ูุฏูู ู
ู
ูู ุชููููููู
ุงูููู
ู
ูู ุณุฌู ู
ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงููุฑุงูู ูุฏุฒูุง ุชุญุฏูุฏุง ู
ุงู ุงูููู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
@secon_dstage
ููุชูุงุตู ู ุน ุงูุฃุฏู ู ูุงูุฃุฌุงุจุฉ ุนูู ุงุณุฆูุชูู .
@Urukdentistry_bot
_ ูููุฑุฌูู ุฐูุฑ ุงุณู ุงูููุงุฉ ุนูุฏ ุชุญููู ุงู ู ุนููู ุฉ ู ููุง ููุง ููุญูู ุงุฎุฐ ุงู ู ุนููู ุฉ ุฏูู ุฐูุฑ ุงุณู ุงูููุงุฉ. ๐ค
_ ุงู ุงุณุชูุณุงุฑ ูุฌุงูุจูู ุจุงูุจูุช ๐ค๐ค
Insta: f.a__dr
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ (Arabic)
ูู ุชุจุญุซ ุนู ู
ูุงู ููุชูุงุตู ู
ุน ุงูุฃุฏู
ู ูุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช ุนูู ุฃุณุฆูุชูุ ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุงูุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ูุนู
ุ ูุนููู ุงูุงูุถู
ุงู
ุฅูู ููุงุฉ "๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐" ุงูู
ู
ูุฒุฉ. ุชุนุชุจุฑ ูุฐู ุงูููุงุฉ ู
ูุงู ู
ุซุงูู ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูุชู ุชุจุญุซ ุนููุง.
ููุชูุงุตู ู
ุน ุงูุฃุฏู
ู ูุทุฑุญ ุฃุณุฆูุชูุ ูู
ููู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุงูุจูุช ุงูู
ุฎุตุต ููููุงุฉ @Urukdentistry_bot. ููุถู
ุงู ุญููู ุงูู
ูููุฉ ุงูููุฑูุฉุ ูุฑุฌู ุฐูุฑ ุงุณู
ุงูููุงุฉ ุนูุฏ ููู ุฃู ู
ุนููู
ุฉ ู
ููุง.๐ค
ูููุงุณุชูุณุงุฑุงุช ุงูุฅุถุงููุฉุ ูู
ููู ุงูุชูุงุตู ู
ุนูุง ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูุจูุช ุงูู
ุชุงุญ. ูุญู ููุง ููุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนูู ูู ุงุณุชูุณุงุฑุงุชู ุจูู ุงุญุชุฑุงููุฉ ูุฏูุฉ.๐ค๐ค
ูู
ุง ูู
ููู ู
ุชุงุจุนุชูุง ุนูู ุญุณุงุจ ุงูุฅูุณุชุบุฑุงู
ุงูุฎุงุต ุจูุง ููู
ุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุงูู
ุญุชูู ุงูู
ุซูุฑ ูุงูู
ููุฏ. ุงุจุญุซ ุนูุง ุจุฅุณู
ุงูู
ุณุชุฎุฏู
f.a__dr ููู ุนูู ุงุทูุงุน ุฏุงุฆู
ุจูู ุฌุฏูุฏ ูู
ููุฏ ููุฏู
ู ูุฑูููุง. ุงูุถู
ุงูุขู ููุง ุชููุช ุงููุฑุตุฉ ููุงุณุชู
ุชุงุน ุจุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูุฑูุฏุฉ ูู
ููุฏุฉ!
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Feb, 13:19
https://t.me/c/1889081746/1455
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ฺูฏุฑูุจ ุงู A ูุงุฑูุช ุชููุฑูู ุจูุงูุณุงููุฉ ูุชููุณูููุง ู ู ูู ุงูุฌูุงูุจ ูุชุฎุชุงุฑูู ุงูุงูุณุจ
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ฺูฏุฑูุจ ุงู A ูุงุฑูุช ุชููุฑูู ุจูุงูุณุงููุฉ ูุชููุณูููุง ู ู ูู ุงูุฌูุงูุจ ูุชุฎุชุงุฑูู ุงูุงูุณุจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Feb, 13:13
ูุนูู ุจููุช ุงูุนู
ูู ุงูุถู ุจููุงู ูุญุชู ุงฺฏุฏุฑ ุงุณุงุนุฏูู
ุจุดู ููุฌ ู
ุงฺฏุฏุฑ ุงุฐุง ุงูุซูุงุซุงุก
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Feb, 13:13
ุงูููู
ุนูู ุณุงููุฉ ุงูุจุงุซู ูู
ูุงุญุฏ ุฌุงูุจ ููุดุ ูุฃู ู
ุงูู ููุช ูุฑุงุฌุน ุงุตูุงู ููุง ููุฑุง
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Feb, 13:12
ุชุฑุง ูุงููู ู
ฺูฏุฏุฑ ุจุงููุธุฑู ุดูู ูุงูุ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
10 Feb, 18:36
ุงูุจุงุฏ ุตุฏููุชู ุงุฐุง ุงุญุฏ ูุงฺฏู ุงู ูุนุฑู ุงุญุฏ ูุงฺฏู ูุฏุฒููุฉ ๐ฆฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
10 Feb, 18:35
ูุทูู
ุนุงุฏู ุชูุดุฑูู ุจุณ ูุณูุช ุงูุจุงุฏู ุจุงููููู ููุฑ ู
ุงูุชู ุณู
ุงุฆู
@zahraaiv6
@zahraaiv6
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
10 Feb, 17:47
ุงูุตุจุญ ุงุณูู ุงูุงุณุฆูู ๐ซ
ุชุตุจุญูู ุนูู ุฎูุฑ ุงูุณูุงูู ููุงูู ุญููู ุจุณ ุงูู ุงูุงู ู ู ููุช๐
ุชุตุจุญูู ุนูู ุฎูุฑ ุงูุณูุงูู ููุงูู ุญููู ุจุณ ุงูู ุงูุงู ู ู ููุช๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
10 Feb, 17:45
๐ด Autoimmunity disease
๐ธ Immunological tolerance : is unresponsiveness to antigen that induced by exposure of specific lymphocytes to that antigen
๐ธ Self-tolerance : to lack of immune responsiveness to oneโs own tissue antigen
๐ฉถ Tolerance is classified:
1. Central tolerance
2. Peripheral tolerance
1๏ธโฃ Central tolerance : to deletion of self-reactive T and B lymphocytes during the maturation in central lymphoid organ
( in the thymus for T cells and in the bone marrow for B cells)
๐ธ Receptor editing : Some self-reactive B cells may not deleted but may undergo a second round of arrangement of antigen receptor genes and express new receptors that are no longer self-reactive
2๏ธโฃ Peripheral tolerance : self-reactive T cells that escape negative selection in the thymus
๐ธ Anergy : refers to functional inactivation of lymphocytes
๐ท T cell activation requires two signals:
1. recognition of peptide antigen in association with self-MHC molecules on APCs
2. a set of second costimulatory signals provided by the APCs
๐ Allografts : is immunological rejection of the transplanted tissue
๐ Direct recognition : Host T cells directly recognize the allogeneic (foreign) MHC molecules that are expressed on graft cells
๐ Indirect recognition : host CD4+ T cells recognize donor MHC molecules after these molecules are picked up, processed and presented by the hostโs own APCs
๐ Types and mechanisms of rejection:
1. Hyperacute rejection (performed antidonor antibodies bind to graft endothelium immediately after transplantation)
2. Acute cellular rejection (T cells destroyed graft parenchyma by cytotoxicity and DTH reactions)
3. Acute vascular rejection (T cells and antibodies damage graft vasculature)
4. Chronic rejection (Deminated by arteriosclerosis)
๐ A. Primary (Congenital) Immune Deficiency Diseases (PIDD) โ caused by mutations in genes involved in lymphocytes maturation or function, or in innate immunity
โช๏ธ XLA (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
โช๏ธ Selective IgA deficiency
โช๏ธ X-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
โช๏ธ Autosomal SCID
โช๏ธ X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome
๐ B. Secondary Immune Deficiencies โ more common than the primary disorder and occurs in patients with malnutrition, cancer, and infections
AIDS
๐ Mechanisms of immune deficiency
๐ Loss of CD4+ T cells
โซ๏ธ T-cell death during viral replication
โซ๏ธ Budding
โซ๏ธ Functional defects
โซ๏ธ Defective macrophages
โซ๏ธ Destruction of architecture of lymphoid tissues
โซ๏ธ Apoptosis as a result of chronic stimulation
๐ถ Natural History of HIV infection:
1. An early acute phase
2. A middle chronic phase
3. A final crisis phase
๐ฉต Major Abnormalities of Immune function in AIDS
โช๏ธ Lymphopenia
โช๏ธ Decreased T cell function in vivo
โช๏ธ Altered T cell function in vitro
โช๏ธ Polyclonal B cell activation
โช๏ธ Altered monocyte or macrophage functions
Amyloidosis
โฆ๏ธ Amyloidosis : results from abnormal folding of proteins, which are deposited as fibrils in extracellular tissues and disrupt normal function.
๐ The proteins that form amyloid fall into two general categories:
1. Normal proteins that have an inherent tendency to fold improperly
2. Mutant proteins that are prone to misfolding and subsequent aggregation.
๐ Disorder associated with amyloidosis
โซ๏ธ Monoclonal plasma cell proliferation
โซ๏ธ Chronic inflammatory disease
โซ๏ธ Alzheimer disease
โซ๏ธ Amyloidosis associated
๐ธ Immunological tolerance : is unresponsiveness to antigen that induced by exposure of specific lymphocytes to that antigen
๐ธ Self-tolerance : to lack of immune responsiveness to oneโs own tissue antigen
๐ฉถ Tolerance is classified:
1. Central tolerance
2. Peripheral tolerance
1๏ธโฃ Central tolerance : to deletion of self-reactive T and B lymphocytes during the maturation in central lymphoid organ
( in the thymus for T cells and in the bone marrow for B cells)
๐ธ Receptor editing : Some self-reactive B cells may not deleted but may undergo a second round of arrangement of antigen receptor genes and express new receptors that are no longer self-reactive
2๏ธโฃ Peripheral tolerance : self-reactive T cells that escape negative selection in the thymus
๐ธ Anergy : refers to functional inactivation of lymphocytes
๐ท T cell activation requires two signals:
1. recognition of peptide antigen in association with self-MHC molecules on APCs
2. a set of second costimulatory signals provided by the APCs
๐ Allografts : is immunological rejection of the transplanted tissue
๐ Direct recognition : Host T cells directly recognize the allogeneic (foreign) MHC molecules that are expressed on graft cells
๐ Indirect recognition : host CD4+ T cells recognize donor MHC molecules after these molecules are picked up, processed and presented by the hostโs own APCs
๐ Types and mechanisms of rejection:
1. Hyperacute rejection (performed antidonor antibodies bind to graft endothelium immediately after transplantation)
2. Acute cellular rejection (T cells destroyed graft parenchyma by cytotoxicity and DTH reactions)
3. Acute vascular rejection (T cells and antibodies damage graft vasculature)
4. Chronic rejection (Deminated by arteriosclerosis)
๐ A. Primary (Congenital) Immune Deficiency Diseases (PIDD) โ caused by mutations in genes involved in lymphocytes maturation or function, or in innate immunity
โช๏ธ XLA (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
โช๏ธ Selective IgA deficiency
โช๏ธ X-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
โช๏ธ Autosomal SCID
โช๏ธ X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome
๐ B. Secondary Immune Deficiencies โ more common than the primary disorder and occurs in patients with malnutrition, cancer, and infections
AIDS
๐ Mechanisms of immune deficiency
๐ Loss of CD4+ T cells
โซ๏ธ T-cell death during viral replication
โซ๏ธ Budding
โซ๏ธ Functional defects
โซ๏ธ Defective macrophages
โซ๏ธ Destruction of architecture of lymphoid tissues
โซ๏ธ Apoptosis as a result of chronic stimulation
๐ถ Natural History of HIV infection:
1. An early acute phase
2. A middle chronic phase
3. A final crisis phase
๐ฉต Major Abnormalities of Immune function in AIDS
โช๏ธ Lymphopenia
โช๏ธ Decreased T cell function in vivo
โช๏ธ Altered T cell function in vitro
โช๏ธ Polyclonal B cell activation
โช๏ธ Altered monocyte or macrophage functions
Amyloidosis
โฆ๏ธ Amyloidosis : results from abnormal folding of proteins, which are deposited as fibrils in extracellular tissues and disrupt normal function.
๐ The proteins that form amyloid fall into two general categories:
1. Normal proteins that have an inherent tendency to fold improperly
2. Mutant proteins that are prone to misfolding and subsequent aggregation.
๐ Disorder associated with amyloidosis
โซ๏ธ Monoclonal plasma cell proliferation
โซ๏ธ Chronic inflammatory disease
โซ๏ธ Alzheimer disease
โซ๏ธ Amyloidosis associated
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
10 Feb, 17:14
Immunity๐ฆพ๐ธInnate Immunity
๐น Composed of:
1๏ธโฃ Epithelial barrier
2๏ธโฃ Neutrophils & Macrophages (MQ)
3๏ธโฃ Plasma proteins
๐ธAdaptive Immunity
๐น Normally silent and responds only in the presence of infectious microbes.
1๏ธโฃ Types of Adaptive Immunity:
๐ข Humoral immunity โ Mediated by B cells (soluble antibodies)
๐น Protection against extracellular microbes in the blood, mucosal secretions, and tissues.
๐ต Cell-mediated immunity โ Mediated by T lymphocytes
๐น Protection against intracellular microbes.
๐คFunction of T Lymphocytes
๐น Interact with other cells to either kill infected cells or activate phagocytes.
โฆ๏ธ CD4+ T cells โ Secrete cytokines + HIV destroys these cells.
โฆ๏ธ CD8+ T cells โ Secrete cytokines + Directly kill virus-infected or tumor cells.
๐Immunoglobulins
๐ Five Types:
1๏ธโฃ IgG
2๏ธโฃ IgA
3๏ธโฃ IgM
4๏ธโฃ IgE
5๏ธโฃ IgD
๐ถDendritic Cells
1๏ธโฃ Interdigitating Dendritic Cells (DCs) โ Found in epithelia.
2๏ธโฃ Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) โ Found in germinal centers.
๐ถLymphoid Tissue
1๏ธโฃ Primary (Generative) โ Thymus & Bone Marrow.
2๏ธโฃ Secondary (Peripheral) โ Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal tissues.
๐Hypersensitivity Diseases
โช๏ธ Causes of Hypersensitivity (HS):
1๏ธโฃ Autoimmunity
2๏ธโฃ Reaction against microbes
3๏ธโฃ Reaction against environmental antigens
๐ Types of Hypersensitivity Diseases:
1๏ธโฃ Immediate (Type I)
2๏ธโฃ Antibody-mediated (Type II)
3๏ธโฃ Immune complex-mediated (Type III)
4๏ธโฃ T-cell mediated (Type IV)
1๏ธโฃ Immediate ( type I ) HS
-rapidly + IgE that bound to the surface of mast cells in the sensitized host
โฆ๏ธSequence Event in immediate HS reaction :
1. Activation of CD4+ helper T cell & production of IgE antibody ~~> depend on rout of entry, dose , absence of inflammation.
2.sensitization of mast cells by IgE Ab~~> present in BM, near blood vessels, nerve and sub epithelial
3. Activation of mast cells and release of mediators ~~>re-exposed to allergens again
๐บBasophile circulating near mast cell
๐ปEosinophile have a role in helminth infection
2๏ธโฃ Antibody-mediated diseases ( type II)
๐ Three steps of mechanism
1-Opsonization and phagocytosis~~> Opsonized cells eliminate in spleen ----splenomegaly Haemolytic anemia
2.complement and Fc receptor mediated inflammation ~~>antibodies bound to cellular or tissue antigens activate the complement system by the ( Classical pathway )
3.antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction~~>Antibodies directed against cell surface receptors impair cellular function without causing cell injury or inflammation
ใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธใฐ๏ธ
๐ Gravesโ disease : Antibodies against the thyroid-stimulation hormone receptor ( TSHR ) stimulate thyroid epithelial cells to secrete thyroid hormones, resulting in hyperthyroidism
3๏ธโฃ Immune Complex Diseases (Type III)
โช๏ธ Systemic Immune Complex Disease (Three Phases):
1๏ธโฃ Formation of antigen-antibody complexes in circulation.
2๏ธโฃ Deposition of immune complexes in various tissues.
3๏ธโฃ Initiation of an inflammatory reaction in different sites throughout the body.
๐ Local Immune Complex Disease โ Arthus reaction (tissue necrosis in a localized area).
4๏ธโฃ T-Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity (Type IV)
โฃ๏ธ Two Types of T-cell Reactions Causing Tissue Injury & Disease:
1๏ธโฃ Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) โ Initiated by CD4+ T cells.
2๏ธโฃ Direct Cell Cytotoxicity โ Mediated by CD8+ T cells.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
10 Feb, 16:29
ุชู
ุงูุงุชูุงู ุนูู ุงูุงุณุฆูุฉ ูุงูู
ูุฎุต ๐ค
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
10 Feb, 16:11
ุนุงุฏู ุงูู
ู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุซุงูู ูููุฒุงุช ูู ุจุณ ุงุณูู ุงุณุฆูุฉ ูู
ูุฎุตุ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
10 Feb, 15:47
ุจุงุซู ุงูู
ูุงุนุฉ ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุซุงูู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
08 Feb, 17:54
ุงุณุงูู ุดูุฑูู ุงูู ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุจุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ
ู ุณุคุงู ุซุงูู ูู ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุดูู ูุงุซุฑ ุนูู ุงูุณููุดู ู ุงู ุฏูู ุงูุชุฎุฏูุฑ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ู ุณุคุงู ุซุงูู ูู ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุดูู ูุงุซุฑ ุนูู ุงูุณููุดู ู ุงู ุฏูู ุงูุชุฎุฏูุฑ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
08 Feb, 17:52
ูุจุงูุณูุฑุฌุฑู ุฌุงุจุชููุฉ ุงูู ุณูุงูุฏ ุงูุชุนุฏุงุฏ + ุดูู ุงูุญูุงูุงุช ู
ุงุงุงูุทู ุจููุง ูููุงู ุงุณูุชูุฒูุง ู
ู ุงูุดุฎุต ูุนุงูู ู
ู ู
ุฑุถ ุงูููุจ ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุจุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
08 Feb, 17:48
ุญุจูุจุชู ุนุงุฏู ุชุดูููู ุงูููู
ุณูุฑุฌุฑู ุดูู ุงุณุฆูู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
08 Feb, 14:06
ูุงุทู
ู ุงูููู
ุฏูุชูุฑู ุงูุจุฑูุณ ูู
ุฑูุถุช ุดุบู ุงูู ู
ุดุชุบููู ุจุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
08 Feb, 14:00
ุงุฐุง ุชุชุฐูุฑูู ุงูุงุณุฆูุฉ ุฏุฒููุง
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 15:58
ุฌุงุจ ูุฐุง ุงูู ุงุดุฑุชู ุฑุงุฏ ุงุณู
ุงูุจูุชุฑูุง
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 15:43
ุจุงูุงู
ุชุญุงู ุฌุงุจ ุณุคุงู ุน ูุฐุง ุงูุณูุงูุฏ ุจุณ ู
ุฏุงุชุฐูุฑู ูุงุฑูุช ุงูู ูุชุฐูุฑ ูููู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 14:55
ุงูุซุฑ ุดู ุฑูุฒูุง ุน ุงูููุงุท ูุงูุชุนุฏุงุฏ ูุนูู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 14:51
ุงูุณูุฑุฌุฑู ููุฉ ู
ูู
ูููุด ููุงู ุฎุงู ุงุฏุฒููู
ุงุณุฆูุฉ ุนูู ูุชูุตุฏู
ูู ูู ุงูุฑูุง ููู ุญุจุงูุจ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 14:05
https://youtu.be/YWc95mVl9t0?si=VSD0Y-6Kf7N4XTLZ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 14:05
ูุงู ุดุบู ูุฑุงูู ู
ุฑุชุจ ุจุงุฌุฑ ุนุฏูุง ุจู ุชุฏุฑูู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 11:29
ูุฐุง ุดุฑุญ ุณูุฑุฌุฑู ุงูู ุฒุงูุฏ ุงุนุจุฑูุง
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 11:29
https://youtu.be/RDOnLhmUm_Q?feature=shared
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 11:29
https://youtu.be/2EmGk6-Us3k?feature=shared
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 11:29
https://youtu.be/I4hg_lwNb0A?feature=shared
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 11:09
ู
ูู
ูู ุงุฐุง ู
ุณุฌููู ุณูุฑุฌุฑู ุงูุจุงุฑุญุฉ ุชุฏุฒูููุง
@Urukdentistry_bot
@Urukdentistry_bot
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 07:03
ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุงููุฑู ูููุฉ ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Feb, 07:03
๐ฉต micro lab 1
๐ฉทุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2916
๐ฉท ู ูุฎุต ูุงุณุฆูุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2917
๐ฉทุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2916
๐ฉท ู ูุฎุต ูุงุณุฆูุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2917
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
06 Feb, 17:04
๐ micro lab 6
๐ ุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2864
๐ ู ูุฎุต
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2868
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2912
๐ MCQ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2870
๐ ุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2864
๐ ู ูุฎุต
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2868
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2912
๐ MCQ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2870
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Jan, 17:33
ูุนุฒูู ุตุงุญุจ ุงูุนุตุฑ ูุงูุฒู
ุงู (ุนุฌูู ุงููู ุชุนุงูู ูุฑุฌู ุงูุดุฑูู) ูู
ุฑุงุฌุนูุง ุงูุนุธุงู
ูุงูู
ุคู
ููู ูุงูู
ุคู
ูุงุช ุนุงู
ุฉู ุจุฐููุฑู ุงุณุชุดูุงุฏ ุงูุฅูู
ุงู
ุฃุจู ุงูุญุณู ู
ูุณู ุจูู ุฌุนูุฑ ุงููุงุธู
(ุนููู ุงูุณูุงู
) ุงูุฐู ูุงูุงู ุงูุฃุฌู ูู ู
ุซู ููู
ุบุฏู ุงูุฎุงู
ุณู ูุงูุนุดุฑูู ู
ูู ุดูุฑู ุฑูุฌุจ
ููุฏ ูุงู ุงูุฅู ุงู ุงููุงุธู (ุนููู ุงูุณูุงู ) ู ุซุงููุง ููุนุจุงุฏุฉ ูุงูุตุจุฑ ูู ุตุจุงุญูุง ู ููุฑูุง ูููุฏู ูุตุฑุญูุง ุดุงู ุฎูุง ููุนูู ูุงูุชููู ูู ุชุซูู ุงููููุฏ ุนู ูุดุฑ ุฑุณุงูุฉ ุงูุฅุณูุงู ุงูุญู ููู ุชุถุนู ุนุฒูู ุชู ูู ู ูุงุฌูุฉ ุงูุธูู ูุงูุทุบูุงู
ูุณุฃู ุงููู ุชุนุงูู ุฃู ูุฑุฒููุง ุงูุณูุฑู ุนูู ููุฌูู ูุฃู ูู ูู ุนูููุง ุจูุฑุงู ุฉ ุฒูุงุฑุชู ูู ุงูุฏููุง ูุดูุงุนุชูู ูู ุงูุขุฎุฑุฉโจ
ููุฏ ูุงู ุงูุฅู ุงู ุงููุงุธู (ุนููู ุงูุณูุงู ) ู ุซุงููุง ููุนุจุงุฏุฉ ูุงูุตุจุฑ ูู ุตุจุงุญูุง ู ููุฑูุง ูููุฏู ูุตุฑุญูุง ุดุงู ุฎูุง ููุนูู ูุงูุชููู ูู ุชุซูู ุงููููุฏ ุนู ูุดุฑ ุฑุณุงูุฉ ุงูุฅุณูุงู ุงูุญู ููู ุชุถุนู ุนุฒูู ุชู ูู ู ูุงุฌูุฉ ุงูุธูู ูุงูุทุบูุงู
ูุณุฃู ุงููู ุชุนุงูู ุฃู ูุฑุฒููุง ุงูุณูุฑู ุนูู ููุฌูู ูุฃู ูู ูู ุนูููุง ุจูุฑุงู ุฉ ุฒูุงุฑุชู ูู ุงูุฏููุง ูุดูุงุนุชูู ูู ุงูุขุฎุฑุฉโจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Jan, 08:59
https://youtu.be/MQFUByYeMw8?si=hX8TSxUMKkqZXaCk
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Jan, 07:44
ูุงุจ 5 ููุฏ ุงูุชุญู
ูู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Jan, 07:39
https://youtu.be/p-Rd8bpSy8Q?feature=shared
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Jan, 07:39
https://youtu.be/5Me7wFodjrA?feature=shared
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Jan, 07:39
https://youtu.be/SSMYmVBqJ_c?feature=shared
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 15:04
ูุงุจุฉ ุชุฑุง ู
ูู
ูุฉ ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ูููุง ุจุณ ููุชุงุช ูุงู
ุณููู ูุจู ุงูุงู
ุชุญุงู ูุชุดูุนูู ุนูููู ู
ููู
ูู ุดูู ูุญฺูู ุนูู ุงูู ุงุนุฑูุฉ ูู ููุณู ูุฏุงุฎูู ุงููุธูู ุฏุงุฆู
ุงู ู
ุง ุงููุฑ ุจุฎุจุซ ุงุจุฏ ูุงููู ุดุงูุฏ ุงุฑูุฏ ุงููุงุฆุฏุฉ ุงููู
ูุจู ููุณู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 15:03
ููู ุงูู ู
ููู
ุงูุช ูุงุฒู
ูุณุชูุณุฎูู
ุงู ูุญุทูู
ุจุฌุงู
ุฎุงูุฉ
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:39
ูู ุงุฏุฑู ููุฌ ุงููุงุณ ูุงูุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ู
ู ุฒู
ุงู ุงุจุทู ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:38
ุฑุงุญ ูุจูู ูู ูุงุญุฏ ูููุฑ ุจููุณุฉ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:31
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููู
ุงุฏุฉ ู ุงุนุชุฐุฑ ู
ุงฺฏุฏุฑ ุงุดุฑุญูุง ููุง ุงุณูู ุดู
ุงุชู ูุงููู ุงูุชูููู๐ฆ
ุงุชู ูุงููู ุงูุชูููู๐ฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:28
ุงูู
ู
ุซููู ู
ุงููู
ุฏุฎู ุงูุฎุทุฃ ุจููุง ุงุญูุฉ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:19
ููุด ู
ู ุงูุทุฑููู ูุญุฌูู ุญุชู ุงููู ููุทู ุฑุฃูุฉ ูุงููุฑุงุฑ ูููู ุนุงุฏู ุ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:13
ู
ููู
ูู ูู 100 ฺููุฑ ุจุณ ุงูู ูููุฑ ุฏุงุฆู
ุงู ู
ุชููููู ู
ุชุนุงูููู ูุงูุณุจุจ ุงุนุฏุงุฏูุง ุงูููุงูุฉ ุฑุงุญ ูุชุฎุฑุฌ ููุง ู
ุฑุญูุฉ ู
ุฑุช ุนูููุฉ ูุงุชูููุง ุนูู ุดู!
ูุจู ูุชุญุฌูู ุดู ููุฑูุง ูุฑุงูู 500 ุทุงูุจ
ูู ู ุซู ู ูุฌูุฏ ููู ูุชุตุฑู
ูุจู ูุชุญุฌูู ุดู ููุฑูุง ูุฑุงูู 500 ุทุงูุจ
ูู ู ุซู ู ูุฌูุฏ ููู ูุชุตุฑู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:11
ุชุฑุง ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุญูู ุณููุฉ ูููุบุฑูู
ุนุฏุฏ ุงูุณูุงูุฏุงุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:11
ูู ุดูู ูุงุญุฏ ูุฑุจุญ ููุงุญุฏ ูุฎุณุฑุ
ุชุฑุง ุงููุฏุฑุณ ุฒูู ูุฌุงูุจ ุจุณ ุชุญุจูู ุชฺฏูููู ู ุณุงูุงุฉ ููุฐูู ุงูู !!!
ุชุฑุง ุงููุฏุฑุณ ุฒูู ูุฌุงูุจ ุจุณ ุชุญุจูู ุชฺฏูููู ู ุณุงูุงุฉ ููุฐูู ุงูู !!!
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Jan, 14:01
ุชุฑุง ุงูู
ุงููุฑู ุงูุฉ ุฏูุชูุฑูู ููู
ฺฏุฑูุจ ูุงุฎุฐูู
ุฏ.ุงุญู
ุฏ ูููุฒูู
ููุงู ููุนุฑููู ุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุณุคุงู ู
ุงูุชุฉ
ุงู ุง ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ฺููฏุฑูุจุงุช ุงูู ุชุงุฎุฐูู ุฏ.ุงููุงู ูู ูุนุฑููู ุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุงุณุฆูุฉ ู ุงูุชูุง ููุนุฑููู ุดูู ุงูู ุทุงูุจุชุฉ ูุดูู ุงูู ูุง
ุจูุงูุญุงูุฉ ูุงูุงุณุฆูุฉ ู ูุญุฏุฉ ูู ูู ูุฌู ุณุคุงู ู ู ุงูู ู ุฏุงุฎู ุดูู ูุณูู ุงู ููุฉ ู ูู ูุญฺูุ
ุงูุนุฏุงูุฉ ูู ุงูุงูุชุฒุงู ุจุฏูุชูุฑ ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ููู ุฏูุชูุฑ ุงูุฉ ฺฏุฑูุจุงุช๐ฆฆ
ุงู ุง ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ฺููฏุฑูุจุงุช ุงูู ุชุงุฎุฐูู ุฏ.ุงููุงู ูู ูุนุฑููู ุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุงุณุฆูุฉ ู ุงูุชูุง ููุนุฑููู ุดูู ุงูู ุทุงูุจุชุฉ ูุดูู ุงูู ูุง
ุจูุงูุญุงูุฉ ูุงูุงุณุฆูุฉ ู ูุญุฏุฉ ูู ูู ูุฌู ุณุคุงู ู ู ุงูู ู ุฏุงุฎู ุดูู ูุณูู ุงู ููุฉ ู ูู ูุญฺูุ
ุงูุนุฏุงูุฉ ูู ุงูุงูุชุฒุงู ุจุฏูุชูุฑ ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ููู ุฏูุชูุฑ ุงูุฉ ฺฏุฑูุจุงุช๐ฆฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Jan, 15:06
ุฌุงุจุชููุง ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงูู ูค ุงูู ุจ ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุชูููุงุช ูุฌุงุจุช ุงุฐุง ุงุฑูุฏ ุงุณูู ููุน ูู first molar ุดุณูู ูุง ููุฑู ุงุฎุฏุฑ
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Jan, 09:07
ูุฑูุจ ุฌุงุจุช ูุฐุง ุงูุชุนุฏุงุฏ ููุฑูุจ ุฌุงุจุช ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ูุงู ุงูุชุนุงุฑูู
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Jan, 09:07
ูุฑูุจ ุฌุงุจุช ููุฑูุงุช ูุชุนุฑูู ู
ู ุงูุชูุจููุงู ุงูุณุชูุฒูุง
ููุฑูุจ ุฌุงุจุช ุงูุงุฏูุงูุชุฌ ู ุงู ุงูููุชุฑูุดู ูููุฑูุงุช
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ููุฑูุจ ุฌุงุจุช ุงูุงุฏูุงูุชุฌ ู ุงู ุงูููุชุฑูุดู ูููุฑูุงุช
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Jan, 09:03
ุฏุงูู
ุชูุงุ
ุงู ุฏุงูู ูู ุงุญูู ูุฑูุจุงุช ุงูุจุฑูุณ ุงุดุชุบููู ููุดูู ููุฑูููุฑุฏ ุจูุณ ูููู ูู ูุงู ุชุญูู ุณูุฑุฌุฑู ูุงููุงุฑู ุง ู ุงูู ู ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูุงูุงูุณ ุฑู ุจุณ ุญุถูุฑ ูุฌู ุนูู ุฏูุชูุฑ ูุคู ุญุฌุฉ ููุงูู ุนุงูุณู ูุงุฑ ูุจุณ
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุงู ุฏุงูู ูู ุงุญูู ูุฑูุจุงุช ุงูุจุฑูุณ ุงุดุชุบููู ููุดูู ููุฑูููุฑุฏ ุจูุณ ูููู ูู ูุงู ุชุญูู ุณูุฑุฌุฑู ูุงููุงุฑู ุง ู ุงูู ู ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูุงูุงูุณ ุฑู ุจุณ ุญุถูุฑ ูุฌู ุนูู ุฏูุชูุฑ ูุคู ุญุฌุฉ ููุงูู ุนุงูุณู ูุงุฑ ูุจุณ
-ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Jan, 19:50
ูููุงุฆุฏุฉ ุงุฐุง ุชุญุจูู ุฑูุญูุง
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Jan, 19:50
https://forms.gle/hcroNyNSTc53hDhA9
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Jan, 19:50
ููู
ุงูุณุจุช ุงูู
ุตุงุฏู 2025/1/18
ุงูุณุงุนู ุงู 10 ุตุจุงุญุงู
ูู ูุงุนุฉ ุงูุณูุงุฏุฉ ูู ู ุจูู ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงูุฑุนุงูุฉ ุงูุนูู ูุฉ ุดุงุฑุน ุฏู ุดู ูุฑุจ ุงููุจุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ููุฒูุฑุงุก
ุงูุณุงุนู ุงู 10 ุตุจุงุญุงู
ูู ูุงุนุฉ ุงูุณูุงุฏุฉ ูู ู ุจูู ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงูุฑุนุงูุฉ ุงูุนูู ูุฉ ุดุงุฑุน ุฏู ุดู ูุฑุจ ุงููุจุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ููุฒูุฑุงุก
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Jan, 18:40
ูุง ุจุนุฏูู ุฒุนูุงูุฉ ูุง ุนุจุงููู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Jan, 18:36
https://youtu.be/S2sbqi6Qx8E?si=Mxdxwv2k4Vjr9Qch
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Jan, 17:40
ุงูู ุงุณูุฉ ู
ุฑุงุญ ุงฺฏุฏุฑ ุงุดุฑุญููู
ุจุนุฏ ๐๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Jan, 09:32
ุดูุฑุงู ููู ุฏุฒุงูู
ุงููู ููุซุฑ ู
ู ุงู
ุซุงููู
๐๐ซถ๐ป
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Jan, 08:26
ู
ูู ฺูฏุฏุฑ ูุณูููู pdf ู
ุฏูุตูุฑูู ูู
ู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
14 Jan, 07:21
ุจุนุฏูู ู
ู
ุณููู ุดู ูุงููู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
14 Jan, 07:20
ุดุจุณุฑุนู ูุฐุงู ุงูููู
ุนุทููู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
14 Jan, 07:20
ุดุจุงุจ ุจุงููุณุจู ููุฏูุงู
ุงูุณุจุช ุงูู ููู ุฏูุงู
ุงูุณุจุช ุงูู ููู ุฏูุงู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
13 Jan, 17:26
ููู ุนุงู
ุงูุง ูุงูุชู
ุนูู ููุงูุฉ ุงู
ูุฑ ุงูู
ุคู
ููู โจ
ู ูุชุจุงุฑููู ุจููุงุฏุฉ ุงุณุฏ ุงููู ุงูุบุงูุจ๐ฆ๐ค
ู ูุชุจุงุฑููู ุจููุงุฏุฉ ุงุณุฏ ุงููู ุงูุบุงูุจ๐ฆ๐ค
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
13 Jan, 17:25
ููุฏุชู ูู ุญุฑู
ุงูุฅูู ุฃู
ู
ูุงูุจูุช ุญูุซ ููุงุคู ูุงูู ุณุฌุฏู
ุจูุถุงุก ุทุงูุฑุฉ ุงูุซูุงุจ ูุฑูู ุฉ
ุทุงุจุช ูุทุงุจ ูููุฏูุง ูุงูู ููุฏ
ู ุชุจุงุฑููู ุจู ููุฏ ุงุฎ ุงูุฑุณูู ุนูููู ุง ุงูุณูุงู ๐ฉต
ูุงูุจูุช ุญูุซ ููุงุคู ูุงูู ุณุฌุฏู
ุจูุถุงุก ุทุงูุฑุฉ ุงูุซูุงุจ ูุฑูู ุฉ
ุทุงุจุช ูุทุงุจ ูููุฏูุง ูุงูู ููุฏ
ู ุชุจุงุฑููู ุจู ููุฏ ุงุฎ ุงูุฑุณูู ุนูููู ุง ุงูุณูุงู ๐ฉต
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Jan, 08:40
ุดูููุง ุงูููุณ ูุงุฐุง ุชุนุฑูููุฉ ุฌุงุจูุง ุจุงูุฃุณู ุงู ุจุงูุจูุช ููุง
@Urukdentistry_bot
@Urukdentistry_bot
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Jan, 08:40
https://www.instagram.com/stories/f.a__dr/3543051705786206490?utm_source=ig_story_item_share&igsh=bW04MnI2bG54cXVw
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
04 Jan, 10:48
ุงูู ู
ุฑุฉ ุงุฑุฌุน ููุจูุช ูู
ุงููุฑ ุดููู ุงุฏุฑุณ ๐ฅฒ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
04 Jan, 08:34
mid exam is finish , so good luck for everyoneโจโ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 18:36
ุจููุฉ ุฏุฒุชูู
โจ๐ฆ๐ฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 18:36
Oral microbiology
๐saliva contains
1.digestive enzymes
2.antimicrobial :
-secretory IgA
-lactoferrin
-lysozyme
๐ช Composition of oral microbial:
A) bacteria
B) fungi
-A) bacteria :
1. Gram + cocci
-staphylococci ~~>s.epidermidis
-streptococci
-micrococci
๐ Capnocytophagia ~~~> periodontal disease
2. Gram - cocci
-Neisseria~~anaerobic
-veillonella~~anaerobic
-Branhamella catarrhalis~~aerobic
3. Gram + bacilli
-actinomyces~~ anaerobic __ between teeth&gum grooves& plaque
-Dephtheroids~~aerobic __found normally in mouth
-lactobacilli ~~ acids from carbohydrates
-nocardia~~ strict aerobic
4. Gram - bacilli
-bacteroids~strict anaerobic
-fusibacterium~strict anaerobic
5.spirocheates
~~~~~~~~~~~~
2-strep. mitis~~buccal mucosa
3-strep. sangiunis~~smooth surface ( teeth)
4-strep. mutans~~ fissurs and pits
5-Bacteroids & spirochetes~~ gingival crevice
Origin of infection
๐endogenous source~~ caries & periodontal disease & dental plaque
๐exogenous source ~~
1.primary infection ~~herpes & primary syphilis
2.secondary infections ~~systemic infections such as oral tuberculosis & secondary syphilis
๐saliva contains
1.digestive enzymes
2.antimicrobial :
-secretory IgA
-lactoferrin
-lysozyme
๐ช Composition of oral microbial:
A) bacteria
B) fungi
-A) bacteria :
1. Gram + cocci
-staphylococci ~~>s.epidermidis
-streptococci
-micrococci
๐ Capnocytophagia ~~~> periodontal disease
2. Gram - cocci
-Neisseria~~anaerobic
-veillonella~~anaerobic
-Branhamella catarrhalis~~aerobic
3. Gram + bacilli
-actinomyces~~ anaerobic __ between teeth&gum grooves& plaque
-Dephtheroids~~aerobic __found normally in mouth
-lactobacilli ~~ acids from carbohydrates
-nocardia~~ strict aerobic
4. Gram - bacilli
-bacteroids~strict anaerobic
-fusibacterium~strict anaerobic
5.spirocheates
~~~~~~~~~~~~
2-strep. mitis~~buccal mucosa
3-strep. sangiunis~~smooth surface ( teeth)
4-strep. mutans~~ fissurs and pits
5-Bacteroids & spirochetes~~ gingival crevice
Origin of infection
๐endogenous source~~ caries & periodontal disease & dental plaque
๐exogenous source ~~
1.primary infection ~~herpes & primary syphilis
2.secondary infections ~~systemic infections such as oral tuberculosis & secondary syphilis
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 18:36
Oral microbiology
๐ Bacterial infection
1. Infected dry socket~~> tooth extraction & foul oder
2. Osteomyelitis ~~>inflammation ( bone marrow)
3. Pericoronitis~~>around the crown & spread into surrounding tissue
๐Denta plaque : Is a layer of bacteria on the erupted surfaces of the teeth that leads to caries and periodontal disease.
๐Acquired pellicle~~ thin amorphous film less than 1 micron
( between enamel and bacteria plaque)
-consists ~~ salivary glycoprotein
๐ช streptococcus mutans
1-produces lactic acid from sucrose and carbohydrates
2-protein antigen A~~organisms to bind to tooth surface
3-produce high molecular wight insoluble glucans
๐ฉต strep. mutans~~primary agents in dental caries ( pit& fissures)
๐ฉตlactobacilli ~~secondary agents in dental caries(smooth surface)
๐ฉทacidogenic bacteria ~~strep. sanguis & mitis
โโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ Mycotic infection
-caustive agents~~
1. Candida albicans
2. Cryptococcus
3. Neoformans
4. Geotrichum
๐ช Heavy dose of antibiotics ~~~> oral candida infection
๐ฉต Candida may enter tissues at of tooth extraction
๐treatment
-topical sodium caprylate
-amphotericin B
๐ Bacterial infection
1. Infected dry socket~~> tooth extraction & foul oder
2. Osteomyelitis ~~>inflammation ( bone marrow)
3. Pericoronitis~~>around the crown & spread into surrounding tissue
๐Denta plaque : Is a layer of bacteria on the erupted surfaces of the teeth that leads to caries and periodontal disease.
๐Acquired pellicle~~ thin amorphous film less than 1 micron
( between enamel and bacteria plaque)
-consists ~~ salivary glycoprotein
๐ช streptococcus mutans
1-produces lactic acid from sucrose and carbohydrates
2-protein antigen A~~organisms to bind to tooth surface
3-produce high molecular wight insoluble glucans
๐ฉต strep. mutans~~primary agents in dental caries ( pit& fissures)
๐ฉตlactobacilli ~~secondary agents in dental caries(smooth surface)
๐ฉทacidogenic bacteria ~~strep. sanguis & mitis
โโโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐ Mycotic infection
-caustive agents~~
1. Candida albicans
2. Cryptococcus
3. Neoformans
4. Geotrichum
๐ช Heavy dose of antibiotics ~~~> oral candida infection
๐ฉต Candida may enter tissues at of tooth extraction
๐treatment
-topical sodium caprylate
-amphotericin B
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 18:36
Staphylococcus aureus
๐in human skin & animals also carried
๐ diseases caused by staphylococcus :
1-superfacial~~boils & carbuncles & pustules & abscess & conjunctivitis & wound infections
2-food poisoning( vomiting & diarrhoea) ~~ entrotoxin
3-toxic shock syndrome ~~ entrotoxin
4-deep infections~~ osteomyelitis & endocarditis & pneumonia & septicaemia
๐ฉต Staphylococcus ~ rarely causes oral infections
-may cause ( angular cheilitis )
๐resistance to B-lactam drugs and som to a number of antibiotics
-panicillin resistance is due to the production of B-lactamase encoded by plasmid
๐treatment
1.panicillin for sensitive isolates
2.flucloxacillin
3. arythromycin
4.fusidic acid
5.cephalosporin
6.vancomycin
โโโโโโโโโโโโ-
๐ Antibiotics resistance in staphylococci
1-resistance to B-lactam drugs
2-resistance to methicillin ~( MRSA )
3-resistance to vancomycin ~( VRSA )
4-tolerance ~~ organism is inhibited but not killed by antibiotic
โโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐Staphylococcus epidermidis
๐skin surface
๐ spread by contact
๐ pathogenicity
1-skin ( opportunist pathogen)
2-catheter-related sepsis
3-infections of artificial joints
4-urinary tract infection
๐resistance to a penicillin & methicillin
๐treatment ~~ sensitive to vancomycin
โโโโโโโโโโโโ-
๐Staphylococcus saprophyticus~~urinary tract infection ( women)
๐in human skin & animals also carried
๐ diseases caused by staphylococcus :
1-superfacial~~boils & carbuncles & pustules & abscess & conjunctivitis & wound infections
2-food poisoning( vomiting & diarrhoea) ~~ entrotoxin
3-toxic shock syndrome ~~ entrotoxin
4-deep infections~~ osteomyelitis & endocarditis & pneumonia & septicaemia
๐ฉต Staphylococcus ~ rarely causes oral infections
-may cause ( angular cheilitis )
๐resistance to B-lactam drugs and som to a number of antibiotics
-panicillin resistance is due to the production of B-lactamase encoded by plasmid
๐treatment
1.panicillin for sensitive isolates
2.flucloxacillin
3. arythromycin
4.fusidic acid
5.cephalosporin
6.vancomycin
โโโโโโโโโโโโ-
๐ Antibiotics resistance in staphylococci
1-resistance to B-lactam drugs
2-resistance to methicillin ~( MRSA )
3-resistance to vancomycin ~( VRSA )
4-tolerance ~~ organism is inhibited but not killed by antibiotic
โโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐Staphylococcus epidermidis
๐skin surface
๐ spread by contact
๐ pathogenicity
1-skin ( opportunist pathogen)
2-catheter-related sepsis
3-infections of artificial joints
4-urinary tract infection
๐resistance to a penicillin & methicillin
๐treatment ~~ sensitive to vancomycin
โโโโโโโโโโโโ-
๐Staphylococcus saprophyticus~~urinary tract infection ( women)
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 18:36
Bacteria pathogen
๐Virulence involves :
-invasiveness
-toxigenicity
๐ฉต lD 50
๐ช vibrio cholera-100.000.000
๐anthrax
๐ชcutaneous-10-50 endospores
๐ชinhalation-10.000-20.000
๐ชGI-250.000-1.000.000
โโโโโโโโโโโโ-
-Srep. mutans~~attaches to teeth by (glycocalyx)
-actinomyces~~fimbrae that adhere to glycocalyx of S.mutans
-E.coli~~adhesion on fimbrae( small intestine)
๐biofilm : microorganisms and their extra cellular products~~on non-living & living surfaces
๐components of cell wall of pathogens
1. M-protein
2.opa
3.waxes
๐ฉท isolates microorganisms from host defence ~~coagulase
๐ฉท produced by several clostridium sp~~collagenase
โโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐Exotoxins
๐ฆ Exotoxins ~~ inside the bacteria
๐ฆ exotoxins ~~ proteins
๐ฆ spread into body fluids and tissue
๐ฆ Gram+
๐ฆ LD 50 ~small
๐ฆ neutralized by antitoxin
๐ฆ products of growing cells
๐A..B toxin
A~~inhibits protein synthesis and kills cell
B~~binds to receptor of host cell
๐proteins in nature ~antigens
๐cytotoxin~~inhibits protein synthesis
๐damage plasma membranes of capillaries ~~A,B,C toxins
๐botulinum~ prevent nerve impulse transmission
๐tetanus toxin ~ CNS blocks inhibitory neurons to skeletal muscle
โโโโโโโโโโโโ-
๐ Endotoxin
๐ฆ Gram -
๐ฆ LPS of outer membrane
๐ฆ endotoxins ~ lipid
๐ฆ fever
๐ฆ LD 50~ large
๐Virulence involves :
-invasiveness
-toxigenicity
๐ฉต lD 50
๐ช vibrio cholera-100.000.000
๐anthrax
๐ชcutaneous-10-50 endospores
๐ชinhalation-10.000-20.000
๐ชGI-250.000-1.000.000
โโโโโโโโโโโโ-
-Srep. mutans~~attaches to teeth by (glycocalyx)
-actinomyces~~fimbrae that adhere to glycocalyx of S.mutans
-E.coli~~adhesion on fimbrae( small intestine)
๐biofilm : microorganisms and their extra cellular products~~on non-living & living surfaces
๐components of cell wall of pathogens
1. M-protein
2.opa
3.waxes
๐ฉท isolates microorganisms from host defence ~~coagulase
๐ฉท produced by several clostridium sp~~collagenase
โโโโโโโโโโโโ
๐Exotoxins
๐ฆ Exotoxins ~~ inside the bacteria
๐ฆ exotoxins ~~ proteins
๐ฆ spread into body fluids and tissue
๐ฆ Gram+
๐ฆ LD 50 ~small
๐ฆ neutralized by antitoxin
๐ฆ products of growing cells
๐A..B toxin
A~~inhibits protein synthesis and kills cell
B~~binds to receptor of host cell
๐proteins in nature ~antigens
๐cytotoxin~~inhibits protein synthesis
๐damage plasma membranes of capillaries ~~A,B,C toxins
๐botulinum~ prevent nerve impulse transmission
๐tetanus toxin ~ CNS blocks inhibitory neurons to skeletal muscle
โโโโโโโโโโโโ-
๐ Endotoxin
๐ฆ Gram -
๐ฆ LPS of outer membrane
๐ฆ endotoxins ~ lipid
๐ฆ fever
๐ฆ LD 50~ large
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 18:36
Streptococcus
๐pyogens~~> minimal suppuration
-upper respiratory & skin<~~~ location
โฆTreatment
1.panicillin
2.arythromycin
3.clindomycin
ุงูุซุงูู ูุงูุซุงูุซ ููุจูุดูุช ุงูู ุนูุฏู ุญุณุงุณูู ููุจูุณููู
-no vaccine is available
๐agalactiae
-vagina & anorectal <~~ location
_neonatal meningitis & septicaemia
_abortion & gynaecological
-treatment
1.panicillin
2. arythromycin
3.prophylactic antibiotic <~~ give neonatal
๐ oral streptococci
-endocarditis & bacteraemia
_ treatment
~~prophylactic antibioticโฆ> before dental procedure
๐ pneumococcus
-meningitis in adult & otitis media & pneumonia & sinusitis in children
- upper respiratory
๐_vaccination with anti polysaccharides vaccine
provide type-specific immunity
-treatment
1.panicillin
2.arythromycin is very effective
๐pyogens~~> minimal suppuration
-upper respiratory & skin<~~~ location
โฆTreatment
1.panicillin
2.arythromycin
3.clindomycin
ุงูุซุงูู ูุงูุซุงูุซ ููุจูุดูุช ุงูู ุนูุฏู ุญุณุงุณูู ููุจูุณููู
-no vaccine is available
๐agalactiae
-vagina & anorectal <~~ location
_neonatal meningitis & septicaemia
_abortion & gynaecological
-treatment
1.panicillin
2. arythromycin
3.prophylactic antibiotic <~~ give neonatal
๐ oral streptococci
-endocarditis & bacteraemia
_ treatment
~~prophylactic antibioticโฆ> before dental procedure
๐ pneumococcus
-meningitis in adult & otitis media & pneumonia & sinusitis in children
- upper respiratory
๐_vaccination with anti polysaccharides vaccine
provide type-specific immunity
-treatment
1.panicillin
2.arythromycin is very effective
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 17:49
ุงฺฏูููู
ุดูู ูุงู ุงุฑูุฏ ูููุจ ุจุณ ุงูููู
ุจุนุฏ ุนุทูุฉ ุนูู ุงูุงูู ุงุฎูุตูู ุจุงูุนุทูุฉ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 17:36
ูุฐุง ูู ุงูู ุนูุฏู ุงุชู
ูุงููู
ููู ุงูุชูููู ุฏุงุฆู
ุงู.
~ูุชูุณููู ุจุฏุนุงุฆููู โจโจ
~ูุชูุณููู ุจุฏุนุงุฆููู โจโจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 16:55
ุจููุฉ ุฏุฒุชูู
ุนุงุดุช ุงูุฏูุงโจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
03 Jan, 16:55
ุงูู ุจูุชุฑูุง ุชุฏุฎู ุจุงููู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 20:28
ููุด ุดูุฑุงู ููุจููุฉ ุงูุฏุงุณูููู
ู
ููุงุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 20:09
๐ฉท Crown lec 5
๐ฉตุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2248
๐ฉต ุงูู ูุฒู ุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2249
๐ฉต ู ูุฎุต
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2250
๐ฉต MCQ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2251
๐ฉต ุงุณุฆูุฉ ู ูู ุงูุณููู ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2267?single
๐ฉตุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2248
๐ฉต ุงูู ูุฒู ุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2249
๐ฉต ู ูุฎุต
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2250
๐ฉต MCQ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2251
๐ฉต ุงุณุฆูุฉ ู ูู ุงูุณููู ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2267?single
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 18:03
ุดฺฏุฏ ู
ุฑุชุจ ุงุญุจ ฺูู๐คโจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 17:57
๐ฉท Crown lec 2
๐ฉตุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2207
๐ฉตุงูู ูุฒู ุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2208
๐ฉตุงุณุฆูุฉ ู ูู ุงูุณููู ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2215?single
๐ฉตู ูุฎุต
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2211
๐ฉต MCQ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2227
๐ฉตุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2207
๐ฉตุงูู ูุฒู ุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2208
๐ฉตุงุณุฆูุฉ ู ูู ุงูุณููู ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2215?single
๐ฉตู ูุฎุต
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2211
๐ฉต MCQ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2227
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 17:16
ุชุฎูููุง ุจููู
ุชุฏูุฑูู ุน ุงูููุงู ู
ุชฺูฏููุง ูุชุณุชุบุฑุจูู๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 17:13
Big love ูุฏูุชูุฑู ูุจุฉ
๐ซถ๐ป๐ซถ๐ป๐ซถ๐ป๐ซถ๐ป
๐ซถ๐ป๐ซถ๐ป๐ซถ๐ป๐ซถ๐ป
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 14:59
ุงฺฏููููู
ุชุฎุทูุง ูุงูู ุจุนุฏูู ๐ฅฒ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 14:57
ุงฺฏูู
ุงูููุทุฉ ุงูุฃุฎูุฑุฉ ุดูู ุญููุชููุง
ุงูููุทุฉ ุงูุฃุฎูุฑุฉ ุดูู ุญููุชููุง
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 10:12
ูุงู
ูุง ูุฑุงูู
ูุฑุงูู ูุชููุฑูู ุจุงูุงูุจุฑุชู ุจุนุฏ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 09:08
ูุฏู ููู ุจุงูุจุฏู ุงูุถุงูุน
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 05:11
๏ดฟููู
ูุง ููููุง ุฃููููุง ููุชูููููููู ุนูููู ุงูููููู ๏ดพ.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 04:57
๐ Shallow cavity preparation
~ Varnish
~ amalgam
๐ Moderately deep cavity
~liner
~ base
~ varnish
~ amalgam
๐ Deep cavity
~ liner calcium hydroxide liner
~base
~ varnish
๐บ varnish contra indication with composite
ูุฐููู ุดููู ูุฎูู ุงูุญุดูู ุงูู ูู ุงู ูุบู ูุดููู ูุฎูู ูุงุฑูุด ููุงููุฑ
ููุง ุจุงูุชุฑุชูุจ ุงูู ูุงุญุฏ ูุนูู ุงููุงูุชู ุณุทุญู ูุจุนูุฏ ุนู ุงูุจูุจ
ูุฎูู ุจุณ ูุงุฑูุด ูุงู ูุบู
ุงูุซุงูู ู ุชูุณุท ูุนูู ูุต ุงูุฏููุชูู ู ุงูู ูุฎูู
ูุงุนุฏุฉ ูุจุนุฏูู ูุงุฑูุด ูุจุนุฏูู ุงูุญุดูู
ูุงุฎุฑ ูุงุญุฏ ุงููุงูุชู ูุฑูุจ ุน ุงูุจุงูุจ
ูุฎูู ูุงุนุฏู ุจุนุฏูุง ูุงุฑูุด
๐ ุงุฐุง ุฌุงู ุงูุชุฑุชูุจ ุทูุจุชู ู ู pulp ูู occlusal
ุญุณุจ ุงููุงูุชู ุงูู ุชุฎูู ู ุซูุงู ุงูุนู ูู
ุงู ู ู ูู ู ู occlusal ูู pulp ูุชุทูุจ ุงูุฎุทูุงุช ุจุงูุชุฑุชูุจ
Varnish ูุฎูู ุนูู ุงูุฌุฏุฑุงู ูู
ุงู base
ุจุณ ุจุงูุงุฑุถูู
~ Varnish
~ amalgam
๐ Moderately deep cavity
~liner
~ base
~ varnish
~ amalgam
๐ Deep cavity
~ liner calcium hydroxide liner
~base
~ varnish
๐บ varnish contra indication with composite
ูุฐููู ุดููู ูุฎูู ุงูุญุดูู ุงูู ูู ุงู ูุบู ูุดููู ูุฎูู ูุงุฑูุด ููุงููุฑ
ููุง ุจุงูุชุฑุชูุจ ุงูู ูุงุญุฏ ูุนูู ุงููุงูุชู ุณุทุญู ูุจุนูุฏ ุนู ุงูุจูุจ
ูุฎูู ุจุณ ูุงุฑูุด ูุงู ูุบู
ุงูุซุงูู ู ุชูุณุท ูุนูู ูุต ุงูุฏููุชูู ู ุงูู ูุฎูู
ูุงุนุฏุฉ ูุจุนุฏูู ูุงุฑูุด ูุจุนุฏูู ุงูุญุดูู
ูุงุฎุฑ ูุงุญุฏ ุงููุงูุชู ูุฑูุจ ุน ุงูุจุงูุจ
ูุฎูู ูุงุนุฏู ุจุนุฏูุง ูุงุฑูุด
๐ ุงุฐุง ุฌุงู ุงูุชุฑุชูุจ ุทูุจุชู ู ู pulp ูู occlusal
ุญุณุจ ุงููุงูุชู ุงูู ุชุฎูู ู ุซูุงู ุงูุนู ูู
ุงู ู ู ูู ู ู occlusal ูู pulp ูุชุทูุจ ุงูุฎุทูุงุช ุจุงูุชุฑุชูุจ
Varnish ูุฎูู ุนูู ุงูุฌุฏุฑุงู ูู
ุงู base
ุจุณ ุจุงูุงุฑุถูู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 03:16
ุงูู ู
ูุงุฑูู ููุฌุฑ 9
part 2
ุดูู ูุงุฏุฒููู ุดุบูุฉ ุจู ุญุชุฌู
part 2
ุดูู ูุงุฏุฒููู ุดุบูุฉ ุจู ุญุชุฌู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 03:15
๐class l
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17547
class ll
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17548
class lll
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17550
class V
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17551
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17547
class ll
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17548
class lll
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17550
class V
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17551
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
29 Dec, 03:14
๐Class V
ููุง ูุตูุฑ ุจุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููุฑูุจ ู ู gingiva ู ู ุฌูุฉ ุงู labial, buccal
ใฐinvolves one surface of a tooth
๐Erosion: tooth loss at the cervical area due to non bacterial acid attack.
ูุตุจุฑ ุจุณุจุจ ุญู ุถูุงุช ุููู ูุงุฆู
ู ูู
๐Abrasion: tooth loss at the cervical area of the tooth due to abrasive slurry
ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงุญุชูุงู ูุตูุฑ ููุฉ ู ุนุฌูู ุงู ูุฑุดุฉ ุงูุงุณูุงู ุู ููุงูููู
ใฐุงูุถู ุดู ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุงูู ูุบู
๐ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุงู ูุบู ุงุฐุง ู ูุชุทูุจ ุฌู ุงููุฉ
ุงูู ูุงุทู ุงูู ู ุชุจูู
ุงุฐุง ฺุงู ููุงู ูุนุงุจ ูู ูููุน ูุณุชุฎุฏ composite
ุงุฐุง ฺุงู gingivally
๐ู ฺูฏุฏุฑ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุงู ูุบู ุงููุฏ ุงุฐุง ุชุทูุจ ุฌู ุงููุฉ
๐ advantage of amalgam
~ strong
~ easier
~less expansive
~ easier finish and polish
๐ disadvantages
~ metallic
~ ุชุชุทูุจ 90 cavosurface
~ less conservative
ูุนูู ุชุงุฎุฐ ููุงู ู ู ุงูุณู
ใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐ
ุงูุชุญุถูุฑ
trapezoid in gingival 1/3
ูุนูู ู ุณุชุทูู ุบูุฑ ู ุชุณุงูู ุงูุงุถูุงุน
~ ูุชุญุฏุฏ ุญุณุจ ู ููุน ุงูุชุณูุณ ูุงูุญุฌู
~ 0.5mm DEJ
~0.75mm on the root
ูู ูุณุชุฎุฏู round bur
โผ๏ธ totall depth
1_1.25mm
~.ู ู ุงู mesial ,distal incisal, gingival ูููู ู ุญุฏุจ convex
ููู
perpendicular to the external tooth surface
โผ๏ธ axial wall ู ู ููุงุงุชุชุชุช
ใฐcavosurface line angle (90-110)
โผ๏ธโผ๏ธMesial and distal walls should be slightly diverge
ููุง ู ุชุจุงุนุฏุงุช ููุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนูุณ ุงูููุงุณุงุช ุงูุจููุฉ
\===/
ููุฌ ูุนูู
ใฐOcclusal and gingival walls perpendicular to the long axis of tooth , parallel to each other
๐ฉต ูุณูู tow retention groove
ูุงุญุฏ incisal
ูุงุญุฏ gingival
ใฐe 0.2-0.3mm inside the DEJ
ููุง ูุตูุฑ ุจุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููุฑูุจ ู ู gingiva ู ู ุฌูุฉ ุงู labial, buccal
ใฐinvolves one surface of a tooth
๐Erosion: tooth loss at the cervical area due to non bacterial acid attack.
ูุตุจุฑ ุจุณุจุจ ุญู ุถูุงุช ุููู ูุงุฆู
ู ูู
๐Abrasion: tooth loss at the cervical area of the tooth due to abrasive slurry
ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงุญุชูุงู ูุตูุฑ ููุฉ ู ุนุฌูู ุงู ูุฑุดุฉ ุงูุงุณูุงู ุู ููุงูููู
ใฐุงูุถู ุดู ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุงูู ูุบู
๐ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุงู ูุบู ุงุฐุง ู ูุชุทูุจ ุฌู ุงููุฉ
ุงูู ูุงุทู ุงูู ู ุชุจูู
ุงุฐุง ฺุงู ููุงู ูุนุงุจ ูู ูููุน ูุณุชุฎุฏ composite
ุงุฐุง ฺุงู gingivally
๐ู ฺูฏุฏุฑ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุงู ูุบู ุงููุฏ ุงุฐุง ุชุทูุจ ุฌู ุงููุฉ
๐ advantage of amalgam
~ strong
~ easier
~less expansive
~ easier finish and polish
๐ disadvantages
~ metallic
~ ุชุชุทูุจ 90 cavosurface
~ less conservative
ูุนูู ุชุงุฎุฐ ููุงู ู ู ุงูุณู
ใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐใฐ
ุงูุชุญุถูุฑ
trapezoid in gingival 1/3
ูุนูู ู ุณุชุทูู ุบูุฑ ู ุชุณุงูู ุงูุงุถูุงุน
~ ูุชุญุฏุฏ ุญุณุจ ู ููุน ุงูุชุณูุณ ูุงูุญุฌู
~ 0.5mm DEJ
~0.75mm on the root
ูู ูุณุชุฎุฏู round bur
โผ๏ธ totall depth
1_1.25mm
~.ู ู ุงู mesial ,distal incisal, gingival ูููู ู ุญุฏุจ convex
ููู
perpendicular to the external tooth surface
โผ๏ธ axial wall ู ู ููุงุงุชุชุชุช
ใฐcavosurface line angle (90-110)
โผ๏ธโผ๏ธMesial and distal walls should be slightly diverge
ููุง ู ุชุจุงุนุฏุงุช ููุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนูุณ ุงูููุงุณุงุช ุงูุจููุฉ
\===/
ููุฌ ูุนูู
ใฐOcclusal and gingival walls perpendicular to the long axis of tooth , parallel to each other
๐ฉต ูุณูู tow retention groove
ูุงุญุฏ incisal
ูุงุญุฏ gingival
ใฐe 0.2-0.3mm inside the DEJ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
26 Dec, 10:25
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุงูุจุฑุชู ู ูููู ุจููุง ุงูู ูุงุฑููุฉ ูู
ุงุฏุฉ ููุงู ูู
ูุงุชุญููุง ูุณูู ุณุดูุงุช ุณูุฉ ูุงุญุงูู ุงุณูู ู
ุซู ุจููุฉ ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ูุงุฐุง ู
ฺฏุฏุฑุช ุงุนุฐุฑููู๐ฆฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
26 Dec, 10:23
ุดููู ุงุตุงุฑุญูู
ุจุงูู
ูุถูุน ๐ฅฒ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
26 Dec, 01:39
๐ค Occlusal to the survey line: Non-undercut area.
๐ฉถ Gingival to the survey line: Undercut area.
๐ฉต Tilting or rotating the tooth: Changes the position of the survey line.
๐ Result of tilting: Alters the extent of non-undercut and undercut areas.
๐ Survey line variation: Depends on the angle formed by the vertical analyzing rodโs contact with the tooth surface.
๐ฉถ Gingival to the survey line: Undercut area.
๐ฉต Tilting or rotating the tooth: Changes the position of the survey line.
๐ Result of tilting: Alters the extent of non-undercut and undercut areas.
๐ Survey line variation: Depends on the angle formed by the vertical analyzing rodโs contact with the tooth surface.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
26 Dec, 01:39
Guiding Planes
๐ฉถ Parallel surfaces of abutment teeth that guide partial denture insertion and removal.
๐ฉต The path of insertion should align with these planes.
๐ Proximal plates should be the first to contact abutments.
ู ูู
๐ฉทfriction forces of contact of prosthesis with the
guiding planes wall will contribute significantly to the
retention of the RPD.
ู ูู
๐ฉถ Parallel surfaces of abutment teeth that guide partial denture insertion and removal.
๐ฉต The path of insertion should align with these planes.
๐ Proximal plates should be the first to contact abutments.
ู ูู
๐ฉทfriction forces of contact of prosthesis with the
guiding planes wall will contribute significantly to the
retention of the RPD.
ู ูู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
26 Dec, 01:39
Path of Placement (Insertion):
๐ฉถ The specific direction in which a prosthesis is placed onto the residual alveolar ridge, abutment teeth, dental implant abutments, or attachments.
๐ฉถ The specific direction in which a prosthesis is placed onto the residual alveolar ridge, abutment teeth, dental implant abutments, or attachments.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
26 Dec, 01:39
๐ Guiding Planes & Components:
โข Proximal tooth surfaces: Minor connectors, proximal plates.
โข Axial/Lingual surfaces: Reciprocal clasp arms, lingual plates, auxiliary rest connectors.
๐ฉท Guiding Plane Function:
โข Easy denture insertion/removal.
โข Provides bracing, stabilization, and retention.
โข Proximal tooth surfaces: Minor connectors, proximal plates.
โข Axial/Lingual surfaces: Reciprocal clasp arms, lingual plates, auxiliary rest connectors.
๐ฉท Guiding Plane Function:
โข Easy denture insertion/removal.
โข Provides bracing, stabilization, and retention.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
07 Dec, 09:30
ู
ู
ูู ุชุฏุฒููู ุชุณุฌููุงุช ุนุฏูู
ูููู ุชูุฑู ุช ูููุดู ุฑุงุญ
ูุงูู ุดู ุจุงุซู ูุงูุจุฑุชู ๐
ูููู ุชูุฑู ุช ูููุดู ุฑุงุญ
ูุงูู ุดู ุจุงุซู ูุงูุจุฑุชู ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
06 Dec, 20:48
ููู ูุงุทู
ุฉ ุดููู ุงูุทูุงุจ ุงุฐุง ู
ุณุฌููู ุงููู
ูููุชู ูููุฒุงุช ู
ุญุชุงุฌููู
ุถุฑูุฑู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
06 Dec, 15:48
ุงูู ููู
ูุง ูุฑุงูู ู
ู
ูู ุงุดูู ุดุบููู
ูุดูู ุณุฃูุช ุงูุฏูุชูุฑูุ๐ฆฆ๐ฉต
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
06 Dec, 12:08
ูููุณ ุงูุดู ูู ูุงูู pharyngitis
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
06 Dec, 12:08
๐ฆCaries: Dental caries due to bacteria such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus.
๐ฆGingivitis: Gingival inflammation caused by bacteria like Actinomyces and Fusobacterium.
๐ฆ Pulpitis: Infection of the pulp, inflammation near the root apex, caused by Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas.
๐ฆImplantitis: Infection around dental implants caused by Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas.
๐ฆHalitosis: Bad breath caused by bacteria such as Fusobacterium and Prevotella.
๐ฆ Pharyngitis & Tonsillitis: Caused by Group A Streptococcus.
๐ฆCandidal Leukoplakia: White patches in the mouth caused by Candida.
๐ฆ Actinomycosis: Hard swelling (cyst) in the gums caused by Actinomyces israelii.
๐ฆGingivitis: Gingival inflammation caused by bacteria like Actinomyces and Fusobacterium.
๐ฆ Pulpitis: Infection of the pulp, inflammation near the root apex, caused by Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas.
๐ฆImplantitis: Infection around dental implants caused by Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas.
๐ฆHalitosis: Bad breath caused by bacteria such as Fusobacterium and Prevotella.
๐ฆ Pharyngitis & Tonsillitis: Caused by Group A Streptococcus.
๐ฆCandidal Leukoplakia: White patches in the mouth caused by Candida.
๐ฆ Actinomycosis: Hard swelling (cyst) in the gums caused by Actinomyces israelii.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
06 Dec, 12:07
ูุฐุง ุงูููุฌุฑ ุณูู ูู
ุงุจู ุดู ููู ุงูุชู
ุงูุฑูุง ุจุณ ุณููุช ุงู
ุณููู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
06 Dec, 11:36
ูููุด ู
ูู
ุจู ููุงู ุดุบูุงุช ู
ูู
ุฉ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 16:53
ุงุณุฆูุฉ ุงููุฑุงูู
ููุด ูุณูู preparation for teeth ู ู ูุฑูุจ full metal crown
Contra-indecation of post crown
2 only
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ููุด ูุณูู preparation for teeth ู ู ูุฑูุจ full metal crown
Contra-indecation of post crown
2 only
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 16:47
ูุฑุงูู ุฌุงุจุชููุฉ ููุด ูุณูู ุฑุฏูุดู ููteeth
ูุงู ูููุชุฑุง ุงูุฏูููุดู ู ุงู post crown
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ูุงู ูููุชุฑุง ุงูุฏูููุดู ู ุงู post crown
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 16:42
ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ุญุชู ูู ูุญุฏุฉ ูู radial shoulder
ูุดูู ุงููุงุน ุงู post crown
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ูุดูู ุงููุงุน ุงู post crown
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 16:28
ุดูุฏ ูุดูู ู
ู gutta percha ู
ู ูุณูู ุจูุณุช ูุงูุงู ุจุฑูุจุฑูุดู
ุดูู ุงูobjective ู ู shoulder bevel
2 only
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุดูู ุงูobjective ู ู shoulder bevel
2 only
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 16:24
Q1) Factors affecting on assessment of the post crown ? Two only
Q2) Classification of finishing line according to the postion?
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
Q2) Classification of finishing line according to the postion?
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 16:24
ุงู Full Metal Crown ููู ูุณุชุฎุฏู
ูุง ูููุด
ู ุดูู ุงููุงุน ุงู post
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ู ุดูู ุงููุงุน ุงู post
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 15:37
ุดุฌุงุจูููู
ูุฑุงูู ุงูููู
ุ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 15:30
https://youtu.be/dqsho6ukT1w?si=17ruOKmSZHFuvxza
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 15:29
6:30 _7:30
ูุญูุธ community lab 2
ูุงูู ูุฏุฑุณ ููุงู ุงูุฉ ูุฏูุฉ ๐โจ
ูุญูุธ community lab 2
ูุงูู ูุฏุฑุณ ููุงู ุงูุฉ ูุฏูุฉ ๐โจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Nov, 14:23
ุฏุชุณุชูุงุฏูู ู
ู ุงูู ุงูุฒูุฉ ุงููู
ุ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 16:31
ูุงู ุนูุฏ ุงุฐุง ุชุฑูุฏูู ููุฌ ุจุงุฌุงุช ูุทููุฉ ู
ุซูููู
๐ฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 16:30
https://www.instagram.com/stories/love__shop11/3508459238480120591?utm_source=ig_story_item_share&igsh=aXh3YjV6Y2oxNzNn
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 16:28
ุทูุนุช ู
ู ุจุณ ุงูู ๐ฅฒ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 16:24
ูู ููุด ู
ุงูู ู
ูุงู ูุฃุฌุฑ ู
ูุฉ ุงูุฌู ู
ุคูุช
ุชูุจูููุง ุงูู ุงุตูุงู ู ู ู ุชุฏุฑุจุฉ ุนูู ุงู 7 ูุงุดุชุบู ุงูุงุณุจูุน ุงูุฌุงู ูู ุชุฏุฑูุจ ููู ุชูููู ุ๐ฆฆ
ุชูุจูููุง ุงูู ุงุตูุงู ู ู ู ุชุฏุฑุจุฉ ุนูู ุงู 7 ูุงุดุชุบู ุงูุงุณุจูุน ุงูุฌุงู ูู ุชุฏุฑูุจ ููู ุชูููู ุ๐ฆฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 13:39
ู
ุฑุญุจุง
ุงููุฑุงูู ุฌุงุจุช ุณุคุงููู
Q/ what is the role of using post in post crown ?
Q/ what is the type of finishing line used in full metal crown ?
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุงููุฑุงูู ุฌุงุจุช ุณุคุงููู
Q/ what is the role of using post in post crown ?
Q/ what is the type of finishing line used in full metal crown ?
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 12:45
ุงููุฑุงูู
Q/ what are the indications of post crown ? Only 2
Q/ which type of crowns used with shoulder with bevel ?
PFM(full veneer crown)
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
Q/ what are the indications of post crown ? Only 2
Q/ which type of crowns used with shoulder with bevel ?
PFM(full veneer crown)
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 12:42
ูุงุฑู
ุง ุฌุงุจุชููุง ุณุคุงููู
ุงูู ุณุคุงู ู ุณุฃูู ู ู ุงูุณูุงูุฏ ูุจู ุงูุงุฎูุฑ ุงููู ูู ุณูุงูุฏ ูกูง ู ู ุงููุงุจ ุงูุซุงูุซ ููุณ ุงูู ุณุฃูู ุจุณ ุบูุฑุช ุงูุงุฑูุงู
ุณุคุงู ุงูุซุงูู ุฌุงูุช ุชุฑูุฏ ุงูmechanism action ู side effect ูuses
ูู (fibric acid ู nitrate)
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุงูู ุณุคุงู ู ุณุฃูู ู ู ุงูุณูุงูุฏ ูุจู ุงูุงุฎูุฑ ุงููู ูู ุณูุงูุฏ ูกูง ู ู ุงููุงุจ ุงูุซุงูุซ ููุณ ุงูู ุณุฃูู ุจุณ ุบูุฑุช ุงูุงุฑูุงู
ุณุคุงู ุงูุซุงูู ุฌุงูุช ุชุฑูุฏ ุงูmechanism action ู side effect ูuses
ูู (fibric acid ู nitrate)
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 12:36
ุงุฎูุงู ูุงุฑู
ุง ุฌุงุจุช ุณุคุงููู
ุงูุงูู ู ุณุฆูุฉ ู ู ุงูู ูุฒู ุฉ ุจุณ ู ุบูุฑุฉ ุงุฑูุงู
ุงูุซุงูู ุงุฐูุฑ 1- ุงูู ููุงูุฒู ุงูู ุงูุดู
2- ูุงูuses
3-ูุงูุณุงูุฏ ุงููุชุฒ
ู ุงู beta blockers
ู ู ุงู ูุฏ ุฏูุฉ ููุชูู statin
ุงูุงูู ู ุณุฆูุฉ ู ู ุงูู ูุฒู ุฉ ุจุณ ู ุบูุฑุฉ ุงุฑูุงู
ุงูุซุงูู ุงุฐูุฑ 1- ุงูู ููุงูุฒู ุงูู ุงูุดู
2- ูุงูuses
3-ูุงูุณุงูุฏ ุงููุชุฒ
ู ุงู beta blockers
ู ู ุงู ูุฏ ุฏูุฉ ููุชูู statin
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Nov, 12:36
ุณุฑุฌุฑู
ุนุฏุฏ ุงูmotor branches ุจุณ
In the mandibular division
ุนุฏุฏ ุงูmotor branches ุจุณ
In the mandibular division
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 08:00
ุงูุตุฏ ุงููููุจ ุจุณ ุฏุงููุฏ ูุงุญุฏ ุน ุงูุชูู ุชูู๐ฅฒ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 08:00
ุดูุฑุงู ุนู ุงููุฑุฏ๐โจโจโจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐
contraindications for a post crown.
1. Unsuccessful endodontic treatment.
2. Significant remaining coronal tooth structure.
3. Inadequate root length.
4. Caries in the root or canal.
1. Unsuccessful endodontic treatment.
2. Significant remaining coronal tooth structure.
3. Inadequate root length.
4. Caries in the root or canal.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
What are the factors to be considered when assessing a tooth for a post crown?
1. Quality of root filling
2. Root alignment
3. Absence of internal/external resorption
4. Periodontal condition and mobility
5. Occlusal relationship
1. Quality of root filling
2. Root alignment
3. Absence of internal/external resorption
4. Periodontal condition and mobility
5. Occlusal relationship
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐Differentiate between a one-unit and a two-unit post crown.
๐One-Unit Post Crown: The post, core, and crown are a single piece, used for teeth with very short clinical crowns (e.g., lower incisors).
๐งกTwo-Unit Post Crown: The post and core are separate from the crown, allowing the crown to be replaced without disturbing the dowel core
๐One-Unit Post Crown: The post, core, and crown are a single piece, used for teeth with very short clinical crowns (e.g., lower incisors).
๐งกTwo-Unit Post Crown: The post and core are separate from the crown, allowing the crown to be replaced without disturbing the dowel core
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐What are the advantages of a two-unit post crown?
1. The crown can be replaced without disturbing the post and core.
2. No need to make the preparation parallel to the second abutment for a bridge.
3. Independent marginal adaptation and fit of the crown.
1. The crown can be replaced without disturbing the post and core.
2. No need to make the preparation parallel to the second abutment for a bridge.
3. Independent marginal adaptation and fit of the crown.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐ฃWhat materials can be used for prefabricated dowel posts?
~ Prefabricated posts can be made from stainless steel, carbon fiber, or fiberglass.
~ Prefabricated posts can be made from stainless steel, carbon fiber, or fiberglass.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐ฏWhat is the recommended length of a dowel post?
โข 2/3 of the root length or equal to the clinical crown length, whichever is greater.
โข Maintain 3โ5 mm of gutta-percha at the apex.
โข 2/3 of the root length or equal to the clinical crown length, whichever is greater.
โข Maintain 3โ5 mm of gutta-percha at the apex.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐Name the factors affecting the retention of a post crown.
1. Length of the dowel post.
2. Diameter of the dowel post.
3. Shape of the prepared canal (parallel is more retentive).
4. Post surface texture (rough is more retentive).
5. Accessory retention (e.g., keyways, pins).
1. Length of the dowel post.
2. Diameter of the dowel post.
3. Shape of the prepared canal (parallel is more retentive).
4. Post surface texture (rough is more retentive).
5. Accessory retention (e.g., keyways, pins).
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐คWhat are the components of a post crown?
1. Crown: The final restoration, place over the core which can be full metal, full veneer, or a jacket crown.
2. Core: The coronal extension that provides retention for the final crown.
3. Post (Dowel): Extends into the root canal to support and retaintion the restoration.
1. Crown: The final restoration, place over the core which can be full metal, full veneer, or a jacket crown.
2. Core: The coronal extension that provides retention for the final crown.
3. Post (Dowel): Extends into the root canal to support and retaintion the restoration.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
โณ๏ธWhich canal is used for the post in multirooted teeth?
โข Palatal canal for upper molars.
โข Distal canal for lower molars.
โข Buccal canal for maxillary premolars.
โข Palatal canal for upper molars.
โข Distal canal for lower molars.
โข Buccal canal for maxillary premolars.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐ฉทWhat is the role of a keyway in post crown preparation?
~A keyway acts as an anti-rotational device, guides the placement of the post, and improves retention.
๐งกWhy are Pesso reamers preferred for canal preparation in Post Crowns?
~Pesso reamers have a blunt, non-cutting end that follows the path of least resistance, minimizing the risk of root perforation.
๐What are the advantages of a rough surface post over a smooth one?
~A rough surface post provides better retention due to increased friction with the canal walls.
~A keyway acts as an anti-rotational device, guides the placement of the post, and improves retention.
๐งกWhy are Pesso reamers preferred for canal preparation in Post Crowns?
~Pesso reamers have a blunt, non-cutting end that follows the path of least resistance, minimizing the risk of root perforation.
๐What are the advantages of a rough surface post over a smooth one?
~A rough surface post provides better retention due to increased friction with the canal walls.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐ฉตName the types of posts used in Post Crowns and their main differences.
1โขPrefabricated Posts: Made of materials like stainless steel or fiberglass; simpler technique; minimal canal adjustment needed.
2โขCustomized Cast Posts: Fabricated from a negative reproduction of the canal; conforms closely to the canalโs shape; suitable for wide canals.
1โขPrefabricated Posts: Made of materials like stainless steel or fiberglass; simpler technique; minimal canal adjustment needed.
2โขCustomized Cast Posts: Fabricated from a negative reproduction of the canal; conforms closely to the canalโs shape; suitable for wide canals.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐ฉถWhat is the significance of the apical seal in Post Crown preparation?
~Maintaining a minimum of 3-5 mm of gutta-percha at the apex ensures an effective apical seal, preventing leakage and case failure.
~Maintaining a minimum of 3-5 mm of gutta-percha at the apex ensures an effective apical seal, preventing leakage and case failure.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐Why is the diameter of the prepared canal limited to no more than one-third of the root diameter at the CEJ?
~To avoid weakening the root and reducing the risk of root fracture.
~To avoid weakening the root and reducing the risk of root fracture.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐ดWhat is the purpose of a keyway in post crown preparation?
1. Acts as a guide during post placement.
2. Prevents rotation of the post.
3. Improves retention.
1. Acts as a guide during post placement.
2. Prevents rotation of the post.
3. Improves retention.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐What are the main materials used to construct prefabricated dowel posts?
โข The main materials are stainless steel, carbon fiber, and fiberglass.
โช Why is the technique for using prefabricated dowel posts considered simple?
โข Because it doesnโt require a negative reproduction of the prepared canal, making the procedure faster and easier.
โข The main materials are stainless steel, carbon fiber, and fiberglass.
โช Why is the technique for using prefabricated dowel posts considered simple?
โข Because it doesnโt require a negative reproduction of the prepared canal, making the procedure faster and easier.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐What are the possible shapes or designs of prefabricated dowel posts?
โข Prefabricated dowel posts come in various designs, including parallel sides, tapered, and parallel with tapered ends.
โข Prefabricated dowel posts come in various designs, including parallel sides, tapered, and parallel with tapered ends.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐ What is one of the advantages of prefabricated posts over customized posts?
โข The advantage is simplicity and ease of use, as they donโt require complex molding of the root canal.
โณ๏ธ What type of canal does a prefabricated post usually match?
โข A prefabricated post is selected to match the dimensions of the canal, with only minimal adjustment needed for seating.
โข The advantage is simplicity and ease of use, as they donโt require complex molding of the root canal.
โณ๏ธ What type of canal does a prefabricated post usually match?
โข A prefabricated post is selected to match the dimensions of the canal, with only minimal adjustment needed for seating.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
22 Nov, 07:58
๐ฉท What is a Customized Cast Post made from?
โข Metal alloy
๐งกWhat is the main advantage of a Customized Cast Post?
โข It closely conforms to the shape of the canal
๐ In which situation is a Customized Cast Post contraindicated?
โข Narrow and severely curved canals
๐ What is the primary method of fabrication for a Customized Cast Post?
โข A negative reproduction of the prepared canal
๐ฉต Why is a Customized Cast Post preferred over other types for some canals?
โข It fits more precisely into the canalโs shape
โข Metal alloy
๐งกWhat is the main advantage of a Customized Cast Post?
โข It closely conforms to the shape of the canal
๐ In which situation is a Customized Cast Post contraindicated?
โข Narrow and severely curved canals
๐ What is the primary method of fabrication for a Customized Cast Post?
โข A negative reproduction of the prepared canal
๐ฉต Why is a Customized Cast Post preferred over other types for some canals?
โข It fits more precisely into the canalโs shape
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:21
ู
ู ููุฒ ุงุดุนู
ุงูุงุดุนู ุงุฎุชูุงุฑู ููู ูุฑูุฏ ูุฑูุน ุฏุฑุฌุชู
ูุฎู ูุญูุธูู ููุท ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงููุงูุฏ ู ุงุฑู
ุงูุชูุฑูุฑ ูุจูุณุชูุฑ ุงุจุฑ ููู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุงูุงุดุนู ุงุฎุชูุงุฑู ููู ูุฑูุฏ ูุฑูุน ุฏุฑุฌุชู
ูุฎู ูุญูุธูู ููุท ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงููุงูุฏ ู ุงุฑู
ุงูุชูุฑูุฑ ูุจูุณุชูุฑ ุงุจุฑ ููู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:19
ุญุจุงูุจ ุงูุฑูุง ุงู landmark ุงุดุนุฉ ุทูุน ุงูู ููุฒ๐ฆฆ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:17
ุงู ุฎูููู ุดููุฉ๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:17
ุจุณ ุถฺูฏู ูุง ุชุงููู ููู๐คฃ๐คฃ๐คฃ๐คฃ๐ญ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:16
ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ ุชุญุณุจูู ุญุณุงุจ ููุฏูุชูุฑ ุงูู
ูุชููู
ูุงูู
ูุชุนุงูู.
ูุงู ูู ุตุงุฑ ุงูุนุงู ููุฌ ููุฉ ุงูุถู ุฏูุชูุฑูู ุจุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ ููู ุณุจุจูุงููู ู ุดุงูู ูุจุณุจุจ ุดู ู ูุณูุฉ .
ููุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ููุณ ุงูุดู
ูุนูู ู ุงุนุฑู ููุด ููุฌ ุงูุจุนุถ ุฏูุณููู ูู ูุญุณุจูู ุญุณุงุจ ุงูู ุฒู ูุงุฆูู ูู ุฑุงุญ ูุชุฃุฐูู
ูุงูู ูุญุฏุฉ ู ููู ุงุชุฃุฐูุช ุดููู ุ
ุงุฎุฑ ููุฒ ุจุงูุณูุฑุฌุฑู ฺูุช ู ู ููุด ุญุงูุธุฉ ุงู ุงุฎุฑุจุท ุจููุง ูุธุฑู ู ูุนูู ฺููุช ุชุนุจุงูุฉ ูุงุชู ููุช ุงูู ุงุฎูุต ุงูููู ุนูู ุฎูุฑ ู ุญุงููุช ููุฑูุช ฺููุช 80% ู ุถุจุทุฉ ุงูููุฌุฑ ุงุฌุชู ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ูุงุญูุฉ ุงูู ู ุฎุชุจุฑ
ููู ูู ูุต ุณุงุนุฉ ุงู ุงูุซุฑ ุจุณ ุนูู ูุฏ ุงููุชุงุจุฉ ุชุญุฌู ูุฎูุชูุฉ ููุธู ุงูุณุชููุงุช ููุง ูู ุชุญู ูุจูุงูููุช ูุงูู ู ุชูุชุฑุฉ ูุณูุช ููุดู ูุงูุทุชูุฉ ุณุคุงู ู ุชููุนุช ูู ูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญููุช ุดู ุซุงูู ููู ุจุงูู ูู ูู ู ูู ููุฉ ุทูุน ู ู ูู ูุฎุฑุจ ููู ู ููุฉ ูุฎูุตุชุฉ ุจฺู
ูุฐุงูู ูุง ูุชุตุฑู ุจุทูุด ูู ูููุฑ ููุญุณุจ ูููุดู ุงุญูุฉ ุงุทุจุงุก ููุงูููู ุฉ ุงููุง ู ูุงูุฉ ุจุงูู ุฌุชู ุน ูุงุฒู ูุนุฑู ุดููู ูููู ูุฏูุฉ ููุฃุฎุฑูู ุงูู ุงุตุบุฑ ู ู ุนุฏูุง ๐ฆ
ูุงุฒู ูููุฑ ุจู ุณุชูุจููุง.๐ฆท
ูุนูู ุชุฎูููุง ุจุนุฏ ูู ุดูุฑ ูุฑุงูู ุชุฏุฑูุจ ุตููู ูุฑุงูุง ุนูุงุฏุงุช ูุนูู ูุงุฒู ุชููููู ุดุฎูุตุฉ ุซุงููุฉ ุงู ุงู ุงูุจูุดูุช ุญุชู ูุซู ุจูู ูุชฺฏุฏุฑ ุงูุช ุชุฎูู ูุซู ุงู ูุฎุงู ูุฐุงูู ู ูุณุชูุจููู ุจุฃูุฏูู ูุญุชู ุชุจููู ูุงูู ุณุชูุจู ุฑุงุญ ูููู ุงูู ุฃุซุฑ ููุงุณ ุถู ู ูุงูุชุฎุตุต ูุงูู ูู ุฏูุงุชุฑุชูุง ุงูู ุงูู ูุฑูุถ ูุชุนูู ู ููู ููุฑูุฒ ุนูู ูู ุงูู ุนููู ุงุช ุงุญุณู ู ู ุงูุฏูุฑุงุช ูุงููุฑุดุงุช ุงููุธุฑูุฉ.
ุจุงูููุงูุฉ ูู ุทุงูุจ ุจููุง ูู ุซู ูู ุงูุฏูุนุฉ .
ูุดูุฑุงู ๐ฆฆโจ
ูุงู ูู ุตุงุฑ ุงูุนุงู ููุฌ ููุฉ ุงูุถู ุฏูุชูุฑูู ุจุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ ููู ุณุจุจูุงููู ู ุดุงูู ูุจุณุจุจ ุดู ู ูุณูุฉ .
ููุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ููุณ ุงูุดู
ูุนูู ู ุงุนุฑู ููุด ููุฌ ุงูุจุนุถ ุฏูุณููู ูู ูุญุณุจูู ุญุณุงุจ ุงูู ุฒู ูุงุฆูู ูู ุฑุงุญ ูุชุฃุฐูู
ูุงูู ูุญุฏุฉ ู ููู ุงุชุฃุฐูุช ุดููู ุ
ุงุฎุฑ ููุฒ ุจุงูุณูุฑุฌุฑู ฺูุช ู ู ููุด ุญุงูุธุฉ ุงู ุงุฎุฑุจุท ุจููุง ูุธุฑู ู ูุนูู ฺููุช ุชุนุจุงูุฉ ูุงุชู ููุช ุงูู ุงุฎูุต ุงูููู ุนูู ุฎูุฑ ู ุญุงููุช ููุฑูุช ฺููุช 80% ู ุถุจุทุฉ ุงูููุฌุฑ ุงุฌุชู ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ูุงุญูุฉ ุงูู ู ุฎุชุจุฑ
ููู ูู ูุต ุณุงุนุฉ ุงู ุงูุซุฑ ุจุณ ุนูู ูุฏ ุงููุชุงุจุฉ ุชุญุฌู ูุฎูุชูุฉ ููุธู ุงูุณุชููุงุช ููุง ูู ุชุญู ูุจูุงูููุช ูุงูู ู ุชูุชุฑุฉ ูุณูุช ููุดู ูุงูุทุชูุฉ ุณุคุงู ู ุชููุนุช ูู ูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญููุช ุดู ุซุงูู ููู ุจุงูู ูู ูู ู ูู ููุฉ ุทูุน ู ู ูู ูุฎุฑุจ ููู ู ููุฉ ูุฎูุตุชุฉ ุจฺู
ูุฐุงูู ูุง ูุชุตุฑู ุจุทูุด ูู ูููุฑ ููุญุณุจ ูููุดู ุงุญูุฉ ุงุทุจุงุก ููุงูููู ุฉ ุงููุง ู ูุงูุฉ ุจุงูู ุฌุชู ุน ูุงุฒู ูุนุฑู ุดููู ูููู ูุฏูุฉ ููุฃุฎุฑูู ุงูู ุงุตุบุฑ ู ู ุนุฏูุง ๐ฆ
ูุงุฒู ูููุฑ ุจู ุณุชูุจููุง.๐ฆท
ูุนูู ุชุฎูููุง ุจุนุฏ ูู ุดูุฑ ูุฑุงูู ุชุฏุฑูุจ ุตููู ูุฑุงูุง ุนูุงุฏุงุช ูุนูู ูุงุฒู ุชููููู ุดุฎูุตุฉ ุซุงููุฉ ุงู ุงู ุงูุจูุดูุช ุญุชู ูุซู ุจูู ูุชฺฏุฏุฑ ุงูุช ุชุฎูู ูุซู ุงู ูุฎุงู ูุฐุงูู ู ูุณุชูุจููู ุจุฃูุฏูู ูุญุชู ุชุจููู ูุงูู ุณุชูุจู ุฑุงุญ ูููู ุงูู ุฃุซุฑ ููุงุณ ุถู ู ูุงูุชุฎุตุต ูุงูู ูู ุฏูุงุชุฑุชูุง ุงูู ุงูู ูุฑูุถ ูุชุนูู ู ููู ููุฑูุฒ ุนูู ูู ุงูู ุนููู ุงุช ุงุญุณู ู ู ุงูุฏูุฑุงุช ูุงููุฑุดุงุช ุงููุธุฑูุฉ.
ุจุงูููุงูุฉ ูู ุทุงูุจ ุจููุง ูู ุซู ูู ุงูุฏูุนุฉ .
ูุดูุฑุงู ๐ฆฆโจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:06
ูู ุงุจู ุงูู
ุซู ฺฏุงู ุตุงุญุจู ุญูู ูุง ุชุงููุฉ ููุฉ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:05
ุงูู ุตุงุฑ ุจุงูุงุดุนู
ุงู ุงุญุฏ ูุฑูุฏ ุฏุฑุฌู ุงุถุงููู ูููู ูุฏุงู ุงููู ูููู ูู ุงูุฏูุชูุฑ ููุดุฑุญ ุงู ุดู ูู ุญุงูุธู ูุงูุฏูุชูุฑ ูุณุงูู ูู ุณูุงู ุนู ุงูู ูุถูุน ูุจุนุฏูุง ูุฒูุฏู ุฎู ุณ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ูุจุณ
ูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุงููุงุฑู ุง ููุด ุถุงูุฌู ู ูุง ุจุณุจุจ ุงููุชุงุจู ุน ุงูุฑุญูุงุช ู ุงูุนูุฌ ูุฐูู ุฎูู ูููู ุญุจุงุจูู ููุงูุง ู ุซู ู ุง ูู ุญุจุงุจู ููุงูุง
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุงู ุงุญุฏ ูุฑูุฏ ุฏุฑุฌู ุงุถุงููู ูููู ูุฏุงู ุงููู ูููู ูู ุงูุฏูุชูุฑ ููุดุฑุญ ุงู ุดู ูู ุญุงูุธู ูุงูุฏูุชูุฑ ูุณุงูู ูู ุณูุงู ุนู ุงูู ูุถูุน ูุจุนุฏูุง ูุฒูุฏู ุฎู ุณ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ูุจุณ
ูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุงููุงุฑู ุง ููุด ุถุงูุฌู ู ูุง ุจุณุจุจ ุงููุชุงุจู ุน ุงูุฑุญูุงุช ู ุงูุนูุฌ ูุฐูู ุฎูู ูููู ุญุจุงุจูู ููุงูุง ู ุซู ู ุง ูู ุญุจุงุจู ููุงูุง
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:01
ุตุฏฺฏ ู
ู
ุชุญููู ุงุดุนุฉุ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 16:01
ุงูู ุงู
ุชุญููุง ุงูุจุฑุชู ุงูุฑุงูู ุดูู ุณุฃูุชูู
ุุ
ูุชุณุฃู ุงููู ูู ุจุณ ุงูุดุบูู ู ู ุฒูู ุ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ูุชุณุฃู ุงููู ูู ุจุณ ุงูุดุบูู ู ู ุฒูู ุ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 15:07
ูู
ูููุชู ูู
ุฌุงุจุชูู
ููุณุงุชุ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 15:01
Pros
-What are the areas need relief under maxillary major connector?
-What are the advantages and disadvantages for combination of anterior and posterior palatal bar?
Pharma
Explain mechanisms of action of Beta blocker?
Explain why prevent giving calcium channels blockers for heart failure?
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
-What are the areas need relief under maxillary major connector?
-What are the advantages and disadvantages for combination of anterior and posterior palatal bar?
Pharma
Explain mechanisms of action of Beta blocker?
Explain why prevent giving calcium channels blockers for heart failure?
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 14:46
ุงูุณูุงู
ุนูููู
ุงุณุฃูููู ุดูู ุงุฌุงูู ุจุงูุจุงุซู
+ุดูู ุณุฃูุชูู ุจุงูุฃูุจุฑุชฺค
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุงุณุฃูููู ุดูู ุงุฌุงูู ุจุงูุจุงุซู
+ุดูู ุณุฃูุชูู ุจุงูุฃูุจุฑุชฺค
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 12:41
ุงูobjection of U_shaped
ู long distal extinsion
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ู long distal extinsion
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 12:31
ู ุชุนุฑูู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 12:29
ุชุนุฑูู ุงู reciprocal components
ู ูู ุงูุดูุฑุช ุณุจุงู ููุงุณ ุซุฑู ุดูู ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ู ูู ุงูุดูุฑุช ุณุจุงู ููุงุณ ุซุฑู ุดูู ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 12:20
ุงุฑุชุงุญูุง ฺูฏูููููู๐ฆฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
17 Nov, 12:20
ุงุณุฃูููู
ุงูููู
ุดูู ุฃุฌู ุงููู
ุจ ุจุฑูุณ
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
16 Nov, 17:41
ุงุนุชุฐุฑ ุงุฐุง ุจุนุถ ุงูุฑุณุงุฆู ู
ุง ุงุฑุฏ ุนูููุง
ูุฃู ููุงูุฉ ูุงูู ุจููู ู ุฏุงูุจูููู
ู ู ุงุชุนู ุฏ ุชุฑุง ุฏุงุญุงูู ุงุฑุฏ ุน ุงููู ูุงููุฏูู ูุฏุฑ ุงูู ูุณุชุทุงุนโจ๐ฆฆ
ูุฃู ููุงูุฉ ูุงูู ุจููู ู ุฏุงูุจูููู
ู ู ุงุชุนู ุฏ ุชุฑุง ุฏุงุญุงูู ุงุฑุฏ ุน ุงููู ูุงููุฏูู ูุฏุฑ ุงูู ูุณุชุทุงุนโจ๐ฆฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
16 Nov, 17:37
ุฑุชุจุชูุง ููุฌ ููู ูุฑูุฏ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 16:58
ูุชุถุญููู
ุงุฑูุฏ ุงุทูุน ุจุฑุง ููู ุทุฑ ูุงู ู ู ุชูุจู ู ุงุฑูุฏ ูุจูู ุงูู ุทุฑ ุญุชู ุงูุญฺฏ ุนููู๐
ุงุฑูุฏ ุงุทูุน ุจุฑุง ููู ุทุฑ ูุงู ู ู ุชูุจู ู ุงุฑูุฏ ูุจูู ุงูู ุทุฑ ุญุชู ุงูุญฺฏ ุนููู๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 16:57
ูุงุฑุจ ุชุจูู ุชู
ุทุฑ ูุจุงุฌุฑ ๐ฆฆ๐ฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 16:02
๐Practical pathology playlist
๐lab1
https://t.me/moh_A_4/916
๐lab2
https://t.me/moh_A_4/948
๐lab3
https://t.me/moh_A_4/985
๐lab4
https://t.me/moh_A_4/1013
๐lab5
https://t.me/moh_A_4/1045
๐lab1
https://t.me/moh_A_4/916
๐lab2
https://t.me/moh_A_4/948
๐lab3
https://t.me/moh_A_4/985
๐lab4
https://t.me/moh_A_4/1013
๐lab5
https://t.me/moh_A_4/1045
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 15:58
ูุฐุง ุญุชุฏุนููู ููุงูู ูุฃู ููุดู ุจู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 15:57
ู
ู ุดุฑุญูุฉ ูุงุจ5 ููุฒูุฉ ููุฒ ู
ูุฏุฑู ุจู ุงุตูุงู ูุฌุงุจููุฉ ูุงูุตูุฑุฉ ูุฑุงุฏ ุงุณู
ุงูุญุงูุฉ ู microscopical description
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 15:57
๐ชป name of the adaptive process?
_ myocardial hypertrophy
๐ชป name of organ?
_ heart
_ myocardial hypertrophy
๐ชป name of organ?
_ heart
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 15:57
Q/name the adaptive process ?
~Squamous metaplasia
Q/what is the causes ?
~ chronic smokers
Q /this is physiological or pathological ?
~ pathological
~Squamous metaplasia
Q/what is the causes ?
~ chronic smokers
Q /this is physiological or pathological ?
~ pathological
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 15:57
ููุด ู
ูู
ุงุช ุงูุฑููู ุฏุงู
ุจุนุฏูู
ู
ู
ุชุญููู
ุจุงูู ุฎุชุจุฑ ููุฒูุง ูุทูุจ ุงู microscopical description ุจูููู ุงุซููููู
ุงูููู ูุณุฏุฑูุณุณ ู ุจูู Golden yellow to brown
ูุงู fatty change
clear fat vacuoles
ุจุงูู ุฎุชุจุฑ ููุฒูุง ูุทูุจ ุงู microscopical description ุจูููู ุงุซููููู
ุงูููู ูุณุฏุฑูุณุณ ู ุจูู Golden yellow to brown
ูุงู fatty change
clear fat vacuoles
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 15:57
ุฌุฒุก ู
ู ุงู
ุชุญุงู ุงูููู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
11 Nov, 15:57
ูุฐุง ู
ูู ุงูุณูุงูุฏุงุช ุจู ููุดู microscopical description ู organ ูููุดู ุญุชู ุณุชููุฑุงุช ุฎููุช ุญุชู ูุตูุฑููู
ูุงูุณ ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
25 Oct, 06:09
ุตุจุงุญ ุงูุฎูุฑ
ุณุงุนุฉ ูุงุฏุฒููู ุดุฑุญ ุงูุณูุฑุฌุฑู ูุงุณุฆูุฉ ๐ฆฆ
ุณุงุนุฉ ูุงุฏุฒููู ุดุฑุญ ุงูุณูุฑุฌุฑู ูุงุณุฆูุฉ ๐ฆฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 11:36
ููู
ู ุญุฏ ู ุณุฌู ู ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุนู ูู ู ุงููุฑู ููุฌุฑ ูฅ ูู ู ุงูุจูุชุฑูุง ุ
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ู ุญุฏ ู ุณุฌู ู ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุนู ูู ู ุงููุฑู ููุฌุฑ ูฅ ูู ู ุงูุจูุชุฑูุง ุ
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 11:00
https://www.instagram.com/reel/DBeqosdOYuP/?igsh=bGZuMmRyMWd3dzA3
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐ธ Neutral Stains
~Giemsa
~Leishman
~Wright
~Giemsa
~Leishman
~Wright
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐Basic Stains
~Crystal violet
~Methylene blue
~Safranin
~Basic fuchsin
~Crystal violet
~Methylene blue
~Safranin
~Basic fuchsin
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐ Technique of simple staining:
1.flood the slide with methylene blue for 5-10min
2.wash off the stain with slowly running tap water 3.allow the slide to dry in air or placed it between two sheets of filter paper
4.examine under oil immersion
1.flood the slide with methylene blue for 5-10min
2.wash off the stain with slowly running tap water 3.allow the slide to dry in air or placed it between two sheets of filter paper
4.examine under oil immersion
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐ฆ Procedure ofPreparation of fixed smear From solid material:
1. Sterilize the loop in benzene flame and let it to cool.
2. Place a loopful of a clean water (tap water can be used) on the center of a clean slide.
3. By the re sterilized loop, transfer a small portion of the colony to the drop of water.
4. 4. The film is fixed on the slide by passing it 3 times through the benzene flame.
1. Sterilize the loop in benzene flame and let it to cool.
2. Place a loopful of a clean water (tap water can be used) on the center of a clean slide.
3. By the re sterilized loop, transfer a small portion of the colony to the drop of water.
4. 4. The film is fixed on the slide by passing it 3 times through the benzene flame.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐ฉถ Gram staining
ุฑุงุญ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูค ุตุจุบุงุช
CRYSTAL VIOLET
GRAM IODINE
DECOLORIZER
GRAM SAFRANINE
๐ Procedure
1-Flood air-dried, heat-fixed smear of cells for 1 minute with crystal violet staining reagent
2-Wash slide in a gentle and indirect stream
3-Flood slide with the mordant: Gramโs iodine. Wait 1 minute.
4-Wash slide in a gentle and indirect stream of tap water for 2 seconds.
5-Flood slide with decolorizing agent (Acetone-alcohol decolorizer). Wait 10-15 seconds
6-Flood slide with counterstain, safranin. Wait 30 seconds to 1 minute.
7-Wash slide in a gentile and indirect stream
8-Observe the results of the staining procedure
under oil immersion (100x)
๐ Gram-negative bacteria will stain pink/red and Gram-positive bacteria will stain blue/purple
๐ Q- Why gram positive bacteria resist decolourization by alcohol/acetone mixture but the gram negative ones can not?
Because the cell wall of gram negative bacteria has high lipid content and low peptidoglycan content so when treated with acetone/alcohol mixture dissolves their lipids creating pores in the cell wall through which crystal violet dye will diffuse, and gram negative bacteria become unstained.
๐ฎ ุงุฌุงุจุฉ ุซุงููุฉุฉ
gram positive bacteria has high peptidoglycan content and low lipid content so when treated with the decolourizer , it will dehydrate the cell wall causing it to shrink and the pores to close and thus the diffusion of the dye will be blocked
ููุดุดุดุด ู ูู ู ู ู ู ู ู
ุฑุงุญ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูค ุตุจุบุงุช
CRYSTAL VIOLET
GRAM IODINE
DECOLORIZER
GRAM SAFRANINE
๐ Procedure
1-Flood air-dried, heat-fixed smear of cells for 1 minute with crystal violet staining reagent
2-Wash slide in a gentle and indirect stream
3-Flood slide with the mordant: Gramโs iodine. Wait 1 minute.
4-Wash slide in a gentle and indirect stream of tap water for 2 seconds.
5-Flood slide with decolorizing agent (Acetone-alcohol decolorizer). Wait 10-15 seconds
6-Flood slide with counterstain, safranin. Wait 30 seconds to 1 minute.
7-Wash slide in a gentile and indirect stream
8-Observe the results of the staining procedure
under oil immersion (100x)
๐ Gram-negative bacteria will stain pink/red and Gram-positive bacteria will stain blue/purple
๐ Q- Why gram positive bacteria resist decolourization by alcohol/acetone mixture but the gram negative ones can not?
Because the cell wall of gram negative bacteria has high lipid content and low peptidoglycan content so when treated with acetone/alcohol mixture dissolves their lipids creating pores in the cell wall through which crystal violet dye will diffuse, and gram negative bacteria become unstained.
๐ฎ ุงุฌุงุจุฉ ุซุงููุฉุฉ
gram positive bacteria has high peptidoglycan content and low lipid content so when treated with the decolourizer , it will dehydrate the cell wall causing it to shrink and the pores to close and thus the diffusion of the dye will be blocked
ููุดุดุดุด ู ูู ู ู ู ู ู ู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐ธ Capsule Stain procedure
1. Place a single drop of India ink on a clean microscope slide, adjacent to the frosted edge.
2. Using a flamed loop and sterile technique, remove some Klebsiella pneumoniae from culture tube or plate and mix it into the drop of India ink.
3. Place the end of another clean microscope slide
4. Allow the film to air dry (will take 5-7 minutes). DO NOT heat or blot dry! Heat will melt the capsule!
5. Saturate the slide with crystal violet for 1 minute and rinse slightly & very gently with water.
6. Observe the slide under oil immersion.
๐ชฑ Results: Look for purple cells surrounded by a clear halo on a dark background. The halo is the capsule.
1. Place a single drop of India ink on a clean microscope slide, adjacent to the frosted edge.
2. Using a flamed loop and sterile technique, remove some Klebsiella pneumoniae from culture tube or plate and mix it into the drop of India ink.
3. Place the end of another clean microscope slide
4. Allow the film to air dry (will take 5-7 minutes). DO NOT heat or blot dry! Heat will melt the capsule!
5. Saturate the slide with crystal violet for 1 minute and rinse slightly & very gently with water.
6. Observe the slide under oil immersion.
๐ชฑ Results: Look for purple cells surrounded by a clear halo on a dark background. The halo is the capsule.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐ฆ Spore stain (Schaeffer-Fulton method)
๐ปbacteria like clostridium and bacillus
๐ Spores: formed by these bacteria are highly resistant to unfavorable conditions ,once the conditions become favorable the spore germinates.
๐ฎ distinguish between the vegetative cells and the endospores.
ุฑุงุญ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุตุจุบุชูู :
ุชููู spore ููู ุงุฎุถุฑ๐
primary stain (malachite green)
ุชููู ุงู vegetative ููู ุงุญู ุฑ ุงู ูุฑุฏู๐ชฑ
secondary stain (safranin).
โ Procedure :
1. Prepare smear of the microorganism, allow to dry and the heat-fix to a slide.
2. Place the slide over a steam bath, flood the smear with malachite green dye and keep it for 3-5 mins.
3. Allow , leave the slide to cool and wash with tap water to remove excess stain.
4. stain with safranin for 2 min.
5. Rinse the slide with running tap water to remove excess stain.
6. dry and examine under oil immersion.
๐ปbacteria like clostridium and bacillus
๐ Spores: formed by these bacteria are highly resistant to unfavorable conditions ,once the conditions become favorable the spore germinates.
๐ฎ distinguish between the vegetative cells and the endospores.
ุฑุงุญ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุตุจุบุชูู :
ุชููู spore ููู ุงุฎุถุฑ๐
primary stain (malachite green)
ุชููู ุงู vegetative ููู ุงุญู ุฑ ุงู ูุฑุฏู๐ชฑ
secondary stain (safranin).
โ Procedure :
1. Prepare smear of the microorganism, allow to dry and the heat-fix to a slide.
2. Place the slide over a steam bath, flood the smear with malachite green dye and keep it for 3-5 mins.
3. Allow , leave the slide to cool and wash with tap water to remove excess stain.
4. stain with safranin for 2 min.
5. Rinse the slide with running tap water to remove excess stain.
6. dry and examine under oil immersion.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐น Acidic Stains
~ Nigrosin
~ Malachite green
~ Acid fuchsin
~ Nigrosin
~ Malachite green
~ Acid fuchsin
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐ฆ Acid-fast stain (Ziehl-Neelsen stain)
๐ซ The stain binds to the mycobacterial cell wall.
ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูฃ ุตุจุบุงุช
๐ชทcarbol fuchsin
๐ decolourize acid alcohol
๐ชผ methylene blue
๐ฆโ๐ฅ Acid fast bacteria appear red while non acid fast bacteria appear blue blue
โ ๏ธ procedure
1. Prepare a smear of the microorganism on a clean slide.
2. Allow the smear to air-dry then fix it by flaming.
3. Place the slide over a steam bath and flood the smear with strong carbol fuchsin and keep it for 5 mins.
4. Allow to cool and then wash with tap water.
5. Decolourize with acid alcohol
6. Wash with tap water
7. stain with methylene blue for 2 mins.
8. Wash smear with tap water.
9. Blot dry and examine with a microscope.
๐ซ The stain binds to the mycobacterial cell wall.
ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูฃ ุตุจุบุงุช
๐ชทcarbol fuchsin
๐ decolourize acid alcohol
๐ชผ methylene blue
๐ฆโ๐ฅ Acid fast bacteria appear red while non acid fast bacteria appear blue blue
โ ๏ธ procedure
1. Prepare a smear of the microorganism on a clean slide.
2. Allow the smear to air-dry then fix it by flaming.
3. Place the slide over a steam bath and flood the smear with strong carbol fuchsin and keep it for 5 mins.
4. Allow to cool and then wash with tap water.
5. Decolourize with acid alcohol
6. Wash with tap water
7. stain with methylene blue for 2 mins.
8. Wash smear with tap water.
9. Blot dry and examine with a microscope.
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 10:47
๐ฆ Procedure ofPreparation of fixed smear From fluid material:
1. Sterilize the loop in benzene flame, and let it to cool.
2. loopful of the specimen and spread it on the center of a clean slide
3. Allow the film to dry by air without heating.
4. The film is fixed on the slide by passing it 3 times through the benzene flame
1. Sterilize the loop in benzene flame, and let it to cool.
2. loopful of the specimen and spread it on the center of a clean slide
3. Allow the film to dry by air without heating.
4. The film is fixed on the slide by passing it 3 times through the benzene flame
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 09:47
ุญุณููููู
ุงุณุฆูุฉ ููู
ุงููุฑู + ุงุญูุธูุง ุงู procedure ูููุง ูุญุฑุชุจูุง ุงููู
ูุงุฎููููู
ุงูููุงู
ุงุณูู
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 09:46
Acid Fast Bacilli procedure (AFS)
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 08:18
Gram Stain procedure
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 08:10
Capsule Stain procedure
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
24 Oct, 08:07
ุตุจุงุญ ุงูุฎูุฑ
ุทูุงุจ ุงูู ุชููุฒุชูุง ู ุงููุฑู ุฏ. ุงุญู ุฏ ุนุงุฏู ุชุฏุฒูููุง ุดุฌุงุจููู ๐ฅฒ
ุทูุงุจ ุงูู ุชููุฒุชูุง ู ุงููุฑู ุฏ. ุงุญู ุฏ ุนุงุฏู ุชุฏุฒูููุง ุดุฌุงุจููู ๐ฅฒ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
20 Oct, 09:33
ูุงุทู
ู ุญุจุงุจู ุดูููููุง. ุดูู ุณุฆูููู
ุงูููู
ุณูุฑุฌุฑู ููุงุฑู
ุง ูุงูุณ ุฑู
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 17:07
ุญุจุงูุจ ูุชุดุชุฑูู ุจูุฑุงุช ููุทููู
ุจุงูู
ุฎุชุจุฑ ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 16:30
ูุฐุง ุงู tooth ู
ุงูุชู ๐
ุดููู ุญุชู ุณูู ุญุจุงุจ ุจุญูุซ ุจุงูุงูุณุฑู ููุด ูุงุถุญ๐
ุดููู ุญุชู ุณูู ุญุจุงุจ ุจุญูุซ ุจุงูุงูุณุฑู ููุด ูุงุถุญ๐
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 14:41
ุณูุงููุง ูููุฒ ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูู
ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุณุคุงู ูุงุญุฏ ููู ุงุดูุฏ ู
ุฏุฉ ุงูุจุฑูุณูุณููุบ ูุฌูุงุจูุง ูู ูฅู ุซุงููุฉ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 14:41
ุชุฑุง ุชุฌูู๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 14:40
ุฃููู ุงูุณุฑู ุงูุดุฑููุง ุจุงูููุงุฉ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 13:41
ุณููููููุฉ ุน ุงูุงูุณุฑู ๐ฅฒ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 13:31
ูุงููุงุฑู
ู ุงุบูุจ ุงููุฑูุจุงุช ุงู
ุชุญูู ุดููู ูู ุงุฑุจุนู ุดุฎุงุต ูุดุงุฑููู ุณูู+ูุฑูุจู ุฌุงุจุช ุณูุงููู ูุชุฑู ูุงุญุฏ ุนุฑู ุงูgonist ูุทู ุงููุงุนูุง ูู ุชุนุงุฑููููู
ูุณูุงู ุงูุซุงูู ุนุฑู anzyme inhibit and lnducer ูุทู ู ุซุงู ููู ูุญุฏู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ูุณูุงู ุงูุซุงูู ุนุฑู anzyme inhibit and lnducer ูุทู ู ุซุงู ููู ูุญุฏู
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 13:31
ุงูุจุงุซู ุฌุงุจููู
ุนุฏุฏ ุงููุงุน ุงู necrosis ุงููฆ ููุงุท
ูุงุดุฑุญ ูข
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุนุฏุฏ ุงููุงุน ุงู necrosis ุงููฆ ููุงุท
ูุงุดุฑุญ ูข
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 13:31
ุงูุณูุฑุฌู ุฌุงุจุช ุนุฏุฏ ุงูู
ุดุงูู ู
ุงู lmpect teeth
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 13:30
ุงูุณูุงู
ุนูููู
.
ุงูุณูุฑุฌุฑู ุงุฌุงูุง ุงูุงุณูุงู ุงูู ุทู ูุฑุฉ ุงุฐุง ุจูุช ุดูู ุฑุงุญ ูุตูุฑ .
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุงูุณูุฑุฌุฑู ุงุฌุงูุง ุงูุงุณูุงู ุงูู ุทู ูุฑุฉ ุงุฐุง ุจูุช ุดูู ุฑุงุญ ูุตูุฑ .
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 12:08
ุงู
ุชุญูุฉ ุจุงุซู
Q1/ define necrosis and give 3 cause?
Q2/ give microscope features to hemosedrosis and steatosis?
Q1/ define necrosis and give 3 cause?
Q2/ give microscope features to hemosedrosis and steatosis?
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
19 Oct, 11:54
ุงูุณูุงู
ุนูููู
ุนุงุฏู ุชุณุฆูููู ุงุดุชุบูุชูุง ุจุฑูุณุ ุดูู ุงูุงุฏูุงุช ุงูุงุณุชุนู ูุชููุง.. ู ุงุณุฆูุฉ ุงูุณุฑุฌุฑู ูุงููุงุฑู ุง ุงุฐุง ู ุชุตูุฑ ุฒุญู ุฉ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ุนุงุฏู ุชุณุฆูููู ุงุดุชุบูุชูุง ุจุฑูุณุ ุดูู ุงูุงุฏูุงุช ุงูุงุณุชุนู ูุชููุง.. ู ุงุณุฆูุฉ ุงูุณุฑุฌุฑู ูุงููุงุฑู ุง ุงุฐุง ู ุชุตูุฑ ุฒุญู ุฉ
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Oct, 20:10
https://youtu.be/o4lWURbdkfg?si=VQ1_O6DYYE2BCES3
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18 Oct, 17:11
ุณุฃููู ุนู ุงูinteraction
Compton effect
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
Compton effect
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Oct, 17:08
ูุฐุง ุงูุณุคุงู ุงูุณุฃู ุงูู ูู
ุฌูุงุจุฉ ุงู ูุงุฎุฐ ุงุดุนุฉ ูุฃู ู ู ูู ุงููุณุฑ ูููู ุนุงุจุฑ ููุฑูุช
ูุงุฐุง ุนุงุจุฑ ูุณูููุฉ ุญุดูุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ูููุฌ ๐ฅฒ
ุฌูุงุจุฉ ุงู ูุงุฎุฐ ุงุดุนุฉ ูุฃู ู ู ูู ุงููุณุฑ ูููู ุนุงุจุฑ ููุฑูุช
ูุงุฐุง ุนุงุจุฑ ูุณูููุฉ ุญุดูุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ูููุฌ ๐ฅฒ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Oct, 17:08
ุงุฐุง ุทูู ููุน ู ููุณุฑุช ุฃุณูุงูู ุงูุงู
ุงู
ูู ูุณุฑ ุจุณูุท ูู ูุงุฒู
ูุณูููู ุงุดุนู ุ ุงุฐุง ูุง ูุง ููุด
ู ุงุฐุง ุงู ูู ููุด
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
ู ุงุฐุง ุงู ูู ููุด
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Oct, 17:07
+ ูุนุฑู ุงูุงุณุฆูุฉ ู
ุชุชูุฑุฑ ุจุณ ุชููุฏูู ุบูุฑูู
ู
ู ูุงุญูุฉ ูุนุฑููู ุดูู ูุฏุฑุณูู ูุฃู ู
ูู
ูู ุทุงูุจ ุนูุฏุฉ ุธุฑู ูุชุฑู ุดุบูุงุช ููู ู
ูู
ูู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุฑุฏูุฏูู
ูุฑูุฒ ุนูู ุงูู
ููู
ูุงู ุงูุบุงูุฉ ู
ู ู
ุดุงุฑูุชูุง ููุฃุณุฆูุฉ ูู ุงููุงุฆุฏุฉ ููุฌู
ูุน โจโจ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Oct, 17:05
ุดฺฏุฏ ุญุจุงุจูู๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฆ
๐๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
18 Oct, 17:05
ุดููู ุชุญุตู ุถุงูุฑุฉ ุงูุงุดุนุฉ ูุดูู ุดุฑูุท ุงูู ูุงุฒู
ุชููู ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุจ ูููู ุณุจูุช ุนูู
ูุฏ ููุตูุน.
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
_ู ู ุงูุจูุช
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