1. Jammu and Kashmir Becomes a Union Territory
Jammu and Kashmir became a Union Territory on October 31, 2019, under the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.
2. Formation of the Union Territory
The Union Territory was formed from the former state of Jammu and Kashmir, originally established through the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar between the British and Maharaja Gulab Singh.
3. Dogra Rule Over Kashmir and Ladakh
The Treaty of Amritsar gave the Dogra rulers control over Kashmir, adding to their existing control of Ladakh.
4. Territorial Regions Under Maharaja Gulab Singh
Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh form three distinct regions under the rule of Maharaja Gulab Singh.
5. Geographical Borders with Ladakh and Pakistan
Jammu and Kashmir borders Ladakh to the east and north, and Pakistan to the west.
6. Southern Border Connections
Jammu and Kashmir shares its southern border with Himachal Pradesh and Punjab's Gurdaspur district.
7. Major Rivers of the Region
The main rivers of Jammu and Kashmir are the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi.
8. Dual Capitals and Administrative Divisions
Jammu and Kashmir has two capitals, Srinagar (summer) and Jammu (winter), with 20 districts divided equally between the Kashmir Valley and Jammu Division.
9. Geographical Zones of the Region
The region is divided into three geographical zones: the kandi plain, the Shivalik ranges, and the high mountain zone including Kashmir Valley, Pir Panjal, and surrounding districts.
10. Climatic Variations Across the Region
The climate ranges from tropical in Jammuโs plains to semi-arctic in the mountainous regions, with temperate conditions.
11. Rainfall Patterns in Srinagar and Jammu
Rainfall varies, with Srinagar receiving 650.5 mm and Jammu 1115.9 mm annually.
12. Geology of Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir's geology includes ancient rocks and modern river and lake deposits.
13. Cultural and Historical Heritage
Jammu and Kashmir has a rich cultural and historical heritage, with many archaeological sites.
14. Historical Significance of Jammu and Kashmir
Kashmir holds one of the worldโs oldest recorded histories, and Jammu is also mentioned in ancient records.
15. Princely Stateโs Path to Independence
Jammu and Kashmir was one of the 565 princely states of India that became independent on August 15, 1947.
16. Instrument of Accession to India
After British rule ended, Maharaja Hari Singh chose to join India by signing the Instrument of Accession.
17. Signing of the Instrument of Accession
Maharaja Hari Singh and Lord Mountbatten signed the Instrument of Accession on October 26/27, 1947.
18. Appointment of Sheikh Abdullah as Prime Minister
On March 5, 1948, Maharaja Hari Singh appointed Sheikh Abdullah as Prime Minister of an interim government.
19. Karan Singh Becomes Regent
Due to health issues, Maharaja Hari Singh appointed his son, Karan Singh, as Regent on June 20, 1949.
20. Article 370 and Special Status
When India became a Republic on January 26, 1950, Article 370 granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
21. Formation of the Constituent Assembly
On May 1, 1951, the Regent ordered the formation of a Constituent Assembly with elected members.
22. Karan Singh Elected as Sadar-i-Riyasat
On August 19, 1952, the Constituent Assembly elected Karan Singh as the Sadar-i-Riyasat following the Delhi Agreement.
23. Application of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir
In May 1954, the President issued an order under Article 370, applying the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir with specific exceptions.
24. Adoption of the State Constitution
The Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly adopted the state's Constitution on November 17, 1956, confirming its status as part of India.
25. Constitution Takes Full Effect
Although the Constitution was formally adopted on January 26, 1957, Sections 3 and 4 took effect immediately.
26. Amendment Renaming Key Offices
The 6th amendment of March 28, 1965, renamed the Sadar-i-Riyasat as Governor and the Prime Minister as Chief Minister.