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Answers  regarding questions of  vulcanicity, earthquakes, and mass wasting:

### 4 (i) How Vulcanicity Causes Earthquakes (6 marks)
Vulcanicity, or volcanic activity, can cause earthquakes through several mechanisms:

1. Movement of Magma: As magma rises through the Earth's crust, it creates pressure, resulting in fractures or faults that cause earthquakes.
2. Volcanic Eruption: The explosive release of gases and magma during an eruption can generate shock waves, leading to seismic activity.
3. Ground Deformation: The ground may deform due to the accumulation of magma, creating stress in the surrounding rocks that can result in earthquakes.
4. Collapse of Volcanic Structures: Post-eruption, structures like volcanic domes can collapse, triggering seismic events.

### 4 (ii) Name Three Major Earthquake Zones of the World (3 marks)
1. The Pacific Ring of Fire: Encircles the Pacific Ocean, where a significant number of earthquakes occur.
2. Mid-Atlantic Ridge: A divergent boundary where tectonic plates pull apart, generating earthquakes.
3. Himalayan Region: Formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, resulting in seismic activity.

### 4 (c) Explain Four Effects of Earthquakes on the Human Environment (8 marks)
1. Destruction of Infrastructure: Earthquakes can damage buildings, roads, and bridges, leading to significant economic loss.
2. Loss of Life and Injury: Many people may be killed or injured due to collapsing structures and secondary effects like tsunamis.
3. Disruption of Services: Essential services such as water supply, electricity, and communication can be disrupted, affecting daily life.
4. Environmental Changes: Earthquakes can cause land subsidence, create new fault lines, and alter river courses, impacting the ecosystem.

### 9 (a) Name Two Types of Landslides (2 marks)
1. Rockslides: Rapid movements of rock and debris down a slope.
2. Mudslides: Flows of water-saturated earth materials that travel rapidly down a slope.

### 9 (b) Influence of Factors on Mass Wasting
Climate (6 marks):
- Affects the amount of moisture in the soil, with heavy rainfall increasing the likelihood of mass wasting through saturation.
 
Slope (2 marks):
- Steeper slopes are more prone to mass wasting due to gravity's pull, increasing instability.

### 9 (c) Four Causes of Soil Creep (4 marks)
1. Water Saturation: Excess water in the soil adds weight and reduces friction.
2. Freeze-Thaw Cycles: Cycles of freezing and thawing can displace soil particles.
3. Vegetation Removal: Loss of roots that stabilize the soil increases erosion risk.
4. Overgrazing by Animals: Leads to soil compaction and decreased vegetation cover.

### 9 (d) Field Study on Effects of Mass Wasting
(i) Methods of Data Collection (2 marks):
1. Surveys/Questionnaires: To gather data from local residents about observed events.
2. Direct Observations: Walk the area to document instances of mass wasting and collect physical evidence.

(ii) Two Negative Effects of Mass Wasting (2 marks):
1. Soil Erosion: Loss of topsoil can lead to decreased agricultural productivity.
2. Property Damage: Structures may be at risk due to land movement.

(iii) Follow-Up Activities after Field Study (2 marks):
1. Data Analysis: Evaluate and analyze the collected data to draw conclusions.
2. Report Writing: Summarize findings in a report to communicate impacts and recommendations.

### 10 (a) Three Types of River Erosion (3 marks)
1. Hydraulic Action: The sheer force of moving water erodes river banks and bed.
2. Abrasion: Sediments carried by the river scrape and wear away the bed.
3. Solution: Dissolving minerals in the water contributes to erosion.

### 10 (b) Describe Each Process of River Erosion
Abrasion (4 marks):
- Abrasion occurs when the particles in the river's flow continuously collide with the riverbed and banks, effectively wearing them down over time, similar to sandpaper.

Here are the answers to Questions 8 and 9 based on general knowledge:

Question 8

(i) What is meant by the term weathering?
Weathering refers to the natural process by which rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved by physical, chemical, or biological factors at or near the Earth's surface.

(ii) Explain four ways in which water influences weathering.

1. Hydration: Water combines with minerals, causing them to swell and weaken.


2. Hydrolysis: Water reacts chemically with minerals, leading to their decomposition.


3. Freeze-thaw (frost action): Water enters cracks in rocks, freezes, expands, and breaks the rock apart.


4. Abrasion: Flowing water carries sediment that grinds against rock surfaces, wearing them down.



(iii) Explain the significance of weathering on human activities.

1. Soil formation: Weathering produces soil, essential for agriculture.


2. Construction materials: Weathering releases minerals like clay and sand used in building.


3. Landscaping: Influences landforms and topography used for infrastructure.


4. Cultural heritage: Weathering can erode historical monuments and buildings.



(iv) Give two types of mudflows.

1. Lahar: A volcanic mudflow composed of volcanic ash and water.


2. Debris flow: A mixture of water, soil, and debris moving downhill rapidly.



(v) State four factors that influence the occurrence of mudflows.

1. Slope gradient: Steeper slopes are more prone to mudflows.


2. Vegetation cover: Lack of vegetation increases susceptibility.


3. Rainfall intensity: Heavy rainfall triggers mudflows.


4. Soil composition: Loose, unconsolidated soil is more prone to movement.



(vi) State three measures that would be taken to control the effects of landslides.

1. Reforestation: Planting vegetation to stabilize slopes.


2. Terracing: Reducing slope steepness to prevent erosion.


3. Drainage systems: Diverting water to prevent saturation of soil.




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Question 9

(i) Give two sources of rivers.

1. Rainfall: Precipitation that collects in streams and rivers.


2. Glaciers: Meltwater from glaciers feeding rivers.



(ii) Describe each of the following river drainage patterns.

1. Trellis: A pattern where tributaries join the main river at right angles, typically found in areas with alternating hard and soft rock.


2. Dendritic: A tree-like pattern where tributaries branch out randomly from the main river, common in areas with uniform rock types.



(iii) With the aid of a well-labeled diagram, describe how a natural levee is formed.
Natural levees form when a river overflows its banks during floods, depositing heavier sediments close to the banks and finer sediments further away, creating raised embankments over time.

(iv) State four characteristics of a river in the middle stage.

1. Meanders: The river develops bends due to lateral erosion.


2. Increased discharge: More water and sediment are carried.


3. Gentle gradient: The slope becomes less steep.


4. Wider valley: Erosion widens the river valley.



(v) You intend to carry out a field study on features found in the youthful stage of a river within the school vicinity.

1. State two ways in which you would prepare for the study.

Obtain permission from relevant authorities.

Gather necessary equipment like maps, notebooks, and cameras.



2. Give three methods you would use to collect information during the study.

Observation: Inspecting features like waterfalls and rapids.

Photography: Capturing images of the features.

Interviews: Speaking with local residents about the river's behavior.

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(a) (i) Thoracic vertebra

(ii) Neural spine The neural spine projects dorsally from the vertebral arch and provides attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

(b) S: Rib The ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae at points along the sides of the vertebral body.

T: Anterior articular process (of the next vertebra) The thoracic vertebrae articulate with each other. The inferior articular processes of one vertebra articulate with the superior (or anterior) articular processes of the vertebra below it. (It could also be described as the facet for articulation with the tubercle of the rib).

(a) (i) Hawk In a food web, biomass generally decreases at each trophic level. The hawk is at the highest trophic level (apex predator) and therefore has the lowest biomass.

Image 1:

1. Question 23 (a)

(i) Identify the bone: The skull

(ii) Part labelled R: Zygomatic arch


(b) Name the bones that articulate at the points labelled S and T:

Point S: Occipital bone

Point T: Parietal bone



2. Question 24

(a) From the food web, identify the organism with the lowest biomass: Cheetah

(b) Name the organisms that articulate at the points labelled S and T:

Point S: Antelopes

Point T: Lions






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Image 2:

1. Male Reproductive System Diagram

(a) Name the part labelled G: Testis

(b) Name one function of the structure labelled H: Production of semen and transportation of sperm

(c) State one way the structure labelled H is adapted to its function: It has smooth muscles for contraction, helping in the movement of sperm.



2. Adaptations in Plants (d)

(i) Leaf folding: Reduces surface area exposed to sunlight, minimizing water loss

(ii) Sunken stomata: Helps reduce the rate of transpiration by trapping moist air, lowering water loss.



3. Reasons for the absence of complex excretory organs in plants

(i) Plants produce minimal waste that can be eliminated through leaves or stored in vacuoles.

(ii) Plants can convert waste products into harmless substances, reducing the need for excretory organs.





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Image 3:

1. Specialized Animal Cell (Sperm Cell)

(a) Identify the cell: Sperm cell

(b)

(i) Name the cell organelle that is likely to be found in abundance in the part labelled F: Mitochondria

(ii) Explain the answer in (b)(i): Mitochondria provide energy for the movement of the tail, which helps in the sperm's motility.




2. Components of Blood

(a) Name two components of blood that are absent in the tissue fluid:

(i) Red blood cells

(ii) Platelets




3. Plant Transport and Support

Structures in plants where transpiration and support occur:

Xylem for water transport

Phloem for food transport

Question 18

(a) (i) Identify the type of germination shown in seedling L and M.

Seedling L shows epigeal germination, where the cotyledons are pushed above the ground.

Seedling M shows hypogeal germination, where the cotyledons remain below the soil surface.


(a) (ii) Give a reason for the answer in 18(a)(i).

Epigeal Germination (L): The cotyledons are raised above the soil due to elongation of the hypocotyl.

Hypogeal Germination (M): The cotyledons remain underground, as only the epicotyl elongates.


(b) State one function of the parts labeled K in seedlings L and M.

Part K (root) in both seedlings L and M is responsible for anchoring the plant in the soil and absorbing water and nutrients.



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Question 19

The following diagram represents a longitudinal section through a plant tissue.

(a) Identify the parts labeled N and P.

N: Phloem

P: Xylem


(b) State the function of the part labeled P.

P (Xylem): Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.



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Question 24

The following food web shows a feeding relationship found in a certain ecosystem.

(a) (i) From the food web, identify the organism with the lowest biomass.

The organism with the lowest biomass would likely be the cheetah, as it is at the top of the food chain and has fewer predators and competitors.


(b) Name the bones that articulate at the points labeled S and T.

This answer would depend on the diagram's specific structure. Based on typical biological studies:

S: Might be articulating with the scapula or humerus (if it's a shoulder joint).

T: Might articulate with humerus or radius/ulna (if it's an elbow joint).



(c) Explain the trophic level occupied by lions and cheetahs.

Lions and cheetahs are tertiary consumers or apex predators as they occupy the top trophic level in this food web, preying on primary and secondary consumers such as antelopes.

Image 1:

1. Question 23 (a)

(i) Identify the bone: The skull

(ii) Part labelled R: Zygomatic arch


(b) Name the bones that articulate at the points labelled S and T:

Point S: Occipital bone

Point T: Parietal bone



2. Question 24

(a) From the food web, identify the organism with the lowest biomass: Cheetah

(b) Name the organisms that articulate at the points labelled S and T:

Point S: Antelopes

Point T: Lions






---

Image 2:

1. Male Reproductive System Diagram

(a) Name the part labelled G: Testis

(b) Name one function of the structure labelled H: Production of semen and transportation of sperm

(c) State one way the structure labelled H is adapted to its function: It has smooth muscles for contraction, helping in the movement of sperm.



2. Adaptations in Plants (d)

(i) Leaf folding: Reduces surface area exposed to sunlight, minimizing water loss

(ii) Sunken stomata: Helps reduce the rate of transpiration by trapping moist air, lowering water loss.



3. Reasons for the absence of complex excretory organs in plants

(i) Plants produce minimal waste that can be eliminated through leaves or stored in vacuoles.

(ii) Plants can convert waste products into harmless substances, reducing the need for excretory organs.





---

Image 3:

1. Specialized Animal Cell (Sperm Cell)

(a) Identify the cell: Sperm cell

(b)

(i) Name the cell organelle that is likely to be found in abundance in the part labelled F: Mitochondria

(ii) Explain the answer in (b)(i): Mitochondria provide energy for the movement of the tail, which helps in the sperm's motility.




2. Components of Blood

(a) Name two components of blood that are absent in the tissue fluid:

(i) Red blood cells

(ii) Platelets




3. Plant Transport and Support

Structures in plants where transpiration and support occur:

Xylem for water transport

Phloem for food transport

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