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📚গুরুত্বপূর্ণ শহর ও তাদের উপাধি📚

পিঙ্ক সিটি: জয়পুর

ব্লু সিটি: জোধপুর

সিটি অব জয়: কলকাতা

সিটি অব লেকস: উদয়পুর

গার্ডেন সিটি: বেঙ্গালুরু

ইলেকট্রনিক সিটি: বেঙ্গালুরু

স্পিরিচুয়াল ক্যাপিটাল: বারাণসী

📚গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নদী ও তাদের উৎপত্তিস্থল

গঙ্গা: গঙ্গোত্রী হিমবাহ (উত্তরাখণ্ড)

যমুনা: যমুনোত্রী হিমবাহ (উত্তরাখণ্ড)

ব্রহ্মপুত্র: চেমায়ুংদুং গ্লেশিয়ার (তিব্বত)

গোদাবরী: ত্র্যম্বক (মহারাষ্ট্র)

নর্মদা: অমরকণ্টক (মধ্যপ্রদেশ)

কাবেরী: তালকাবেরী (কর্ণাটক)

🔴 Most Important Static GK 📚📚

🧿 ভারত এবং বিশ্বের ভূগোল (Geography of India and World)

🔸 The position of the Earth in its orbit when it is at the greatest distance from the Sun is called?
➖ Aphelion

🔸 পৃথিবী সূর্য থেকে সবচেয়ে বেশি দূরত্বে অবস্থান করলে তার কক্ষপথে অবস্থানকে বলা হয়?
➖ অ্যাফেলিয়ন
___________________________________________

🔸 The position of the orbit of the moon when it is at its greatest distance from the Earth is called?
➖ Apogee

🔸 চাঁদ পৃথিবী থেকে সবচেয়ে বেশি দূরত্বে অবস্থান করলে তার কক্ষপথের অবস্থানকে বলা হয়?
➖ অ্যাপোজি
___________________________________________

🔸 The tropical storm in the Carribean or West Pacific Ocean with extremely strong winds is called?
➖ Hurricane

🔸 ক্যারিবিয়ান বা পশ্চিম প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরে প্রচন্ড প্রবল বাতাস সহ ক্রান্তীয় ঝড়কে বলা হয়?
➖ হারিকেন
___________________________________________

🔸 The wind which rotates in an anticlock direction in the Northern Hemispher and in a clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere is called?
➖ Tornado

🔸 যে বায়ু উত্তর গোলার্ধে অ্যান্টিক্লক দিকে এবং দক্ষিণ গোলার্ধে ঘড়ির কাঁটার দিকে ঘোরে তাকে বলা হয়?
➖ টর্নেডো
___________________________________________

🔸 The tidal mouth of a river where the salt water of the tide meets the fresh water of the river current is called?
➖ Estuary

🔸 কোন নদীর জোয়ারের মুখ যেখানে জোয়ারের লোনা পানি নদীর স্রোতের মিঠা পানির সাথে মিলিত হয় তাকে বলা হয়?
➖ মোহনা
___________________________________________

🔸 Lines on the map denoting places experiencing equal baromatic pressure is called?
➖ Isobars

🔸 মানচিত্রে সমান ব্যারোম্যাটিক চাপ অনুভব করে এমন রেখাগুলোকে বলা হয়?
➖ আইসোবারস
___________________________________________

🔸 Lines denoting equal depth in the sea is called?
➖ Isobaths

🔸 সমুদ্রের সমান গভীরতা নির্দেশক রেখাকে বলা হয়?
➖ আইসোবাথস
___________________________________________

🔸 The 7th largest country of the world in terms of area is?
➖ India

🔸 আয়তনের দিক থেকে বিশ্বের ৭ম বৃহত্তম দেশ কোনটি?
➖ ভারত
___________________________________________

🔸 The fertile soil generally found in UP, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar is called?
➖ Alluvial soil

🔸 সাধারণত ইউপি, পাঞ্জাব, হরিয়ানা ও বিহারে যে উর্বর মাটি পাওয়া যায় তাকে বলা হয়?
➖ পলিমাটি
___________________________________________

🔸 Which soil is suitable for the cultivation of cotton, wheat, oil seeds and tobacco?
➖ Black soil

🔸 কোন মাটি তুলা, গম, তৈলবীজ ও তামাক চাষের জন্য উপযোগী?
➖ কালো মাটি
___________________________________________

🔸 Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej are the tributaries of which river?
➖ Indus

🔸 ঝিলাম, চেনাব, রাভি, বিয়াস ও সতলজ কোন নদীর উপনদী?
➖ সিন্ধু
___________________________________________

🔸 Yamuna, Chambal, Betwa, Sone, Ghagra, Gandak and Gomti are the tributaries of which river?
➖ Ganga

🔸 যমুনা, চম্বল, বেতওয়া, সোনা, ঘাগড়া, গন্ডক ও গোমতী কোন নদীর উপনদী?
➖ গঙ্গা
___________________________________________

🔸 Teesta river is the tributary of which river?
➖ Brahmaputra

🔸 তিস্তা নদী কোন নদীর উপনদী?
➖ ব্রহ্মপুত্র
___________________________________________

🔸 On which river Bhakra Nangal Dam is constructed?
➖ Sutlej river in Punjab

🔸 ভাকরা নাঙ্গল বাঁধ কোন নদীর উপর নির্মিত?
➖ পাঞ্জাবের সুতলজ নদী
___________________________________________

🔸 On which river Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is contructed?
➖ Krishna river in Karnataka

🔸 নাগার্জুন সাগর বাঁধ কোন নদীর উপর নির্মিত?
➖ কর্ণাটকের কৃষ্ণা নদী

Which award started when
important for upcoming exams

■ 1901➨ Nobel Prize
■ 1929 ➨ Oscar Award
■ 1954 ➨ Bharat Ratna
■ 1961➨ Jnanpith Award
■ 1995 ➨ Gandhi Peace Prize
■ 1985 ➨ Dronacharya Award
■ 1969 ➨ Man Booker Prize
■ 1961 ➨Arjuna Award
■ 1917 ➨ Pulitzer Prize
■ 1992 ➨ Vyas Samman
■ 1952 ➨ Kalinga Award
■ 1991 ➨ Saraswati Samman
■ 1969 ➨ Dadasaheb Phalke
■ 1957 ➨ Ramon Magsaysay Award
■ 1992 ➨ Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
■ 1955 ➨ Sahitya Akademi Award
■ 1954 ➨ National Film Award
■ 1958 ➨ Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar

কোন পুরস্কার কখন শুরু হয়েছে আসন্ন পরীক্ষার জন্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ

■ 1901➨ নোবেল পুরস্কার
■ 1929 ➨ অস্কার পুরস্কার
■ 1954 ➨ ভারতরত্ন
■ 1961➨ জ্ঞানপীঠ পুরস্কার
■ 1995 ➨ গান্ধী শান্তি পুরস্কার
■ 1985 ➨ দ্রোণাচার্য পুরস্কার
■ 1969 ➨ ম্যান বুকার পুরস্কার
■ 1961 ➨অর্জুন পুরস্কার
■ 1917 ➨ পুলিৎজার পুরস্কার
■ 1992 ➨ ব্যাস সম্মান
■ 1952 ➨ কলিঙ্গ পুরস্কার
■ 1991 ➨ সরস্বতী সম্মান
■ 1969 ➨ দাদাসাহেব ফালকে
■ 1957 ➨ র্যামন ম্যাগসেসে পুরস্কার
■ 1992 ➨ রাজীব গান্ধী খেলরত্ন
■ 1955 ➨ সাহিত্য আকাদেমি পুরস্কার
■ 1954 ➨ জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার
■ 1958 ➨ শান্তি স্বরূপ ভাটনগর

✅ ভারতের রাজবংশ এবং তাদের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা ✅
==========================

🔸 খিলজি রাজবংশ (উত্তর ভারত)- জালাল-উদ-দিন খিলজি

🔸 তুঘলক রাজবংশ (উত্তর ভারত) - গিয়াস-উদ-দিন তুঘলক

🔸 লোধি রাজবংশ (উত্তর ভারত) - বাহলোল লোধি

🔸 মুঘল রাজবংশ (ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশের বড় অংশ)- বাবর

🔸 হরিয়াঙ্ক রাজবংশ (মগধ)- বিম্বিসার

🔸 নন্দ রাজবংশ (মগধ)- মহাপদ্মানন্দ

🔸 চোল রাজবংশ, আদি (চোলমন্ডলমা) - কারিকাল

🔸 গুপ্ত রাজবংশ (মগধ)- শ্রীগুপ্ত

🔸 চালুক্য বাদামি রাজবংশ (বাদামী)- পুলকেশিন প্রথম

🔸 পল্লব রাজবংশ (কাঞ্চি)- সিংহ বিষ্ণু

🔸 চালুক্য ভেঙ্গি রাজবংশ (ভেঙ্গি) - বিষ্ণু বর্ধন

🔸 রাষ্ট্রকূট রাজবংশ (মহারাষ্ট্র)- দন্তি দুর্গা

🔸 পাল রাজবংশ (বাংলা)- গোপাল

🔸 চোল রাজবংশ (তামিল অঞ্চল) - বিজয়ালয়

🔸 দাস রাজবংশ (উত্তর ভারত)- কুতুবুদিন আইবক

🔸 মৌর্য রাজবংশ (মগধ)- চন্দ্রগুপ্ত মৌর্য

🔸 শুঙ্গ রাজবংশ (মগধ)- পুষ্যমিত্র শুঙ্গ

🔸 কণ্ব রাজবংশ (মগধ)- বাসুদেব

🔸 সাতবাহন রাজবংশ (মহারাষ্ট্র) - সিমুকা

🔸 কুশান রাজবংশ (পশ্চিম-উত্তর ভারত) - কাদফিসেস

✅ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নোট - ভারতীয় ভূগোল
=============================

➨এরিয়াল আইল্যান্ড গ্রুপের একমাত্র জনবসতিপূর্ণ দ্বীপ হল স্মিথ দ্বীপ। এরিয়াল আইল্যান্ড গ্রুপ উত্তর এবং মধ্য আন্দামান প্রশাসনিক এলাকার অন্তর্গত।

➨সোমব্রেরো চ্যানেল কার নিকোবর এবং লিটল নিকোবারের মধ্যে অবস্থিত।

➨মারিনা বিচ চেন্নাই, তামিলনাড়ুতে অবস্থিত। এটি ভারতের দীর্ঘতম সৈকত।

➨মালওয়া মালভূমি পূর্বে বুন্দেলখণ্ড, উত্তরে আরাবল্লী এবং দক্ষিণে বিন্ধ্যান রেঞ্জ দ্বারা ঘেরা।

➨ গঙ্গা নদী (2525 কিমি) ভারতের দীর্ঘতম নদী। এটি উত্তরাখণ্ডের গঙ্গোত্রী হিমবাহ থেকে উৎপন্ন হয়ে বঙ্গোপসাগরে পড়েছে। অন্যান্য নদী দৈর্ঘ্যে দীর্ঘতম হতে পারে কিন্তু ভারতের অভ্যন্তরে গঙ্গা দীর্ঘতম।

➨ গন্ডক নদী হল ভারতের গঙ্গার একটি বাম-তীর উপনদী।

➨ রোহতাং পাসের কাছে বিয়াস কুন্ড থেকে বিয়াস নদীর উৎপত্তি। এটি মানালি এবং কুল্লু শহর বরাবর প্রবাহিত হয়েছে এবং একটি তির্যক উপত্যকা তৈরি করেছে যা কুল্লু উপত্যকা নামে পরিচিত।

➨বেতুল হল তাপি (৭৩০ কিমি) নদীর উপনদী। তাপি নদীর অন্যান্য উপনদী হল পূর্ণা, পাঞ্জরা, পাটক, অরুণাবতী, গঞ্জাল ইত্যাদি।

➨কাশ্মীর এবং পার্শ্ববর্তী অঞ্চলে শীত মৌসুমে অতিরিক্ত বৃষ্টিপাতের ক্ষেত্রে পশ্চিমা বিঘ্ন একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করে।

➨যেকোনো গ্রীষ্মমন্ডলীয় ঘূর্ণিঝড়ের কেন্দ্রে চারপাশে উচ্চচাপ এবং খুব নিম্নচাপের উপস্থিতি থাকে। এটি উষ্ণ বাতাসের বৃদ্ধির প্রবণতার কারণে এবং চাপ হ্রাসের কারণ।

🛡সিন্ধু সভ্যতার প্রধান শহর

◆ মহেঞ্জোদারো - সিন্ধু নদী

◆ হরপ্পা - রাভি নদী

◆ রোপার - সুতলজ নদী

◆ মান্দা - চেনাব নদী

◆ কালিবঙ্গ - ঘাগর নদী

◆ লোথাল - ভোগা নদী

◆ সুতকাঙ্গাডোর - দাশক নদী

◆ বালাকোট - ভিন্দার নদী

◆ সোতকাকোহ - শাদিকৌর

◆ আলমগীরপুর - হিন্দন নদী

◆ রংপুর - মাদার নদী

◆ কোটদিজি - সিন্ধু নদী

◆ বনওয়ালি - প্রাচীন সরস্বতী নদী

◆ চানহুদারো - সিন্ধু নদী

💡Mountain Peaks in India

🔆Mountain Peak Height (meters) State

✅K2 8611m Lies in Chinese + Pakistan administered Ladakh

✅Kanchenjunga 8586 m Sikkim shared Nepal

✅Nanda Devi 7816m Uttarakhand

✅Kangto 7060m Arunachal Pradesh

✅Reo Purgyill 6816m Himachal Pradesh

✅Mount Saramati 3841m Nagaland shared Myanmar

✅Sandakphu 3636m West Bengal shared Nepal

✅MountTempu 2994m Manipur

✅Anamudi 2695m Kerala

✅Doddabetta 2636m Tamil Nadu

✅Phawngpui 2165m Mizoram

✅Shillong Peak 1965m Meghalaya

✅Unnamed peak 1960m Assam

✅Mullyanagiri 1925m Karnataka

✅Guru Shikhar 1722m Rajasthan

✅Arma Kondar 1680m Andhra Pradesh

✅Deomali 1672m Odisha

✅Kalsubai 1646m Maharashtra

✅Karoh Peak 1499m Haryana

✅Parasnath 1382m Jharkhand

✅Dhupgarh 1352m MP

✅Guarlata 1276m Chhattisgarh

✅Sonsogor 1022m Goa

✅Unnamed peak 1000m Punjab

✅Doli Gutta 965m Telangana

✅Amsot Peak 957m Uttar Pradesh

✅Betlingchhip 930m Tripura

✅Someshwar Fort 880m Bihar

#apsc #cce #Geography

🧰 National Parks

📯51 National Parks In India

🔷Jim Corbett National Park – Uttarakhand

🔷Kaziranga National Park – Assam

🔷Gir Forest National Park – Gujarat

🔷Sundarban National Park – West Bengal

🔷Satpura National Park – Madhya Pradesh

🔷Eravikulam National Park – Kerala

🔷Pench National Park – Madhya Pradesh

🔷Sariska National Park – Rajasthan

🔷Kanha National Park – Madhya Pradesh

🔷Ranthambore National Park – Rajasthan

🔷Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve – Madhya Pradesh

🔷Bandipur National Park – Karnataka

🔷Nagarhole National Park – Karnataka

🔷Periyar National Park – Kerala

🔷Manas National Park – Assam

🔷The Great Himalayan National Park – Himachal Pradesh

🔷Sanjay Gandhi National Park – Maharashtra

🔷Rajaji National Park – Uttarakhand

🔷Silent Valley National Park – Kerala

🔷Dudhwa National Park – Uttar Pradesh

🔷Panna National Park – Madhya Pradesh

🔷Van Vihar National Park – Madhya Pradesh

🔷Bharatpur National Park – Rajasthan

🔷Bannerghatta National Park – Karnataka

🔷Wandoor Marine National Park – Andaman And Nicobar Islands

🔷Nameri National Park – Assam

🔷Mudumalai National Park – Tamil Nadu

🔷Jaldapara National Park – West Bengal

🔷Pin Valley National Park – Himachal Pradesh

🔷Orang National Park – Assam

🔷Gorumara National Park – West Bengal

🔷Simlipal National Park – Odisha

🔷Desert National Park – Rajasthan

🔷Dachigam National Park – Jammu And Kashmir

🔷Mrugavani National Park – Telangana

🔷Hemis National Park – Jammu And Kashmir

🔷Namdapha National Park – Arunachal Pradesh

🔷Khangchendzonga National Park – Sikkim

🔷Inderkilla National Park – Himachal Pradesh

🔷Mount Harriet National Park – Andaman And Nicobar Islands

🔷Anshi National Park – Karnataka

🔷Kishtwar National Park – Jammu And Kashmir

🔷Keibul Lamjao National Park – Manipur

🔷Blackbuck National Park – Gujarat

🔷Kuno National Park – Madhya Pradesh

🔷Gangotri National Park – Uttarakhand

🔷Nanda Devi And Valley Of Flowers National Park – Uttarakhand

🔷Papikonda National Park – Andhra Pradesh

🔷Valmiki National Park – Bihar

🔷Betla National Park – Jharkhand

🔷Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur – Rajasthan

✍ History One Liner Question Answers (Set - 01)
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• When did English introduce English as the medium of instruction in India- 1835

• Who was the founder of Aligarh Movement- Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

• The founder of Brahma Samaj was – Raja Rammohan Roy

• Who was the founder of Prarthana Samaj – Atmaram Pandurang

• Which was the first reform movement to be started in the 19th century – Brahmo Samaj

• The Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by – Jyotiraba Phule

• Who said, “Truth is the ultimate element and that is God” – Mahatma Gandhi

• Who among the Congress leaders was called ‘great old man’ – Dadabhai Naoroji

• Who was the first Indian to become a member of the British Parliament – Dadabhai Naoroji

• Who propounded the principle of ‘drainage of property’ from India to Britain – Dadabhai Naoroji

• Who gave the slogan “Inquilab Zindabad” – Bhagat Singh

• Who was the founder and editor of the famous newspaper ‘Kesari’ during the national struggle – Lokmanya Tilak

•Which religious book Gandhiji has called his mother – Bhagavad Gita

• Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it. This slogan was give by – Lokmanya Tilak

• Who was called ‘Frontier Gandhi’ – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

• Who is famous as “Lady with the Lamp” – Florence Nightingale

• Who is the author of the book ‘Life Divine’ – Arvind Ghosh

• Who was the editor of Young India and Harijan – Mahatma Gandhi

• Who wrote the famous drama “Neeladarpan” describing the atrocities of the British Indigo planters – Deenbandhu Mitra

• Which rebellion of Bengal is mentioned by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his novel ‘Anand Math’ – Saints Rebellion

• Who founded Abhinav Bharat – Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Lahore Conspiracy Case was registered against whom- Bhagat Singh

• Who founded the Ghadar Party in San Francisco – Lala Hardayal
Mangal Pandey fired the first shot of the Revolt of 1857 in – Barrackpore

• Who was the Governor General of India during the Revolt of 1857 – Lord Canning

• Who led the Ghadar of Kanpur- Nana Sahib

• Who initiated the civil service in India – Lord Cornwallis

• Who went to the Imperial court in 1877 wearing handmade khadi clothes – G. V. Joshi

• Who was the first Governor General of Bengal – Warren Hastings

• Which Governor General had abolished the practice of sati in India – Lord William Bentick

• Who was the first Indian to qualify in the Indian Civil Service – Satyendra Nath Tagore

• Who was the last Governor General of Bengal – Lord William Bentick

• The last Governor General of the East India Company and the first Viceroy under the Crown was – Lord Canning

• Which Governor General’s name was associated with the State Hadoop Policy – Lord Dalhousie

• Who was the last Viceroy of India – Lord Mountbatten

• India became independent during which Viceroy – Lord Mountbatten

• Who was the first Indian Governor General of India – C. Rajagopalachari

• Who had passed the Indian University School Act – Lord Lytton

• Who was the pioneer of local autonomy in India – Lord Ripon

• From which station was the rail journey started in India for the first time in 1853 – Bombay (Mumbai)

• Who was established under Pitts India Act – Board of Control

• Who established the Supreme Court in Calcutta – Regulatory Act of 1773

• Who started the system of communal constituencies in India – Minto Marley Reforms of 1909

• In which year Lala Lajpat Rai was deported and sent to Mandalay for organizing agrarian movement in Punjab – 1907

• On which date India got the status of jurisdiction – August 15, 1947

• Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das were founding members of – Swaraj Party

• Who was the first woman President of Congress – Mrs. Annie Besant

• Which party was founded by Subhash Chandra Bose after leaving the Indian National Congress – Forward Block

• Who was the founder of Azad Hind Fauj – Subhash Chandra Bose

• How many delegates attended the first session of the Indian National Congress – 72

🚀 First Man/Animals/Tourist in Space 🚀
=========================

🔸 First animal in space➖Laika (Dog)➖1957

🔸 First man in space➖Yuri Gagarin➖1961

🔸 First American in space➖Allan Shepard➖1961

🔸 First woman in space➖Valentina Tereshkova➖1963

🔸 First man to walk in space➖Alexei Leonov➖1965

🔸 First man to land on moon➖Neil Armstrong➖1969

🔸 First US woman in space➖Sally Ride➖1983

🔸 First woman to walk in space➖Svetlana Savitskaya➖1984

🔸 First Indian in space➖Rakesh Sharma➖1984

🔸 First Indian (US) woman in space➖Kalpana Chawla➖1997

🔸 First space tourist➖Denis Tito➖2001

🔸 First woman space tourist➖Anousheh Ansari➖2006

🚀 First Satellite in Space 🚀
=========================

🔸 First satellite in space➖Sputnik (USSR)➖1957

🔸 First Indian satellite➖Aryabhatta➖1975

🔸 First US satellite➖Explorer I➖1958

🔸 First British satellite➖Ariel I➖1962

🔸 First Chinese satellite➖Don Fang Hong I➖1970

🔸 First French satellite➖Asterix➖1965

📌Computer Shortcut Key📌


Ctrl + A - Select All
Ctrl + B - Bold
Ctrl + C - Copy
Ctrl + D - Fill
Ctrl + F - Find
Ctrl + G - Find next instance of text
Ctrl + H - Replace
Ctrl + I - Italic
Ctrl + K - Insert a hyperlink
Ctrl + N - New workbook
Ctrl + O - Open
Ctrl + P - Print
Ctrl + R - Nothing right
Ctrl + S - Save
Ctrl + U - Underlined
Ctrl + V - Paste
Ctrl W - Close
Ctrl + X - Cut
Ctrl + Y - Repeat
Ctrl + Z - Cancel
F1 - Help
F2 - Edition
F3 - Paste the name
F4 - Repeat the last action
F4 - When entering a formula, switch between absolute / relative references
F5 - Goto
F6 - Next Pane
F7 - Spell Check
F8 - Extension of the mode
F9 - Recalculate all workbooks
F10 - Activate Menubar
F11 - New graph
F12 - Save As
Ctrl +: - Insert the current time
Ctrl +; - Insert the current date
Ctrl + "- Copy the value of the cell above
Ctrl + '- Copy the formula from the cell above
Shift - Offset Adjustment for Additional Functions in the Excel Menu
Shift + F1 - What is it?
Shift + F2 - Edit cell comment
Shift + F3 - Paste the function into the formula
Shift + F4 - Search Next
Shift + F5 - Find
Shift + F6 - Previous Panel
Shift + F8 - Add to the selection
Shift + F9 - Calculate the active worksheet
Shift + F10 - Popup menu display
Shift + F11 - New spreadsheet
Shift + F12 - Save
Ctrl + F3 - Set name
Ctrl + F4 - Close
Ctrl + F5 - XL, size of the restore window
Ctrl + F6 - Next Workbook Window
Shift + Ctrl + F6 - Previous Workbook Window
Ctrl + F7 - Move window
Ctrl + F8 - Resize Window
Ctrl + F9 - Minimize the workbook
Ctrl + F10 - Maximize or Restore Window
Ctrl + F11 - Inset 4.0 Macro sheet
Ctrl + F1 - Open File
Alt + F1 - Insert a graph
Alt + F2 - Save As
Alt + F4 - Output
Alt + F8 - Macro dialog
Alt + F11 - Visual Basic Editor
Ctrl + Shift + F3 - Create a name using the names of row and column labels
Ctrl + Shift + F6 - Previous Window
Ctrl + Shift + F12 - Printing
Alt + Shift + F1 - New spreadsheet
Alt + Shift + F2 - Save
Alt + = - AutoSum
Ctrl + `- Toggle value / display of the formula
Ctrl + Shift + A - Insert the argument names in the formula
Alt + down arrow - automatic view list
Alt + '- Format Style Dialog
Ctrl + Shift + ~ - General Format

🟢 OBJECTIVE OF IMPORTANT COMMITTEES  [imp]

- Swaminathan Committee: Population Policy
- Janaki Raman Committee: Securities Scam
- Daantwala Committee: Unemployment Estimates
- Sarkaria Committee: Center State Relations
- Goswami Committee: Industrial Sickness
- Mahalanobis Committee: National Income
- Rangarajan Committee: Balance of Payments
- Goi Poria Committee: Bank Service Reforms
- Bhurelal Committee: Increase in Motor Vehicle Tax
- Sachar Committee: Socio-economic and Educational Status of Muslims
- Mahajan Committee: Sugar Industry
- Meera Seth Committee: Development of Handloom

🔰 Famous Ancient Indian Scholars and their Patrons 🔰
==============================

🔹 Amir Khusro➖Balban, Alauddin Khilji and 5 other rulers
🔹 Amar Singh➖Chandragupta Vikramaditya
🔹 Banabhatta➖Harshavardhana
🔹 Bhavabhuti➖Yashovarman of Kannauj
🔹 Bharvi➖Simhavishnu (Pallava)
🔹 Bilhan➖Vikramaditya VI (Chalukya of Kalyani)
🔹 Chandarbardai➖Prithviraja Chauhan
🔹 Dandin➖Narsinghavarman (Pallava)
🔹 Firdausi➖Mahmud Ghazni
🔹 Gunadhya➖Hala (Satvahana)
🔹 Hemchandra➖Kumarpala (Chalukyas of Anhilwara)
🔹 Harisena➖Samudragupta
🔹 Hari Hara➖Krishna Deva Raya
🔹 Jinasen➖Amoghvarsha (Rashtrakuta)
🔹 Kalidas➖Vikramaditya
🔹 Lakshmidhar➖Govind Chandra
🔹 Mahaviracharya➖Amoghvarsha (Rashtrakuta)
🔹 Nagarjuna➖Kanishka
🔹 Ravi Kirti➖Pulkesin II
🔹 Rajshekhara➖Mahendrapala and Mahipala
🔹 Somadeva➖Prithviraja III
🔹 Shri Harsha➖Jaychand
🔹 Shri Ponna➖Krishna III (Rashtrakuta)
🔹 Vakpatiraj➖Yashovarman of Kannauj
🔹 Vijnaneshwar➖Vikramaditya VI

🔰 Natural World Heritage Sites in India 🔰
==============================

🔹 Kaziranga Wild Life Sanctuary➖Assam

🔹 Manas Wild Life Sanctuary➖Assam

🔹 Keoladeo National Park➖Bharatpur, Rajasthan

🔹 Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks➖Chamoli, Uttarakhand

🔹 Sundarbans National Park➖West Bengal

🔹 Western Ghats➖Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra

💥 ভারতের প্রাচীন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের তালিকা
✅ তক্ষশীলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
✅ নালন্দা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
✅ বিক্রমশিলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
✅ ভালভী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
✅ সোমপুর মহাবিহার
✅ কাঞ্চিপুরম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
✅ পুষ্পগিরি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
✅ শারদা পীঠ
✅ জগদ্দলা মহাবিহার
✅ ওদন্তপুরী মহাবিহার

🔰 Important Units 🔰


💠1 HP= 746 Watt

💠1 Calorie = 4.18 Joules

💠1 Mile = 1.61 Km

💠1 Pond = 453 gm

💠 1 KwH = 3.6*10^6 Joules

💠1 WH = 3600 Joules

💠1 carret = 200 mg

💠1 Barrel = 159 litres

💠G = 6.67 × 10–¹¹ Nm²/Kg²

💠1 ev. = 1.6*10^-19 Joule

💠1 unit = 1 Kwh

Use Code :- “ TRIAL15 ” for Max Discount in All PW UPSC Batches !!

Prarambh 2027 New Batch 👇
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Prarambh + BA 2027 👇
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Prahar 4.0 2025 (Hinglish) 👇
https://physicswallah.onelink.me/ZAZB/14bkpfjy

UPSC Titan 3.0 2026 👇
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Sankalp 5.0 2026 (Hinglish) 👇
https://physicswallah.onelink.me/ZAZB/ajqp8923

👇Where is the Headquarter of👇

• 📌BRICS - Shanghai
•📌 ADB - Manila
•📌 ASEAN - Jakarta
• 📌UNDP - New York
• 📌NATO - Brussels
• 📌WTO - Geneva
•📌 CHOGM - Londan
• 📌OPEC - Vienna
• 📌UNICEF - New York
•📌 FAO - Rome
•📌 IMF - Washington
• 📌UNESCO - Paris
•📌 WHO - Geneva
•📌 UNEP - Nairobi

❇️Parliament Of Other Countries❇️

🔺India➖Parliament (Sansad)
🔺Iran➖Majlis
🔺Ireland➖Dail Eireann
🔺Israel➖Knesset
🔺Japan➖Diet
🔺Malaysia➖Majlis
🔺Maldive➖Majlis
🔺Magnolia➖Khural
🔺Nepal➖Rasthtriya Panchayat
🔺Netherlands➖States General
🔺Norway➖Storting
🔺Pakistan➖National Assembly
🔺Poland➖Scym
🔺Spain➖Crotes
🔺Sweden➖Riksdag
🔺South Africa➖Parliament
🔺Switzerland➖Federal Assembly
🔺Russia➖Duma
🔺Taiwan➖Yuan
🔺Turkey➖Grand National Assembly
🔺U.S.A.➖Congress
🔺Afghanistan➖Shora
🔺Australia➖Parliament
🔺Bangladesh➖Jatia Parliament
🔺Bhutan➖Tasongadu
🔺Canada➖Parliament
🔺China➖National People Congress
🔺Denmark➖Folketing
🔺Egypt➖People’s Assembly
🔺France➖National Assembly
🔺Germany➖Bundestag
🔺Great Britain➖Parliament

🔆 Glaciers in India

▪️Name State Mountain Range

✅Batura Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range

✅Khurdopin Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range

✅Hispar Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range

✅Biafo Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range

✅Baltoro Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range

✅Chomolungma glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range

✅Diamir Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range

✅Siachen Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range

✅Gangotri Glacier Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand Himalayas

✅Milam Glacier Uttarakhand Trishul peak of Pithoragarh

✅Pindari glacier Nanda Devi, Uttarakhand Upper reaches of the Kumaon Himalayas

✅Zemu Glacier Sikkim Eastern Himalaya Located on Kanchenjunga peak

📣🌐 IMPORTANT HILLS

🎤 Nilgiri hills- Tamil Nadu

➡️ Chali hill -Himachal Pradesh

🎤 Matheran Hill Station -Maharastra

➡️ Daringbad hill station-Odisha

🎤 Amarkantak hill - Madhya Pradesh

➡️ Barmura hill -Tripura

🎤 Girnar Hill -Gujarat

➡️ Satmala Hill --Maharasthra

🎤 Patkai Bum hills -Arunachal Pradesh

➡️ Kudagu hills -Karnataka

🎤 Darjeeling Hills --West Bengal Place of the thunderbolt

➡️ Gawilgarh Hills – Maharashtra

🎤 Harischandra Range - Maharashtra

➡️ Rajmahal Hills – Jharkhand

🎤 Garhjat Hills – Odisha

➡️ Sirumalai Hills – Tamil Nadu

🎤 Seshachalam Hills – Andhra Pradesh

➡️ Varusanadu Hills - Tamil Nadu

✅ First female in India -Names  - Year                      

First female doctor in India -Anandi Gopal Joshi -1887
- First female teacher in India
Savitribai Phule -1848
- India’s first women I.P.S officer - Kiran Bedi - 1972
- First woman autorickshaw driver- Shila Dawre - 1988
- First female pilot in India
-Sarla Thakral - 1936
- First female train driver in India
-Surekha Yadav -1988
- female rafale pilot in India
-Flight Lieutenant Shivangi Singh
-2017
-First female army officer in India
Captain Lakshmi Sehgal -1943
- First female astronaut in India
-Kalpana Chawla -2003
- First female prime minister in India
-Indira Gandhi -1966- 1977
-First female engineer in India -Lalitha Ayyalasomayajula
1919- 1979
-First female lawyer in India -Cornelia Sorabji -1894
-First female president in India
-Pratibha Patil -2007 - 2012
-First female chief minister in India
-Sucheta Kripalani -1963
-First female actress in India -Durgabai Kamat - 1914
-First female barrister in India
-Cornelia Sorabji - 1866- 1954
- First female fighter pilot in India
-Bhawana Kanth -2016
- First female neurosurgeon in India
Thanjavur Santhanakrishna Kanaka
-1932- 2018
- First female airline pilot in India
-Durba Banerjee - 1959
- First female governor in India
-Sarojini Naidu -1947- 1949
-First female scientist in India
-Kamala Sohonie -1912- 1988
-First female IFS officer in India
-Chonira Belliappa Muthamma
-1949
-First female mining engineer in India - Dr. Chandrani Prasad Verma
-1999
-First CM female in India - Sucheta Kripalani -1908- 1974
-First educated female in india
-Savitribai Phule - 1831- 1897
-First female defence minister in india - Nirmala Sitharaman - 2017
- First female entrepreneurs in india
- Kalpana Saroj  - 2001
- First female dentist in india -Vimal Sood - 1922- 2021
- First women president of INC
- Annie Besant - 1917
- First women union minister
-Rajkumari Amrita Kaur - 1947
- India’s first women ruler (on Delhi’s throne) - Razia Sultan -1236 to 1240
- First women to get Ashok Chakra
-Nirja Bhanot - 1987
- First Indian women to get the nobel prize -Mother Teresa - 1979
- First Indian women to climb the Mt. Everest  - Bachendri Pal -1984
- First Indian women to become Miss world  - Miss Reita Faria - 1966
-First women to get Jnanpith award
-Ashpurna Devi - 1976
- First Indian women to win a gold in Asian games - Kamaljeet Sandhu
-1970
-First Indian women to win the Booker prize - Arundhati Roy
1992
- First woman musician to get Bharat Ratna - Ms Subbulakshmi
-1916- 2004
-First Indian woman to win WTA title
-Sania Mirza - 2005

Important events of National Movement

1904 ➖ Indian Universities Act passed.

1905 -partition of Bengal.

1906 ➖ Muslim League established.

1907 ➖ Surat session, split in Congress

1909 ➖ Marley-Minto reform

1911  Delhi court of British emperor

1916  Construction of Homeroom League

1916 ➖ Muslim League-Congress Agreement (Lucknow Pact)

1917-Movement in Champaran by Mahatma Gandhi

1919 ➖ Rowlatt Act.

1919 ➖ Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

1919 - Montague-Chelmsford Reforms.

1920 ➖ Khilafat Movement

1920 ➖ Non-Cooperation Movement

1922 ➖ Chauri-Chaura scandal

1927 -Appointment of Simon Commission

1928 ➖ Simon Commission to visit India

1929-Bhagat Singh bomb blast in Central Assembly

1929 ➖ Congress demands complete independence

1930 ➖ Civil Disobedience Movement

1930 ➖ First Round Table Conference

1931 ➖ Second Round Table Conference

1932 ➖ Third Round Table Conference

1932 -Announcement of communal electoral system

1932 ➖ Poona Pact

1942-Quite India Movement

1942 Arrival of Cripps Mission

1943 - Establishment of Azad Hind Fauj.

1946  Arrival of Cabinet Mission

1946  Election of the Constituent Assembly of India.

1946 Establishment of Interim Government

1947 Mountbatten plan of partition of India

1947 ➖ Indian independence achieved

Important Facts About Human Body 

🔸 Normal Sperm Count:
➖ 250-400 million/ejaculation

🔸 Menstrual cycle:
➖ 28 days

🔸 Menopause age:
➖ 45-50 years

🔸 Blood clotting time:
➖ 3-5 minutes

🔸 Weight of Brain:
➖ 1300-1400 gm in human adult

🔸 Normal Blood Pressure (B.P.):
➖ 120/80 mm Hg

🔸 Average body weight:
➖ 70 kg

🔸 Normal body temperature:
➖ 37 degree celsius

🔸 Breathing Rate at rest:
➖ 12-16/minute

🔸 Number of Spinal Nerves:
➖ 31 pairs

🔸 Largest Endocrine Gland:
➖ Thyroid gland

🔸 Gestation period:
➖ 40 weeks or 9 calendar months

🔸 Normal Heart Beat at rest:
➖ 72 beats per minute

🔸 Largest Gland:
➖ Liver

🔸 Largest Muscle in the body:
➖ Gluteus Maximus or Buttock Muscle

🔸 Smallest Muscle in the body:
➖ Stapedius

🔸 Largest Artery:
➖ Aorta

🔸 Largest Vein:
➖ Inferior Vena Cava

🔸 Largest and longest Nerve:
➖ Sciatic Nerve

🔸 Longest Cell:
➖ Neurons (nerve cells)

🔸 Minimum distance for proper vision:
➖ 25

🔸 Largest and strongest Bone in the body:
➖ Femur (thigh bone)

🔸 Smallest Bone in the body
➖ Stapes in ear

🔸 Number of Cells in the body
➖ 75 trillion

🔸 Volume of Blood in the body
➖ 6 litres (in 70 kg body)

🔸 Number of Red Blood Cells(R.B.C.)
➖ In male: 5 to 6 million/cubic mm
➖ In female: 4 to 5 million/cubic mm

🔸 Life span of Red Blood Cells(R.B.C.)
➖ 100 to 120 days

🔸 Life span of White Blood Cell(W.B.C.)
➖ 3-4 days

🔸 Normal White Blood Cell(W.B.C.) count
➖ 5000-10000/cubic mm

🔸 Time taken by R.B.C. to complete one cycle of circulation:
➖ 20 seconds

🔸 Other name of Red Blood Cell (R.B.C.):
➖ Erythrocytes

🔸 Largest White Blood Cells:
➖ Monocytes

🔸 Smallest White Blood Cells:
➖ Lymphocyte

🔸 Who discovered Blood Group:
➖ Karl Landsteiner

🔸 Blood Platelets count:
➖ 150,000 - 400,000 platelets per micro litre

🔸 Haemoglobin (Hb):
➖ In male: 14-15 gm/100 c.c. of blood
➖ In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c. of blood

🔸 Hb content in body:
➖ 500-700 gm

🔸 pH of Urine:
➖ 6.5-8

🔸 pH of Blood:
➖ 7.36-7.41

🔸 Volume of Semen:
➖ 2-5 ml/ejaculation

🔸 Pulse rate:
➖ 72 per minute

🔸 Thinnest Skin:
➖ Eyelids

🔸 Weight of Heart:
➖ 200-300 gm

🌻 Principal Languages of the World 🌻
==============================

➢ Afrikaans➖South Africa
➢ Amharic➖Ethiopia
➢ Arabic➖Middle East
➢ Assamese➖India, Bangladesh
➢ Azerbaijani➖Azerbaijan
➢ Bengali➖India, Bangladesh
➢ Burmese➖Myanmar
➢ Belarusian➖Belarus
➢ Burmese➖Myanmar
➢ Chinese (Mandarin)➖China
➢ Czech➖Czech Republic
➢ Dutch-Flemish➖Netherlands, Belgium
➢ English➖UK, USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia
➢ Filipino➖Philippines
➢ French➖France
➢ Fula➖Cameroon,, Nigeria
➢ German➖Germany
➢ Greek➖Greece
➢ Hausa➖Nigeria, Cameroon
➢ Hindi➖India
➢ Hungarian or Magyar➖Hungary
➢ Ibo or Igbo➖Niger, Nigeria
➢ Italian➖Italy
➢ Japanese➖Japan
➢ Javanese➖Indonesia
➢ Kiswahili (Swahili)➖Kenya, Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania
➢ Korean➖Korea
➢ Kurdish➖South-West of Caspian Sea
➢ Malay➖Indonesia
➢ Min➖China, Taiwan, Malaysia
➢ Nepali➖Nepal, India, Bhutan
➢ Persian➖Iran, Afghanistan
➢ Polish➖Poland
➢ Portuguese➖Portugal
➢ Punjabi➖India, Pakistan
➢ Pushtu➖Afghanistan
➢ Romanian➖Romania
➢ Russian➖Russia
➢ Serbo-Croatian➖North-west Balkan Area
➢ Sindhi➖India, Pakistan
➢ Sinhalese➖Sri Lanka
➢ Spanish➖Spain, Latin America
➢ Sundanese➖Indonesia
➢ Tamil➖India, Sri Lanka
➢ Thai➖Thailand
➢ Turkish➖Turkey
➢ Ukrainian➖Ukraine, Russia, Poland
➢ Urdu➖Pakistan, India
➢ Uzbek➖Uzbekistan
➢ Vietnamese➖Vietnam
➢ Yoruba➖Nigeria, Zou, Benin

📖 Intelligence Agencies of the World 📖
================================

🔹 Australia➖Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS)
🔹 China➖Ministry of State Security (MSS)
🔹 Germany➖Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), Federal Intelligence Service in English
🔹 Israel➖Mossad
🔹 Iran➖Ministry Of Intelligence and Security (MOIS)
🔹 Iraq➖Iraqi National Intelligence Service (INIS)
🔹 India➖Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
🔹 Japan➖Public Security Intelligence Agency (PSIA)
🔹 Pakistan➖Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
🔹 Russia➖Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU or Glavnoye Razvedyvatel`noye Upravleniye)
🔹 South Africa➖South African Secret Service (SASS)
🔹 United Kingdom➖Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) or MI6
🔹 United States of America➖Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
🔹 France➖Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE)

✅ SI Units ✅

1.Force:-Newton (N)
2.Frequency:-Hertz (Hz)
3.Inductance:-Henry (H)
4.Electric charge:-Coulomb (C)
5.Electric potential (Voltage):-Volt (V)
6.Capacitance:- Farad (F)
7.Magnetic flux:-Weber (Wb)
8.Resistance:-Ohm (Ω)
9.Magnetic flux density:-Tesla (T)
10.Energy, Work, Heat:-Joule (J)
11.Power :-Watt (W)
12.Angle:-Radian (rad)
13.Radioactivity:-Becquerel (Bq)
14.Luminous flux:-Lumen (lm)
15.Radiant flux:-Watt (W)

😵‍💫🚩 List of constitutional bodies in India along with the relevant articles of the Indian Constitution that establish or provide for their creation:

🚩 Election Commission of India (ECI):
   - Article 324

🚩 Union Public Service Commission (UPSC):
   - Article 315-323

🚩 State Public Service Commissions (SPSC):
   - Article 315

🚩 Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG):
   - Article 148-151

🚩 Attorney General of India:
   - Article 76  Join

🚩 Solicitor General of India:
   - Article 76

🚩 National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC):  
   - Article 338

🚩 National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST):
   - Article 338A

🚩 Finance Commission:
    - Article 280

🚩🚩 Inter-State Council:
    - Article 263

🌈 Hydroelectric Power Plants in India

💥Hirakund Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Odisha

💥Balimela Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Odisha

💥Tehri Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Uttarakhand

💥Nagarjuna Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Andhra Pradesh

💥Srisailam Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Andhra Pradesh

💥Machkund Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Andhra Pradesh

💥Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Himachal Pradesh

💥Bhakra Nangal Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Himachal Pradesh

💥Dehar Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Himachal Pradesh

💥Baira- Siul Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Himachal Pradesh

💥Sardar Sarovar Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Gujarat

💥Indirasagar Hydroelectric Power Plant➖Madhya Pradesh

💥Bansagar Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Madhya Pradesh

💥Rihand Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Uttar Pradesh

💥Sharavathi Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Karnataka

💥Kalinadi Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Karnataka

💥Shivanasamudra Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Katnataka

💥Teesta Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Sikkim

💥Rangit Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Sikkim

💥Salal Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Jammu and Kashmir

💥Uri Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Jammu and Kashmir

💥Subarnarekha Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Jharkhand

💥Loktak Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Manipur

💥Idukki Hydro electric Plant➖Kerala

💥Koyna Hydro Electric Power Plant➖Maharashtra

❣💐 RIVERS : Sorrow and Lifeline

•SORROW•
🏝Sorrow of Bengal - Damodar
🏝Sorrow of Bihar - Kosi
🏝Sorrow of Odisha - Mahanadi
🏝Sorrow of Assam - Brahmaputra

•LIFELINE•
🏜Lifeline of Madhya Pradesh - Narmada
🏜Lifeline of Andhra Pradesh - Godavari
🏜Lifeline of Goa - Mandovi
🏜Lifeline of Sikkim - Teesta

⛰Red River - Brahmaputra
⛰Vridha Ganga - Godavari
⛰Ardha Ganga - Krishna
⛰Dakshina Ganga - Godavari
⛰Dakshina ki Ganga - Kaveri

🕵‍♂ INDUS CITIES - DISCOVERERS

• Harappa          - DR Sahni
• Mohenjodaro - RD Banerjee
• Lothal              - SR Rao
• Kalibangan     - BB Lal
• Dholavira.       - JP Joshi
• Banawali        - RS Bist
• Chanhudaro  - MG Majumdar
• Rangpur         - MS Vats
• Sutkagendor - Aurel Stein
• Alamgirpur, Ropar - YD Sharma

🏆 NOBEL PRIZE WINNER  2024 🏆

🎖 AWARDED FOR
🔹 Outstanding contributions for humanity in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine.
🌀 First Awarded : 1901

🎖 COUNTRY
🔹 Sweden (all prizes except the Peace Prize)
🔹 Norway (Peace Prize only)

🎖REWARD
🔹Prize money of 11 million SEK

🏆 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE 2024
◾Victor Ambros (USA)
◾️Gary Ruvkun (USA)

🏆 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2024
◾️ John Hopfield (USA)
◾️ Geoffrey Hinton (UK)

🏆 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2024
◾️David Baker  (USA)
◾️Demis Hassabis (UK)
◾️John M. Jumper (USA)

🏆 NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE 2024
◾️Han Kang (South Korea)

🏆 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE 2024
◾️ Nihon Hidankyo (Japan Organisation)

🏆 NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS 2024
◾️ Daron Acemoglu (Turkey)
◾️ Simon Johnson (UK)
◾️ James A. Robinson (UK)

🙏🏻A. P. J. Abdul Kalam🙏🏻

💠Born : 15 October 1931, Rameswaram TN

💠Died : 27 July 2015, Shillong Meghalaya

💠Full name : Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam

💠He was an Indian aerospace scientist and politician

💠11th President of India from 2002 to 2007

💠Before being elected as the President also served as Chief Scientific Adviser to the PM and Secretary of DRDO

💠Bharat Ratna Awarded : 1997

💠Known as the "Missile Man of India" 

🏆 IMPORTANT AWARDS
1997: Bharat Ratna
1981: Padma Bhushan
1990: Padma Vibhushan
1997: Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration
1998: Veer Savarkar Award
2000: SASTRA Ramanujan Prize – Shanmugha Arts, Science,Technology & Research Academy, India
2013: Von Braun Award

📚BOOKS OF APJ ABDUL KALAM
📯Wings of Fire : Autobiography 
📯India 2020
📯Ignited Minds
📯Target 3 Billion
📯Turning Points
📯You Are Born To Blossom
📯My Journey
📯A Manifesto for Change
📯Advantage India
📯Reignited

💠 Wheeler Island rename Dr. Abdul Kalam Island

Important Organization & their Headquarters

🏣UNO    New York (USA)

🏣UNICEF    New York (USA)

🏣UNCTAD   Geneva (Switzerland)

🏣WHO   Geneva (Switzerland)

🏣ILO   Geneva (Switzerland)

🏣ICRC   Geneva (Switzerland)

🏣WTO   Geneva (Switzerland)

🏣UNESCO   Paris (France)

🏣WMO   Geneva (Switzerland)

🏣WIPO   Geneva (Switzerland)

🏣IOS   Geneva (Switzerland)

🏣IAEA   Vienna (Austria)

🏣OPEC   Vienna (Austria)

🏣IMF   Washington DC (USA)

🏣WB   Washington DC (USA)

🏣IMO   London (UK)

🏣AI   London (UK)

🏣ICJ   The Hague (Netherlands)

🏣FAO   Rome (Italy)

🏣NATO   Brussels (Belgium)

🏣IRENA   Abu Dhabi (UAE)

🏣SAARC   Kathmandu (Nepal)

🏣ASEAN  Jakarta (Indonesia)

🏣APEC   Singapore

🏣OIC   Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)

🏣OPCW    The Hague (Netherlands)

🏣WWF   Gland, Vaud (Switzerland)

🏣WEF   Cologny, (Switzerland)

🏣IHO   Monaco

🏣ICC   Dubai, (UAE)

🏣IUCN   Gland, (Switzerland)

🏣ICOMOS   Paris, (France)

🏣UNWTO   Madrid, (Spain)