UPSC Express

Here’s another UPSC Mains 2018 question with a detailed explanation

Question

Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate protection and preservation of the environment.’ Comment.

Step 1: Understanding the Question

Let’s break this question down:
1. Policy Contradictions: This refers to conflicts between policies in different sectors (e.g., industry vs. environment, urbanization vs. forests).
2. Competing Sectors/Stakeholders: Groups like industries, farmers, environmental activists, and governments often have conflicting interests.
3. Inadequate Protection of the Environment: The result of these contradictions is poor environmental conservation.

The question asks you to comment—which means analyze the issue, give examples, and provide your viewpoint.

Step 2: Structure the Answer

We will structure it in the following way:
1. Introduction – Define the issue briefly and state why it is relevant.
2. Body – Discuss examples of policy contradictions and their impacts on the environment.
3. Conclusion – Provide a way forward to address these contradictions.

Step 3: Writing the Answer

Introduction:

Start by stating the problem:
“In the quest for economic development, various sectors and stakeholders often find themselves at odds over policies. For instance, industrial expansion may require deforestation, but this conflicts with the need to preserve ecosystems. These contradictions have led to poor environmental protection, as evidenced by increasing deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss in India.”

Body:

1. Examples of Policy Contradictions in India:
• Industrial Growth vs. Forest Conservation:
• Policies encouraging industrial growth, like the ease of environmental clearances under the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification, often conflict with forest conservation laws such as the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006.
• Example: Mining projects in biodiversity hotspots (e.g., coal mining in Hasdeo Arand forests in Chhattisgarh).
• Agriculture vs. Water Conservation:
• Subsidies for water-intensive crops like rice and sugarcane conflict with water conservation efforts, especially in drought-prone areas like Maharashtra.
• Result: Overexploitation of groundwater and shrinking water tables.
• Urbanization vs. Wetland Preservation:
• Real estate projects and infrastructure development often encroach on wetlands, which are vital for flood control and biodiversity.
• Example: Shrinking of wetlands in urban centers like Bengaluru and Chennai.
• Renewable Energy vs. Biodiversity:
• Large-scale solar and wind projects, while promoting clean energy, often lead to habitat destruction.
• Example: Wind farms in Rajasthan disrupting habitats of the Great Indian Bustard.

2. Impacts of These Contradictions on the Environment:
• Deforestation and Loss of Biodiversity: Conflicts between industrial projects and forest conservation lead to deforestation, threatening wildlife and ecosystems.
• Water Scarcity: Contradictory agricultural policies lead to water crises and degradation of natural water bodies.
• Pollution: Industries and urban centers emit pollutants, while weak enforcement of environmental laws exacerbates the problem.
• Climate Change: Unchecked resource exploitation accelerates climate change impacts like rising temperatures and extreme weather events.

3. Addressing Policy Contradictions:
• Integrated Policy Framework: Align economic, industrial, and environmental policies to promote sustainable development.
• Example: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) aims to balance energy efficiency with environmental goals.
• Stakeholder Collaboration: Engage industries, farmers, local communities, and governments in policy-making to address competing interests.
• Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs): Strengthen the EIA process to ensure sustainable project implementation.
• Incentivizing Sustainable Practices: Provide subsidies and tax breaks for eco-friendly industries and sustainable agricultural practices.

👆Conclusion:

End with a balanced statement:
“Policy contradictions reflect the challenges of balancing development with environmental conservation. To protect the environment, India must adopt an integrated approach that harmonizes competing interests while promoting sustainability and inclusivity.”

Key Takeaways for Writing:
1. Use Real Examples: Mention real-life issues like Hasdeo Arand, urban wetlands, and renewable energy conflicts to make your answer relevant.
2. Balance: Show both the challenges and solutions.
3. Focus on India: Relate the discussion to Indian policies and challenges.

If you want clarification on any part or need another example, let me know

👆Any doubts so far? Or should I elaborate further on any part?

Today, we’re going to discuss a 2018 UPSC Mains question

Que-“The identity politics has its relevance in democracy. Discuss in the context of India.”

Step 1: Understanding the Question

First, let’s understand the keywords:
• Identity Politics: This refers to political mobilization based on identities like caste, religion, ethnicity, language, or gender. Groups with shared identities demand rights, representation, or justice.
• Relevance in Democracy: Democracy thrives on participation, representation, and inclusivity. The question asks us to analyze how identity politics fits into this framework.

The focus is India, a country known for its diversity. So, the challenge is to explore whether identity politics has helped or hurt democracy here.

Step 2: How to Structure the Answer

We’ll structure our answer in three parts:
1. Introduction – Define identity politics and link it to democracy.
2. Body – Discuss its relevance and challenges, with examples.
3. Conclusion – Summarize with a balanced view.

Step 3: Writing the Answer

Introduction:

Start with what identity politics means. For example:
“Identity politics is when groups mobilize around shared characteristics like caste, religion, or ethnicity to demand rights, recognition, or representation. In India, where diversity is immense, identity politics has been both a unifying and divisive force.”

Now, connect it to democracy:
“In a democracy, inclusivity is crucial, and identity politics ensures marginalized voices are heard. But, it also raises questions about its impact on national unity and governance.”

Body:

Let’s first discuss why identity politics is important in a democracy like India:
1. Ensures Representation:
Many marginalized groups have been historically excluded from power. Identity politics brings their issues to the forefront. For example, reservation policies for SCs, STs, and OBCs aim to correct historical injustices and ensure political representation.
2. Empowers Marginalized Groups:
Political movements based on identity have given a voice to communities. Think about the Mandal Commission in the 1990s, which empowered OBCs. Similarly, regional parties like the BSP (focusing on Dalits) and DMK (focusing on linguistic identity) have emerged to represent specific groups.
3. Strengthens Democracy:
Democracy isn’t just about majority rule; it’s about protecting minority rights too. Identity politics ensures that all voices, even those of small communities, are part of the national conversation.

Now, let’s talk about the challenges of identity politics:
1. Divides Society:
Overemphasis on caste, religion, or ethnicity can deepen divisions in society. For instance, communal politics often polarizes voters, leading to riots or tensions, like what we saw during the Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi conflict.
2. Encourages Vote Bank Politics:
Political parties sometimes exploit identities for votes, ignoring broader developmental issues. This is why development-based agendas often take a backseat in Indian elections.
3. Undermines Meritocracy:
While reservations and affirmative action are important, excessive focus on identity-based demands can sometimes undermine merit and efficiency.

Finally, how do we strike a balance?

India’s diversity is its strength, and identity politics is a natural part of this. But to make democracy stronger:
• We need reforms to focus on developmental politics (issues like health, education, and jobs) while still addressing historical injustices.
• Policies should promote inclusivity without creating excessive fragmentation.

Conclusion:

End with a balanced view. For example:
“Identity politics has played a crucial role in India’s democracy by ensuring representation and empowerment. However, it also has the potential to divide society if misused. The challenge lies in balancing identity-based demands with broader developmental goals to build an inclusive democracy.”

Why This Approach Works
• It’s clear and logical.
• It explains both sides of the debate.
• Uses real-life examples to strengthen the answer.

Here’s a PYQ UPSC Mains 2018 GS II question with a breakdown of how to approach it effectively

Question

“Whether the Supreme Court judgment in the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) case strengthens the concept of judicial independence or makes the judiciary and executive work as equal partners?” Discuss.

How to Approach the Answer:

1. Understand the Question

This is a critically evaluative question. It requires:
• An understanding of the NJAC judgment.
• Analysis of how it impacts judicial independence.
• Discussion of whether it promotes partnership or retains the supremacy of judicial independence.

2. Structure the Answer

Follow the Intro-Body-Conclusion format:

Introduction: (50-60 words)
• Start with a brief context of the NJAC case and its importance.
• Mention the 99th Constitutional Amendment and NJAC Act, which proposed replacing the collegium system with NJAC for judicial appointments.
• Highlight the Supreme Court’s 2015 decision declaring the NJAC unconstitutional, citing a violation of judicial independence.

Example:
The NJAC was introduced to ensure transparency and accountability in judicial appointments, replacing the collegium system. However, in 2015, the Supreme Court struck it down, asserting that judicial independence is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. This verdict sparked a debate on balancing judicial autonomy with executive oversight.

Body: (200-250 words)

1. Strengthening Judicial Independence
• Core of the Verdict:
• Judicial independence is part of the basic structure doctrine, which the judiciary has the duty to protect.
• NJAC gave undue representation to the executive (Law Minister + 2 eminent persons), threatening the autonomy of judicial appointments.
• Significance:
• Reinforces the judiciary’s ability to function without external pressures.
• Prevents potential executive overreach into judicial functions.

2. Criticism of the Verdict
• Transparency Issues:
• The collegium system has been criticized for being opaque and lacking accountability.
• NJAC aimed to address these flaws but was dismissed without offering an alternative solution.
• Potential Partnership Lost:
• A collaborative approach between the executive and judiciary could have enhanced checks and balances.
• The judiciary’s dominance in appointments might result in limited external scrutiny.

3. Balance Between Independence and Accountability
• Striking a balance between independence and ensuring the judiciary is not insulated from constructive oversight remains critical.
• Proposals for reforming the collegium system (e.g., transparency, publishing criteria for appointments) need serious consideration.

Conclusion: (30-40 words)

While the NJAC verdict underscores the importance of judicial independence, it also highlights the need for reforms in the collegium system to promote transparency and accountability. Judicial independence and executive collaboration are not mutually exclusive but require careful balancing.

Example:
The NJAC judgment reaffirms judicial independence as integral to democracy but also missed an opportunity to create a more balanced framework for judicial appointments. Future reforms should focus on addressing the collegium system’s inherent flaws.

Key Tips for Answer Writing:
1. Stick to Word Limits: ~250 words.
2. Use Constitution Articles & Key Cases: Mention Articles 124(2) and 217 for judicial appointments and the Kesavananda Bharati case for the basic structure doctrine.
3. Balance Critique: Show both sides (pros and cons).
4. Use Subheadings: Improves readability.
5. Avoid Personal Bias: Maintain a neutral, analytical tone.

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Question (GS Paper 2 - 2018):
“How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India?”


Let’s break this down step by step, as if I were guiding you in a class on how to approach this UPSC Mains question and write an effective answer.

1. Read and Understand the Question

The question asks:
“How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India?”

What is this question asking?
• It’s a statement-based question. You need to analyze:
1. Lack of food availability – Is it the main cause of hunger?
2. Ineffective human development policies – How do they contribute to hunger?
3. Your opinion on the relationship between these two aspects.

2. Break Down the Structure

Your answer should have three key parts:
1. Introduction
• Define key terms and set the context.
• Briefly mention both aspects (food availability and human development policies).
2. Body (Main Analysis)
• First, discuss food availability and its role in hunger.
• Then, explain why human development policies are equally or more important.
• Show the connection between the two – hunger is multi-dimensional.
3. Conclusion
• Sum up your argument.
• Provide a balanced view, with a forward-looking suggestion.

3. Writing Each Part

A. Introduction

Start by defining hunger in simple terms.
For example:

Hunger is not just the absence of food but also the lack of access, affordability, and proper utilization of food. While food availability is essential to address hunger, its persistence in India highlights the gaps in human development policies, such as poverty alleviation, healthcare, and education.

Why is this effective?

• It introduces the topic and gives the examiner clarity on your understanding.
• It shows you will address both aspects of the question.

B. Body (Main Analysis)

Divide the body into 2-3 subheadings or clear sections.

1. Role of Food Availability in Hunger
Explain why food availability matters. For instance:

Lack of food availability has historically been a significant cause of hunger, especially in areas affected by droughts, floods, or poor agricultural productivity. Initiatives like the Green Revolution, National Food Security Act (NFSA), and the Public Distribution System (PDS) have improved food availability in India, but hunger persists despite these measures.

Key Tip: Use examples or data to make your point.
For example:
• “India produces enough food to feed its population, yet ranks poorly on the Global Hunger Index (2023 rank: 107 out of 125 countries).”

2. Role of Human Development Policies
Now, shift to the human development aspect. Highlight why food availability alone is not enough. For example:

Hunger in India is deeply tied to poverty, unemployment, and lack of education. Ineffective human development policies fail to address these root causes. For instance:

• Malnutrition is often linked to poverty, where families cannot afford nutritious food even when it is available.
• Poor sanitation and healthcare result in children unable to absorb nutrients effectively.
• Illiteracy limits awareness about balanced diets and government schemes like ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services).

Key Tip: Use examples of policy gaps.
• “Even schemes like PDS suffer from inefficiencies like leakages and exclusion errors, leaving the most vulnerable without food security.”

3. Linking Both Dimensions
Make a logical connection. For example:

While food availability is necessary, hunger is multi-dimensional. Addressing hunger requires an integrated approach that ensures not only food availability but also socio-economic development.

C. Conclusion

End with a balanced view and a suggestion for improvement. For example:

In conclusion, focusing solely on food availability is insufficient to tackle hunger.

Effective human development policies addressing poverty, education, sanitation, and healthcare are equally important. A holistic approach combining these aspects can help achieve a hunger-free India in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2: Zero Hunger).

4. Final Tips for Writing
• Stick to the word limit (200-250 words): Practice writing concise points.
• Be balanced: Agree with the statement but show multiple dimensions of the issue.
• Use examples: Mention schemes, policies, or data (even rough estimates are fine).
• Structure matters: Neatly divide your answer into introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Language: Keep it formal, clear, and direct. Avoid jargon.

For practice, try writing this answer now. I can review it for you!

another UPSC Mains 2018 question from General Studies Paper 2:

Q. “What are the factors responsible for the poor performance of the monsoon in India in recent years? Discuss the impact of poor monsoons on the economy.” (10 Marks)

Explanation on How to Write the Answer:

1. Introduction
• Start by briefly explaining the importance of monsoons for India’s agriculture and economy.
Example:
“Monsoon plays a crucial role in India’s agrarian economy, providing essential rainfall for crops. However, recent years have seen fluctuations in monsoon patterns, leading to adverse impacts on various sectors.”

2. Body

A. Factors Responsible for Poor Monsoon Performance:
1. Climate Change:
• Global warming leads to changes in temperature and ocean currents, affecting monsoon patterns.
• Example: Warmer sea surface temperatures can disrupt the monsoon winds, leading to weaker or delayed rainfall.
2. El Niño Phenomenon:
• El Niño, the warming of ocean waters in the Pacific, has been linked to poor monsoons in India, reducing rainfall levels.
• Example: In 2015 and 2018, El Niño was a significant factor behind drought conditions in many regions of India.
3. Deforestation:
• Deforestation and urbanization have led to changes in local weather patterns, affecting rainfall distribution.
• Example: Reduced forest cover hampers the process of water vapor absorption and rainfall formation.
4. La Niña and Indian Ocean Dipole:
• Both these factors also influence monsoon behavior, sometimes leading to excessive or inadequate rainfall.

B. Impact of Poor Monsoons on the Economy:
1. Agriculture:
• Agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon, and poor rainfall leads to crop failure, reduced yields, and a decline in food production.
• Example: 2016-17 droughts in Maharashtra and Karnataka significantly impacted food grain production.
2. Water Scarcity:
• Insufficient rainfall leads to lower water levels in rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater, causing drinking water shortages.
• Example: Cities like Chennai and Bangalore have faced severe water crises due to poor monsoons.
3. Inflation:
• Reduced agricultural production can cause a shortage of essential commodities, leading to higher prices, especially food prices.
• Example: Poor monsoons have been linked to inflation in food grains like pulses and vegetables.
4. Impact on Power Generation:
• Hydroelectric power generation declines due to low water levels in reservoirs, affecting energy supply.
• Example: States like Maharashtra and Gujarat rely on hydropower, which gets impacted by poor monsoons.

3. Conclusion
• Conclude by emphasizing the importance of addressing the factors leading to poor monsoons and the need for better adaptation strategies.
Example:
“The poor performance of the monsoon in recent years poses a serious challenge to India’s economy. Addressing issues like climate change, improving water management

Here’s another UPSC Mains 2018 question from General Studies Paper 2:

Q. “What do you understand by the concept of ‘judicial review’? How has it been used to check the powers of the legislature and the executive in India?” (10 Marks)

Explanation on How to Write the Answer:

1. Introduction
• Begin by defining judicial review in simple terms.
Example:
“Judicial review is the power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions. It ensures that laws or actions that contradict the Constitution can be declared void by the judiciary.”

2. Body

A. Role of Judicial Review in India:
• Judicial review is an essential part of the Indian Constitution, although it is not explicitly mentioned. It stems from the Basic Structure Doctrine (which emerged from cases like Kesavananda Bharati case).
• The Supreme Court and High Courts have the authority to strike down laws or executive actions that violate the Constitution.

B. Judicial Review to Check Legislature’s Power:
• Laws passed by the Parliament: The judiciary reviews laws passed by the Parliament to ensure they comply with constitutional principles.
• Example: The Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) and Minerva Mills case (1980), where the judiciary intervened to protect the Basic Structure of the Constitution.

C. Judicial Review to Check Executive Power:
• Executive Actions: The judiciary also reviews executive orders and administrative actions to ensure they don’t exceed their authority or violate constitutional rights.
• Example: In the Maneka Gandhi case (1978), the Supreme Court expanded the scope of Article 21 (Right to Life) by interpreting the laws and executive actions more broadly.

3. Conclusion
• Conclude by reiterating the importance of judicial review in maintaining the balance of power between the three branches of government.
Example:
“Judicial review serves as a vital mechanism to protect the Constitution by ensuring that neither the legislature nor the executive can exceed their powers or violate fundamental rights.”

Tips:
• Stick to the word limit (150-200 words).
• Use real-life examples to substantiate your points.
• Highlight key cases like Kesavananda Bharati, Minerva Mills, and Maneka Gandhi to give the answer credibility.

Here’s another question from UPSC Mains 2018 (General Studies Paper 2)

Q. “The Government of India Act, 1935 was described as a blueprint for the Indian Constitution.” Discuss. (10 Marks)


To answer the question “The Government of India Act, 1935 was described as a blueprint for the Indian Constitution.” Discuss, follow these steps:

1. Introduction
• Start with a brief context of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Example: “The Government of India Act, 1935, was the most comprehensive law enacted by the British to govern India. Many of its provisions were later adopted in the Indian Constitution, making it a significant precursor.”

2. Body

A. Provisions of the 1935 Act incorporated in the Constitution
1. Federal Structure:
• Introduced the concept of a federal system with powers divided between the center and provinces, later adopted as the Union-State division in the Constitution.
• Example: The Seventh Schedule in the Constitution (Union, State, and Concurrent Lists).
2. Provincial Autonomy:
• Granted autonomy to provinces, reducing the control of the British.
• Reflected in the Indian Constitution with states having their own governments.
3. Bicameral Legislature:
• Introduced a bicameral legislature (Council of States and Federal Assembly), later seen in the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha.
4. Governor’s Role:
• The Act provided for Governors with discretionary powers, similar to their roles in the Indian Constitution.
5. Public Service Commission:
• Established Public Service Commissions for recruitment, adopted in the Constitution as UPSC and State PSCs.

B. Limitations of the 1935 Act
• No Sovereignty: Unlike the Constitution, the 1935 Act did not grant sovereignty to Indians. The British Parliament retained control.
• No Fundamental Rights: The Act lacked provisions for fundamental rights, which were a cornerstone of the Constitution.
• Indirect Representation: Elections were not fully democratic, unlike the universal adult suffrage enshrined in the Constitution.

C. Why It’s Called a Blueprint
• Laid the foundation for governance in India, especially federalism, provincial autonomy, and administrative frameworks.
• Despite limitations, it provided a structural basis for the Constituent Assembly to build upon.

3. Conclusion
• Summarize: “While the Government of India Act, 1935, was not democratic or inclusive, it served as a structural and administrative foundation for the Indian Constitution, earning the title of its blueprint.”
• Add perspective: “The Constitution transformed and improved upon these features to meet the aspirations of an independent and sovereign India.”

Tips for Writing
• Use subheadings for better organization.
• Mention specific examples or Articles from the Constitution to link the provisions.
• Keep the discussion balanced by highlighting both the adoption and transformation of features.

This approach ensures a comprehensive, clear, and structured answer within the word limit.

Here’s a question from UPSC Mains 2018 (General Studies Paper 1):

Q. How the Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (10 Marks)



To write a structured and effective answer to the question, “How the Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of secularism?”, follow these steps:

1. Introduction
• Begin with a brief definition of secularism.
Example: “Secularism refers to the principle of separating religion from the state to ensure freedom of religion and equality for all citizens.”
• Mention the context: “The concept of secularism differs in India and the Western world due to their historical, cultural, and social contexts.”

2. Body

Divide the answer into two parts:

A. Indian Model of Secularism
• Indian secularism allows for positive engagement with all religions rather than strict separation.
• It emphasizes the state’s impartiality but allows state intervention for reform (e.g., abolishing untouchability, regulating religious institutions).
• Guarantees freedom to practice, profess, and propagate any religion (Article 25).
• The state does not have its own religion but recognizes and respects all religions equally.
• Example: Government funding for pilgrimages like Hajj, Kailash Mansarovar, etc.

B. Western Model of Secularism
• Focuses on strict separation between religion and the state.
• Religion is considered a private matter, and the state avoids intervention in religious practices.
• Examples include countries like France, where religious symbols in public institutions are restricted.
• The state ensures freedom of religion but does not support or intervene in religious matters.

3. Key Differences

Create a comparison table for clarity:

Aspect Indian Secularism Western Secularism
State-Religion Relationship Equal respect for all religions (Sarva Dharma Sambhava) Strict separation (Neutrality)
Intervention State can intervene to reform religion No intervention in religion
Role of Religion Public and private spheres Mostly private sphere

4. Conclusion
• Summarize: “Indian secularism is unique in embracing pluralism and engaging with religions to ensure equality and harmony, unlike the Western model, which emphasizes strict separation.”
• Add value: “This model reflects India’s diverse cultural heritage and helps maintain unity in a multi-religious society.”

Tips for Presentation
• Stick to the word limit (150-200 words for 10 marks).
• Use headings, bullet points, and a table to make your answer clear.
• Support with examples or constitutional provisions (e.g., Articles 25-28).

This approach ensures you address the question comprehensively while maintaining clarity and brevity.

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Terms of the Treaty: The Treaty of Seringapatam was a peace agreement signed between Tipu Sultan on one side and the British East India Company, the Marathas, and the Nizam of Hyderabad on the other. The main terms of the treaty were 👇

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Apart from the Directives included in Part IV, there are some other Directives contained in other Parts of the Constitution. They are 👇


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The Treaty of Bassein (1802) was a pact between the British East India Company and Baji Rao II, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. The treaty granted the British control over Maratha territory in exchange for military protection.
Revise here👇 in 50 seconds

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Consider the following statements.
1. The original Indian Penal Code did not include the provisions related to Sedition.
2. The original Indian Penal Code had the provisions related to Sedition.
3. Sedition was incorporated into the Indian Penal Code as a response to the rising Wahabi movement.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 1, 3
d) 2, 3

Consider the following statements.
1. Supreme Court have the power to transfer cases from the High Courts to itself if cases involve the same
questions of law.
2. The power of the Supreme Court under Article 32 is wider than the High Court under Article 226.
3. Supreme Court can suo motu take cognisance of the issue of Distribution of Essential Supplies and
Services During Pandemic.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 1 only
d) 2, 3

Apart from the Minerva Mills case, which of the following cases deal with the primacy of fundamental rights
vis-à-vis directive principles or vice versa?

1. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)
2. Golak Nath case (1967)
3. Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
4. ADM Jabalpur case (1976)
How many of the above options is/are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Consider the following statements regarding Right to be Forgotten.
1. The “Right to be Forgotten” is the right to remove or erase content on the internet so that it’s not
accessible to the public at large.
2. The Information Technology Rules, 2021 explicitly mentions about this right.
3. The Right to be Forgotten is an Indian innovation, provided by the Supreme Court in the Singhal v.
Union of India case.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None