNNmVqIZf13QsCeYEnYSZy4hG1Gvxrs

#gd #lecturette #interview

PART:-02

👌Digital India

• Salient Features: A flagship program to transform India into a digitally
empowered society and knowledge economy.
• Aim: To ensure that government services are made available to citizens
electronically by improving online infrastructure and increasing internet
connectivity.
• Achievements: Major initiatives under Digital India include DigiLocker,
BHIM, and e-Hospital. The program has significantly improved digital
access and literacy.

👌Make in India

• Salient Features: An initiative to encourage companies to manufacture in
India and incentivize dedicated investments into manufacturing.
• Aim: To transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub.
• Achievements: FDI inflows have increased significantly, and the country
has seen substantial growth in manufacturing sectors such as electronics,
automobiles, and pharmaceuticals.

👌Skill India

• Salient Features: A campaign aimed at training over 40 crore people in
different skills by 2022.
• Aim: To create opportunities, space, and scope for the development of
talents in India.
• Achievements: Over 5 crore youth have been trained under various skill
development programs, improving their employability.

👌Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)

• Salient Features: Provides loans up to ₹10 lakh to non-corporate, nonfarm small/micro enterprises.
• Aim: To fund the unfunded by bringing such enterprises into the formal
financial system.
• Achievements: More than 34 crore loans have been sanctioned under
this scheme, with a total of ₹18.87 lakh crore disbursed.

PART :-01 👈

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Ohh yeh kitni funny reel h 🥸👇

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🌑PART -1

👌Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

• Salient Features: A financial inclusion program for ensuring access to
affordable financial services such as bank accounts, remittances, credit,
insurance, and pensions.
• Aim: To provide universal access to banking facilities with at least one
basic banking account for every household.
• Achievements: Over 46 crore bank accounts have been opened, with a
total balance exceeding ₹1.74 lakh crore as of 2023. This scheme has
improved financial literacy and inclusion, especially in rural areas.

👌Aadhar

• Salient Features: A unique 12-digit identity number issued to residents
of India, based on their biometric and demographic data.
• Aim: To provide a unique identity to residents and streamline the
delivery of services by eliminating duplicates and fake identities.
• Achievements: Over 130 crore Aadhaar numbers have been issued.
Aadhaar has become crucial for various services, including banking,
subsidies, and direct benefit transfers.

👌Unified Payments Interface (UPI)

• Salient Features: A real-time payment system facilitating inter-bank
transactions by instantly transferring funds between two bank accounts
on a mobile platform.
• Aim: To make digital transactions easier and promote cashless payments
in India.
• Achievements: UPI has revolutionized digital payments in India,
processing over 7.9 billion transactions worth ₹12.98 lakh crore in
August 2023 alone.

♥️Yeh reaction dena kaafi dino se KISI ne beja nhi 😔🙃🥲😆

Padhna toh pdega Newspaper mere dost
Vrna tumse jyda GD me koi or bol jaega

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BRAINME GS pinned «How I got SCREENED IN ❓ (Simplest and 💯 Percent working) Itna toh kr hi skte ho 🤔 https://www.instagram.com/reel/DC3K_J0oI0n/?igsh=MXFla3UwYWM2ZTRmeA==»

How I got SCREENED IN ❓

(Simplest and 💯 Percent working)

Itna toh kr hi skte ho 🤔

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#lect #imp #gd #research
________________________
India's Nuclear Journey
✨

India's journey to become a nuclear power nation began in 1948, when it established the Atomic Energy Commission to pursue peaceful applications of nuclear energy. ¹ India's first nuclear test, code-named Smiling Buddha, was conducted in 1974 at Pokhran, using plutonium produced by a research reactor. ²⁵ This test was motivated by China's nuclear test in 1964 and the border conflict with China in 1962. ⁶

India's second series of nuclear tests, code-named Operation Shakti, was conducted in 1998, also at Pokhran. ⁶ This series consisted of five detonations, including a thermonuclear device and four fission devices. ³⁶ These tests were intended to demonstrate India's capability to build a range of nuclear weapons with different yields and delivery systems. ⁶ India declared itself as a nuclear weapon state after these tests and adopted a nuclear doctrine of credible minimum deterrence and no-first-use policy. ⁶

India faced several challenges after its nuclear tests, both domestically and internationally. Some of the challenges were:

- India faced economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation from many countries, especially the US, Japan, and the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), which restricted India's access to nuclear technology and materials. ⁶⁷
- India had to balance its nuclear deterrence with its commitment to global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. India refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), considering them to be discriminatory and flawed. ³⁶
- India had to deal with the security threat posed by Pakistan, which also conducted nuclear tests in 1998, and the possibility of a nuclear arms race in South Asia. India and Pakistan came close to a nuclear confrontation during the Kargil conflict in 1999. ⁶⁷
- India had to overcome the technical and logistical challenges of developing a nuclear triad, i.e., the ability to deliver nuclear weapons by land, air, and sea. India achieved this capability in 2018, when its first nuclear submarine, INS Arihant, completed its deterrence patrol. ¹
- India had to address the environmental and social concerns related to its nuclear power programme, such as safety, waste management, land acquisition, and public protests. India also faced delays and cost overruns in its nuclear projects, especially the fast breeder reactors and the thorium-based reactors, which are part of its three-stage nuclear power plan. ²⁴

India dealt with these challenges by pursuing various diplomatic and strategic initiatives, such as:
- India signed the Indo-US civil nuclear deal in 2008, which recognized India as a responsible nuclear power and lifted the restrictions on nuclear trade and cooperation with India. India also obtained a waiver from the NSG to engage in nuclear commerce with other countries. ³⁶
- India joined three multilateral export control regimes, namely the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Wassenaar Arrangement, and the Australia Group, to demonstrate its adherence to the global norms and standards on nuclear, missile, and dual-use technologies. India also seeks to join the NSG as a full member. ³
- India ratified the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention, and pledged to abide by their obligations. India also subscribed to the Hague Code of Conduct, which aims to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles. ³
- India engaged in confidence-building and risk-reduction measures with Pakistan, such as the Lahore Declaration, the Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack against Nuclear Installations and Facilities, and the Agreement on Pre-Notification of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles. India also maintained a policy of restraint and dialogue with Pakistan, despite the provocations and terrorist attacks. ⁶⁷
- India invested in the research and development of its nuclear capabilities, both civilian and military, and sought to achieve self-reliance and indigenization in the nuclear sector. India also collaborated with other countries, such as Russia, France, and Japan, to enhance its nuclear power generation and diversify its nuclear energy sources. ¹²⁴

@prepofssb
citations

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🚨 IMPORTANT 🚨

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#wat #ssb

WAT of the DAY

1. Down
2. Desperate
3. Lose
4. Disgrace
5. Unable

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#tat #ppdt

TAT/PPDT of the DAY

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Me after uploading Newspapers

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Join for Group Planning Exercise [GPE] Practice
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Entries prohibited after first 24 participants join and after 08:05 p.m.!

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Morning 😔

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Schedule for daily practice sessions at 2000hrs!

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#tat #ppdt

TAT/PPDT of the DAY

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Chai toh sab pithe h
TRY this 🥴🙃

In which Five-year plan was the following statement quoted?

“The urge to bring economic and social change under present conditions comes from the fact of poverty and inequalities in income, wealth and opportunity”.

#geography #gs

🔥 EARTHQUAKE 🔥

👍 or 👎 🤔

@brainmegswritten

📰 Important News Articles

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✅ FKS - 20 Aa Gyi Hai ........

This is the Last PDF of Our FKS Pdf Series. (As of Now)
I hope it helps you to learn the diverse Important Topics that have been asked in the Main Exam.

Planning something More Interesting and Productive.
Till then Stay connected to @theSaneMaverick

Also Join Our Quiz channel @Quizbythesanemaverick for medium to Advance level questions along with the good explanation .

✅List of FKS PDFs >> https://t.me/thesanemaverick/1101

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🔥INTERIOR of EARTH 🔥

*Let me know your Reaction*

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📰 Important News Articles

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📰 Important News Articles

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How to Prepare Current Affairs for SSB INTERVIEW with MINIMAL EFFORTS 🤔😱🤯❓

👇👇

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Today's NEWSPAPERS 🗞️👇

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BRAINME GS pinned «»