๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜. @secon_dstage Channel on Telegram

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

@secon_dstage


ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฏู…ู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุฆู„ุชูƒู….
@Urukdentistry_bot

_ ูŠู€ูุฑุฌู€ู‰ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงุณู… ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ู†ูุญู„ู„ ุงุฎุฐ ุงูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุฏูˆู† ุฐูƒุฑ ุงุณู… ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ. ๐Ÿค

_ ุงูŠ ุงุณุชูุณุงุฑ ู†ุฌุงูˆุจูƒู… ุจุงู„ุจูˆุช ๐Ÿค๐Ÿค
Insta: f.a__dr

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜ (Arabic)

ู‡ู„ ุชุจุญุซ ุนู† ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฏู…ู† ูˆุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุฆู„ุชูƒุŸ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ูุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุงู†ุถู…ุงู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ู†ุงุฉ "๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜" ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ. ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุซุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง.

ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฏู…ู† ูˆุทุฑุญ ุฃุณุฆู„ุชูƒุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุจูˆุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุตุต ู„ู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ @Urukdentistry_bot. ูˆู„ุถู…ุงู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ููƒุฑูŠุฉุŒ ู†ุฑุฌูˆ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงุณู… ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ู†ู‚ู„ ุฃูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง.๐Ÿค

ูˆู„ู„ุงุณุชูุณุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฅุถุงููŠุฉุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุนู†ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุจูˆุช ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญ. ู†ุญู† ู‡ู†ุง ู„ู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงุณุชูุณุงุฑุงุชูƒ ุจูƒู„ ุงุญุชุฑุงููŠุฉ ูˆุฏู‚ุฉ.๐Ÿค๐Ÿค
ูƒู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู…ุชุงุจุนุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุชุบุฑุงู… ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู†ุง ู„ู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ููŠุฏ. ุงุจุญุซ ุนู†ุง ุจุฅุณู… ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู… f.a__dr ูˆูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงุทู„ุงุน ุฏุงุฆู… ุจูƒู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ูˆู…ููŠุฏ ูŠู‚ุฏู…ู‡ ูุฑูŠู‚ู†ุง. ุงู†ุถู… ุงู„ุขู† ูˆู„ุง ุชููˆุช ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ุงุณุชู…ุชุงุน ุจุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ูˆู…ููŠุฏุฉ!

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

14 Jan, 07:21


ุจุนุฏู†ูŠ ู…ู…ุณูˆูŠู‡ ุดูŠ ูˆุงู„ู„ู‡

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

14 Jan, 07:20


ุดุจุณุฑุนู‡ ู‡ุฐุงูƒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุนุทู„ู†ู‡

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

14 Jan, 07:20


ุดุจุงุจ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ู„ุฏูˆุงู…


ุงู„ุณุจุช ุงูˆู„ ูŠูˆู… ุฏูˆุงู…

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

13 Jan, 17:26


ูƒูู„ ุนุงู… ุงู†ุง ูˆุงู†ุชู… ุนู„ู‰ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุงู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุคู…ู†ูŠู† โœจ
ู…ูุชุจุงุฑูƒูŠู† ุจูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ ุงุณุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿค

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

13 Jan, 17:25


ูˆู„ุฏุชู‡ ููŠ ุญุฑู… ุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ ุฃู…ู‡
ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุช ุญูŠุซ ูู†ุงุคู‡ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุฌุฏู
ุจูŠุถุงุก ุทุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุซูŠุงุจ ูƒุฑูŠู…ุฉ
ุทุงุจุช ูˆุทุงุจ ูˆู„ูŠุฏู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุฏ

ู…ุชุจุงุฑูƒูŠู† ุจู…ูˆู„ุฏ ุงุฎ ุงู„ุฑุณูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุณู„ุงู…๐Ÿฉต

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Jan, 08:40


ุดูˆููˆุง ุงู„ูƒูŠุณ ูˆุงุฐุง ุชุนุฑููˆู†ุฉ ุฌุงุจูˆุง ุจุงู„ุฃุณูƒ ุงูˆ ุจุงู„ุจูˆุช ู‡ู†ุง
@Urukdentistry_bot

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Jan, 08:40


https://www.instagram.com/stories/f.a__dr/3543051705786206490?utm_source=ig_story_item_share&igsh=bW04MnI2bG54cXVw

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

04 Jan, 10:48


ุงูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฑุฌุน ู„ู„ุจูŠุช ูˆู…ุงููƒุฑ ุดู„ูˆู† ุงุฏุฑุณ ๐Ÿฅฒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

04 Jan, 08:34


mid exam is finish , so good luck for everyoneโœจโœ…

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 18:36


ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุฏุฒุชู‡ู… โœจ๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿฆ‹

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 18:36


Oral microbiology

๐Ÿ“saliva contains
1.digestive enzymes
2.antimicrobial :
-secretory IgA
-lactoferrin
-lysozyme

๐Ÿช„ Composition of oral microbial:
A) bacteria
B) fungi

-A) bacteria :
1. Gram + cocci
-staphylococci ~~>s.epidermidis
-streptococci
-micrococci

๐ŸŽˆ Capnocytophagia ~~~> periodontal disease

2. Gram - cocci
-Neisseria~~anaerobic
-veillonella~~anaerobic
-Branhamella catarrhalis~~aerobic

3. Gram + bacilli
-actinomyces~~ anaerobic __ between teeth&gum grooves& plaque
-Dephtheroids~~aerobic __found normally in mouth
-lactobacilli ~~ acids from carbohydrates
-nocardia~~ strict aerobic

4. Gram - bacilli
-bacteroids~strict anaerobic
-fusibacterium~strict anaerobic

5.spirocheates
~~~~~~~~~~~~
1- strep. salivariu~~ dorsal surface ( tongue)
2-strep. mitis~~buccal mucosa
3-strep. sangiunis~~smooth surface ( teeth)
4-strep. mutans~~ fissurs and pits
5-Bacteroids & spirochetes~~ gingival crevice

Origin of infection

๐Ÿ“endogenous source~~ caries & periodontal disease & dental plaque

๐Ÿ“exogenous source ~~
1.primary infection ~~herpes & primary syphilis
2.secondary infections ~~systemic infections such as oral tuberculosis & secondary syphilis

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 18:36


Oral microbiology

๐Ÿ“Œ Bacterial infection
1. Infected dry socket~~> tooth extraction & foul oder
2. Osteomyelitis ~~>inflammation ( bone marrow)
3. Pericoronitis~~>around the crown & spread into surrounding tissue

๐ŸŽˆDenta plaque : Is a layer of bacteria on the erupted surfaces of the teeth that leads to caries and periodontal disease.

๐ŸŽˆAcquired pellicle~~ thin amorphous film less than 1 micron
( between enamel and bacteria plaque)
-consists ~~ salivary glycoprotein

๐Ÿช„ streptococcus mutans
1-produces lactic acid from sucrose and carbohydrates
2-protein antigen A~~organisms to bind to tooth surface
3-produce high molecular wight insoluble glucans

๐Ÿฉต strep. mutans~~primary agents in dental caries ( pit& fissures)
๐Ÿฉตlactobacilli ~~secondary agents in dental caries(smooth surface)
๐Ÿฉทacidogenic bacteria ~~strep. sanguis & mitis
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”
๐Ÿ“Œ Mycotic infection
-caustive agents~~
1. Candida albicans
2. Cryptococcus
3. Neoformans
4. Geotrichum
๐Ÿช„ Heavy dose of antibiotics ~~~> oral candida infection

๐Ÿฉต Candida may enter tissues at of tooth extraction

๐Ÿ“treatment
-topical sodium caprylate
-amphotericin B

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 18:36


Staphylococcus aureus

๐Ÿ“in human skin & animals also carried

๐Ÿ“Œ diseases caused by staphylococcus :
1-superfacial~~boils & carbuncles & pustules & abscess & conjunctivitis & wound infections
2-food poisoning( vomiting & diarrhoea) ~~ entrotoxin
3-toxic shock syndrome ~~ entrotoxin
4-deep infections~~ osteomyelitis & endocarditis & pneumonia & septicaemia

๐Ÿฉต Staphylococcus ~ rarely causes oral infections
-may cause ( angular cheilitis )

๐Ÿ“resistance to B-lactam drugs and som to a number of antibiotics
-panicillin resistance is due to the production of B-lactamase encoded by plasmid

๐Ÿ“Œtreatment
1.panicillin for sensitive isolates
2.flucloxacillin
3. arythromycin
4.fusidic acid
5.cephalosporin
6.vancomycin
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”-
๐Ÿ“Œ Antibiotics resistance in staphylococci
1-resistance to B-lactam drugs
2-resistance to methicillin ~( MRSA )
3-resistance to vancomycin ~( VRSA )
4-tolerance ~~ organism is inhibited but not killed by antibiotic
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”
๐Ÿ“ŒStaphylococcus epidermidis
๐Ÿ“skin surface
๐ŸŽˆ spread by contact

๐Ÿ“Œ pathogenicity
1-skin ( opportunist pathogen)
2-catheter-related sepsis
3-infections of artificial joints
4-urinary tract infection

๐ŸŽˆresistance to a penicillin & methicillin

๐Ÿ“Žtreatment ~~ sensitive to vancomycin
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”-
๐Ÿ“ŒStaphylococcus saprophyticus~~urinary tract infection ( women)

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 18:36


Bacteria pathogen

๐ŸŽˆVirulence involves :
-invasiveness
-toxigenicity

๐Ÿฉต lD 50
๐Ÿช„ vibrio cholera-100.000.000
๐Ÿ“Žanthrax
๐Ÿช„cutaneous-10-50 endospores
๐Ÿช„inhalation-10.000-20.000
๐Ÿช„GI-250.000-1.000.000
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”-
-Srep. mutans~~attaches to teeth by (glycocalyx)
-actinomyces~~fimbrae that adhere to glycocalyx of S.mutans
-E.coli~~adhesion on fimbrae( small intestine)

๐ŸŽˆbiofilm : microorganisms and their extra cellular products~~on non-living & living surfaces

๐Ÿ“components of cell wall of pathogens
1. M-protein
2.opa
3.waxes

๐Ÿฉท isolates microorganisms from host defence ~~coagulase
๐Ÿฉท produced by several clostridium sp~~collagenase
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”
๐Ÿ“ŒExotoxins

๐Ÿฆ Exotoxins ~~ inside the bacteria
๐Ÿฆ  exotoxins ~~ proteins
๐Ÿฆ spread into body fluids and tissue
๐Ÿฆ Gram+
๐Ÿฆ  LD 50 ~small
๐Ÿฆ neutralized by antitoxin
๐Ÿฆ products of growing cells
๐ŸŽˆA..B toxin
A~~inhibits protein synthesis and kills cell
B~~binds to receptor of host cell
๐ŸŽˆproteins in nature ~antigens
๐ŸŽˆcytotoxin~~inhibits protein synthesis
๐ŸŽˆdamage plasma membranes of capillaries ~~A,B,C toxins
๐ŸŽˆbotulinum~ prevent nerve impulse transmission
๐ŸŽˆtetanus toxin ~ CNS blocks inhibitory neurons to skeletal muscle
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”-
๐Ÿ“Œ Endotoxin
๐Ÿฆ Gram -
๐Ÿฆ LPS of outer membrane
๐Ÿฆ endotoxins ~ lipid
๐Ÿฆ fever
๐Ÿฆ LD 50~ large

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 18:36


Streptococcus
๐Ÿ“Œpyogens~~> minimal suppuration

-upper respiratory & skin<~~~ location

โ€ฆTreatment

1.panicillin
2.arythromycin
3.clindomycin

ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ู„ู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุงู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุญุณุงุณูŠู‡ ู„ู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู†

-no vaccine is available

๐Ÿ“Œagalactiae

-vagina & anorectal <~~ location

_neonatal meningitis & septicaemia
_abortion & gynaecological

-treatment
1.panicillin
2. arythromycin
3.prophylactic antibiotic <~~ give neonatal

๐Ÿ“Œ oral streptococci

-endocarditis & bacteraemia

_ treatment
~~prophylactic antibioticโ€ฆ> before dental procedure

๐Ÿ“Œ pneumococcus

-meningitis in adult & otitis media & pneumonia & sinusitis in children

- upper respiratory

๐ŸŽˆ_vaccination with anti polysaccharides vaccine
provide type-specific immunity
-treatment
1.panicillin
2.arythromycin is very effective

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 17:49


ุงฺฏูˆู„ูƒู… ุดู†ูˆ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงุฑูŠุฏ ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ุจุณ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจุนุฏ ุนุทู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู‚ู„ ุงุฎู„ุตู‡ู† ุจุงู„ุนุทู„ุฉ๐Ÿ™‚

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 17:36


ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงุชู…ู†ุงู„ูƒู… ูƒูู„ ุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹.
~ู„ุชู†ุณูˆู†ูŠ ุจุฏุนุงุฆูƒูู…โœจโœจ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 16:55


ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุฏุฒุชู‡ู… ุนุงุดุช ุงูŠุฏู‡ุงโœจ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 16:55


ุงูˆู„ ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุชุฏุฎู„ ุจุงู„ูู…

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

03 Jan, 16:55


ุชุฌูŠ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 20:28


ูƒู„ุด ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุณูˆูŠู‡ู… ู…ู„ูุงุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 20:09


๐Ÿฉท Crown lec 5

๐Ÿฉตุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2248

๐Ÿฉต ุงู„ู…ู„ุฒู…ุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2249

๐Ÿฉต ู…ู„ุฎุต
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2250

๐Ÿฉต MCQ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2251

๐Ÿฉต ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ู„ู ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2267?single

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 18:03


ุดฺฏุฏ ู…ุฑุชุจ ุงุญุจ ู‡ูŠฺ†๐Ÿคโœจ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 17:57


๐Ÿฉท Crown lec 2

๐Ÿฉตุดุฑุญ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2207

๐Ÿฉตุงู„ู…ู„ุฒู…ุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2208

๐Ÿฉตุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ู„ู ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2215?single


๐Ÿฉตู…ู„ุฎุต
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2211

๐Ÿฉต MCQ
https://t.me/fatomdentist20/2227

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 17:16


ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุจูŠูˆู… ุชุฏูˆุฑูˆู† ุน ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงู‡ ู…ุชู„ฺฏูˆู‡ุง ู„ุชุณุชุบุฑุจูˆู†๐Ÿ˜‚

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 17:13


Big love ู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑู‡ ู‡ุจุฉ

๐Ÿซถ๐Ÿป๐Ÿซถ๐Ÿป๐Ÿซถ๐Ÿป๐Ÿซถ๐Ÿป

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 14:59


ุงฺฏูˆู„ู„ูƒู… ุชุฎุทูˆุง ูˆุงู†ูŠ ุจุนุฏู†ูŠ ๐Ÿฅฒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 14:57


ุงฺฏูˆู„
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุดู†ูˆ ุญู„ูŠุชูˆู‡ุง

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 10:12


ู†ุงู…ูˆุง ูˆุฑุงูƒู… ูƒุฑุงูˆู† ู„ุชููƒุฑูˆู† ุจุงู„ุงูˆุจุฑุชู ุจุนุฏ๐Ÿ˜”

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 09:08


ู‡ุฏู ูˆู„ูˆ ุจุงู„ุจุฏู„ ุงู„ุถุงูŠุน

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 05:11


๏ดฟูˆูŽู…ูŽุง ู„ูŽู†ูŽุง ุฃูŽู„ูŽู‘ุง ู†ูŽุชูŽูˆูŽูƒูŽู‘ู„ูŽ ุนูŽู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŽู‘ู‡ู ๏ดพ.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 04:57


๐Ÿ“Œ Shallow cavity preparation

~ Varnish
~ amalgam

๐Ÿ“Œ Moderately deep cavity
~liner
~ base
~ varnish
~ amalgam


๐Ÿ“Œ Deep cavity
~ liner calcium hydroxide liner
~base
~ varnish

๐Ÿ”บ varnish contra indication with composite

ู‡ุฐูˆู„ูŠ ุดู„ูˆู† ู†ุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ุญุดูˆู‡ ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู…ู„ุบู… ูˆุดู„ูˆู† ู†ุฎู„ูŠ ูุงุฑู†ุด ูˆู„ุงูŠู†ุฑ

ู‡ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงูˆู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุงูุชูŠ ุณุทุญูŠ ูˆุจุนูŠุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ุจู„ุจ
ู†ุฎู„ูŠ ุจุณ ูุงุฑู†ุด ูˆุงู…ู„ุบู…

ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ุชูˆุณุท ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ุต ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุชูŠู† ู…ุงูƒูˆ ู†ุฎู„ูŠ
ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ูุงุฑู†ุด ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุญุดูˆู‡
ูˆุงุฎุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ูƒุงูุชูŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุน ุงู„ุจุงู„ุจ
ู†ุฎู„ูŠ ู‚ุงุนุฏู‡ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูุงุฑู†ุด


๐Ÿ“Œ ุงุฐุง ุฌุงู† ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุทู„ุจุชู‡ ู…ู† pulp ู„ู„ occlusal
ุญุณุจ ุงู„ูƒุงูุชูŠ ุงู„ูŠ ุชุฎู„ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚

ุงูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† occlusal ู„ู„ pulp ูˆุชุทู„ุจ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ


Varnish ู†ุฎู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ู‡ู…

ุงู„ base
ุจุณ ุจุงู„ุงุฑุถูŠู‡

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 03:16


ุงู„ูŠ ู…ู‚ุงุฑูŠู† ู„ูƒุฌุฑ 9
part 2
ุดูˆูŠ ูˆุงุฏุฒู„ูƒู… ุดุบู„ุฉ ุจูŠ ุญุชุฌูŠ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 03:15


๐Ÿ“class l
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17547

class ll
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17548

class lll
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17550

class V
https://t.me/secon_dstage/17551

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

29 Dec, 03:14


๐Ÿ“Class V

ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู…ู† gingiva ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ labial, buccal

ใ€ฐinvolves one surface of a tooth

๐Ÿ“Erosion: tooth loss at the cervical area due to non bacterial acid attack.
ูŠุตุจุฑ ุจุณุจุจ ุญู…ุถูŠุงุช ุŒูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ

ู…ู‡ู…

๐Ÿ“Abrasion: tooth loss at the cervical area of the tooth due to abrasive slurry
ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงุญุชูƒุงูƒ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุนุฌูˆู† ุงูˆ ูุฑุดุฉ ุงู„ุงุณู†ุงู† ุŒู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒูŠ

ใ€ฐุงูุถู„ ุดูŠ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู†ู…ู„ุบู…

๐Ÿ“ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู…ู„ุบู… ุงุฐุง ู…ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ุฌู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ
ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ูŠ ู…ุชุจูŠู†
ุงุฐุง ฺ†ุงู† ู‡ูˆุงูŠ ู„ุนุงุจ ูˆู…ูŠู†ูุน ู†ุณุชุฎุฏ composite
ุงุฐุง ฺ†ุงู† gingivally

๐Ÿ“ู…ู†ฺฏุฏุฑ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู…ู„ุบู… ุงูƒูŠุฏ ุงุฐุง ุชุทู„ุจ ุฌู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ
๐Ÿ“ advantage of amalgam
~ strong
~ easier
~less expansive
~ easier finish and polish

๐Ÿ“ disadvantages
~ metallic
~ ุชุชุทู„ุจ 90 cavosurface
~ less conservative
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุงุฎุฐ ู‡ูˆุงูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†


ใ€ฐใ€ฐใ€ฐใ€ฐใ€ฐใ€ฐใ€ฐ
ุงู„ุชุญุถูŠุฑ
trapezoid in gingival 1/3
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ุงุถู„ุงุน

~ ูŠุชุญุฏุฏ ุญุณุจ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ุชุณูˆุณ ูˆุงู„ุญุฌู…


~ 0.5mm DEJ
~0.75mm on the root

ู‡ู… ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… round bur

โ€ผ๏ธ totall depth
1_1.25mm

~.ู…ู† ุงู„ mesial ,distal incisal, gingival ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุญุฏุจ convex

ูˆู‡ู…
perpendicular to the external tooth surface


โ€ผ๏ธ axial wall ู…ูˆ ูู„ุงุงุชุชุชุช

ใ€ฐcavosurface line angle (90-110)


โ€ผ๏ธโ€ผ๏ธMesial and distal walls should be slightly diverge
ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุชุจุงุนุฏุงุช ู„ู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ


\===/
ู‡ูŠุฌ ูŠุนู†ูŠ


ใ€ฐOcclusal and gingival walls perpendicular to the long axis of tooth , parallel to each other

๐Ÿฉต ู†ุณูˆูŠ tow retention groove
ูˆุงุญุฏ incisal
ูˆุงุญุฏ gingival

ใ€ฐe 0.2-0.3mm inside the DEJ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

26 Dec, 10:25


ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุงูˆุจุฑุชู ู ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุจูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูŠ ู‚ุงุฑูŠู†ุฉ ูˆู…ุงุฏุฉ ู‡ูˆุงูŠ ูˆู…ูุงุชุญูŠู‡ุง ู†ุณูˆูŠ ุณุดู†ุงุช ุณูˆุฉ ูˆุงุญุงูˆู„ ุงุณูˆูŠ ู…ุซู„ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ูˆุงุฐุง ู…ฺฏุฏุฑุช ุงุนุฐุฑูˆู†ูŠ๐Ÿฆฆ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

26 Dec, 10:23


ุดู„ูˆู† ุงุตุงุฑุญูƒู… ุจุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ๐Ÿฅฒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

26 Dec, 01:39


๐ŸคŽ Occlusal to the survey line: Non-undercut area.

๐Ÿฉถ Gingival to the survey line: Undercut area.

๐Ÿฉต Tilting or rotating the tooth: Changes the position of the survey line.

๐Ÿ’› Result of tilting: Alters the extent of non-undercut and undercut areas.


๐Ÿ’š Survey line variation: Depends on the angle formed by the vertical analyzing rodโ€™s contact with the tooth surface.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

26 Dec, 01:39


Guiding Planes
๐Ÿฉถ Parallel surfaces of abutment teeth that guide partial denture insertion and removal.
๐Ÿฉต The path of insertion should align with these planes.


๐Ÿ’› Proximal plates should be the first to contact abutments.
ู…ู‡ู…



๐Ÿฉทfriction forces of contact of prosthesis with the
guiding planes wall will contribute significantly to the
retention of the RPD.
ู…ู‡ู…

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

26 Dec, 01:39


Path of Placement (Insertion):
๐Ÿฉถ The specific direction in which a prosthesis is placed onto the residual alveolar ridge, abutment teeth, dental implant abutments, or attachments.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

26 Dec, 01:39


๐Ÿ“ Guiding Planes & Components:
โ€ข Proximal tooth surfaces: Minor connectors, proximal plates.
โ€ข Axial/Lingual surfaces: Reciprocal clasp arms, lingual plates, auxiliary rest connectors.


๐Ÿฉท Guiding Plane Function:
โ€ข Easy denture insertion/removal.
โ€ข Provides bracing, stabilization, and retention.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

07 Dec, 09:30


ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฏุฒูˆู„ูŠ ุชุณุฌูŠู„ุงุช ุนุฏูƒู…
ููˆู†ูŠ ุชูุฑู…ุช ูˆูƒู„ุดูŠ ุฑุงุญ
ูˆุงู‡ู… ุดูŠ ุจุงุซูˆ ูˆุงูˆุจุฑุชู ๐Ÿ™ƒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

06 Dec, 20:48


ู‡ู„ูˆ ูุงุทู…ุฉ ุดูˆููŠ ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงุฐุง ู…ุณุฌู„ูŠู† ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠูˆู†ุชูŠ ููˆูŠุฒุงุช ู…ุญุชุงุฌูŠู‡ู… ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ


_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

06 Dec, 15:48


ุงู„ูŠ ู‚ูŠู…ูˆุง ูƒุฑุงูˆู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุดูˆู ุดุบู„ูƒู… ูˆุดู†ูˆ ุณุฃู„ุช ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑู‡ุŸ๐Ÿฆฆ๐Ÿฉต

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

06 Dec, 12:08


ูˆู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงู„ู€ pharyngitis

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

06 Dec, 12:08


๐Ÿฆ‹Caries: Dental caries due to bacteria such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus.

๐Ÿฆ‹Gingivitis: Gingival inflammation caused by bacteria like Actinomyces and Fusobacterium.

๐Ÿฆ‹ Pulpitis: Infection of the pulp, inflammation near the root apex, caused by Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas.


๐Ÿฆ‹Implantitis: Infection around dental implants caused by Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas.

๐Ÿฆ‹Halitosis: Bad breath caused by bacteria such as Fusobacterium and Prevotella.

๐Ÿฆ‹ Pharyngitis & Tonsillitis: Caused by Group A Streptococcus.

๐Ÿฆ‹Candidal Leukoplakia: White patches in the mouth caused by Candida.

๐Ÿฆ‹ Actinomycosis: Hard swelling (cyst) in the gums caused by Actinomyces israelii.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

06 Dec, 12:07


ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูƒุฌุฑ ุณู‡ู„ ูˆู…ุงุจูŠ ุดูŠ ูู€ูŽ ุงู†ุชู… ุงู‚ุฑูˆุง ุจุณ ุณูˆูŠุช ุงู…ุณูƒูŠูˆ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

06 Dec, 11:36


ูˆู‡ูˆุงูŠ ู‡ู… ๐Ÿ™‚

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

06 Dec, 11:36


ูˆูƒู„ุด ู…ู‡ู… ุจูŠ ู‡ูˆุงูŠ ุดุบู„ุงุช ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 16:53


ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุงูˆู†
ู„ูŠุด ู†ุณูˆูŠ preparation for teeth ู…ู† ู†ุฑูƒุจ full metal crown

Contra-indecation of post crown
2 only

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 16:47


ูƒุฑุงูˆู† ุฌุงุจุชู„ู†ุฉ ู„ูŠุด ู†ุณูˆูŠ ุฑุฏูƒุดู† ู„ู„teeth
ูˆุงู„ ูƒูˆู†ุชุฑุง ุงู†ุฏูŠูƒูŠุดู† ู…ุงู„ post crown

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 16:42


ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู„ู„ radial shoulder
ูˆุดู†ูˆ ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ post crown

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 16:28


ุดูƒุฏ ู†ุดูŠู„ ู…ู† gutta percha ู…ู† ู†ุณูˆูŠ ุจูˆุณุช ูƒุงู†ุงู„ ุจุฑูŠุจุฑูŠุดู†
ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„objective ู…ู† shoulder bevel
2 only

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 16:24


Q1) Factors affecting on assessment of the post crown ? Two only

Q2) Classification of finishing line according to the postion?

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 16:24


ุงู„ Full Metal Crown ูˆูŠู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ูˆู„ูŠุด
ูˆ ุดู†ูˆ ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ post

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 15:37


ุดุฌุงุจูˆู„ู‡ู… ูƒุฑุงูˆู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุŸ

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 15:30


https://youtu.be/dqsho6ukT1w?si=17ruOKmSZHFuvxza

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 15:29


6:30 _7:30

ู†ุญูุธ community lab 2
ูˆุงู„ูŠ ูŠุฏุฑุณ ูˆูŠุงูŠ ุงู„ุฉ ู‡ุฏูŠุฉ ๐ŸŒšโœจ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Nov, 14:23


ุฏุชุณุชูุงุฏูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠ ุงู†ุฒู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู… ุŸ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 16:31


ู‡ุงูŠ ุนูˆุฏ ุงุฐุง ุชุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ู‡ูŠุฌ ุจุงุฌุงุช ู„ุทูŠูุฉ ู…ุซู„ูƒูู… ๐Ÿฆ‹

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 16:30


https://www.instagram.com/stories/love__shop11/3508459238480120591?utm_source=ig_story_item_share&igsh=aXh3YjV6Y2oxNzNn

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 16:28


ุทู„ุนุช ู…ูˆ ุจุณ ุงู†ูŠ ๐Ÿฅฒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 16:24


ู‡ูˆ ู„ูŠุด ู…ุงูƒูˆ ู…ูƒุงู† ู†ุฃุฌุฑ ู…ู†ุฉ ุงู†ุฌู† ู…ุคู‚ุช
ุชู‚ุจู„ูˆู‡ุง ุงู†ูŠ ุงุตู„ุงู‹ ู…ูŽ ู…ุชุฏุฑุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ 7 ูˆุงุดุชุบู„ ุงู„ุงุณุจูˆุน ุงู„ุฌุงูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู…ุŸ๐Ÿฆฆ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 13:40


.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 13:39


ู…ุฑุญุจุง
ุงู„ูƒุฑุงูˆู† ุฌุงุจุช ุณุคุงู„ูŠู†

Q/ what is the role of using post in post crown ?

Q/ what is the type of finishing line used in full metal crown ?

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 12:45


ุงู„ูƒุฑุงูˆู†
Q/ what are the indications of post crown ? Only 2

Q/ which type of crowns used with shoulder with bevel ?
PFM(full veneer crown)

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 12:42


ูุงุฑู…ุง ุฌุงุจุชู„ู†ุง ุณุคุงู„ูŠู†
ุงูˆู„ ุณุคุงู„ ู…ุณุฃู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู„ุงูŠุฏ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุงุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุณู„ุงูŠุฏ ูกูง ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ู‡ ุจุณ ุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ุงุฑู‚ุงู…
ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฌุงู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„mechanism action ูˆ side effect ูˆuses
ู„ู„ (fibric acid ูˆ nitrate)

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 12:36


ุงุฎูˆุงู† ูุงุฑู…ุง ุฌุงุจุช ุณุคุงู„ูŠู†
ุงู„ุงูˆู„ ู…ุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุฒู…ุฉ ุจุณ ู…ุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงุฑู‚ุงู…

ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงุฐูƒุฑ 1- ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ุฒู… ุงูˆู ุงูƒุดู†
2- ูˆุงู„uses
3-ูˆุงู„ุณุงูŠุฏ ุงููƒุชุฒ

ู…ุงู„ beta blockers
ูˆ ู…ุงู„ ูุฏ ุฏูˆุฉ ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ statin

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Nov, 12:36


ุณุฑุฌุฑูŠ
ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„motor branches ุจุณ
In the mandibular division

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 08:00


ุงู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ุจุณ ุฏุงู‚ู„ุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุน ุงู„ุชูŠูƒ ุชูˆูƒ๐Ÿฅฒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 08:00


ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุนูŽ ุงู„ูˆุฑุฏ๐Ÿ˜”โœจโœจโœจ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿ”…contraindications for a post crown.

1. Unsuccessful endodontic treatment.
2. Significant remaining coronal tooth structure.
3. Inadequate root length.
4. Caries in the root or canal.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


What are the factors to be considered when assessing a tooth for a post crown?

1. Quality of root filling
2. Root alignment
3. Absence of internal/external resorption
4. Periodontal condition and mobility
5. Occlusal relationship

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿ“ŒDifferentiate between a one-unit and a two-unit post crown.

๐Ÿ’›One-Unit Post Crown: The post, core, and crown are a single piece, used for teeth with very short clinical crowns (e.g., lower incisors).

๐ŸงกTwo-Unit Post Crown: The post and core are separate from the crown, allowing the crown to be replaced without disturbing the dowel core

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐ŸŒWhat are the advantages of a two-unit post crown?

1. The crown can be replaced without disturbing the post and core.

2. No need to make the preparation parallel to the second abutment for a bridge.

3. Independent marginal adaptation and fit of the crown.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐ŸŸฃWhat materials can be used for prefabricated dowel posts?

~ Prefabricated posts can be made from stainless steel, carbon fiber, or fiberglass.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿ—ฏWhat is the recommended length of a dowel post?

โ€ข 2/3 of the root length or equal to the clinical crown length, whichever is greater.
โ€ข Maintain 3โ€“5 mm of gutta-percha at the apex.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐ŸƒName the factors affecting the retention of a post crown.


1. Length of the dowel post.
2. Diameter of the dowel post.
3. Shape of the prepared canal (parallel is more retentive).
4. Post surface texture (rough is more retentive).
5. Accessory retention (e.g., keyways, pins).

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿ–คWhat are the components of a post crown?

1. Crown: The final restoration, place over the core which can be full metal, full veneer, or a jacket crown.

2. Core: The coronal extension that provides retention for the final crown.


3. Post (Dowel): Extends into the root canal to support and retaintion the restoration.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


โœณ๏ธWhich canal is used for the post in multirooted teeth?


โ€ข Palatal canal for upper molars.
โ€ข Distal canal for lower molars.
โ€ข Buccal canal for maxillary premolars.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐ŸฉทWhat is the role of a keyway in post crown preparation?

~A keyway acts as an anti-rotational device, guides the placement of the post, and improves retention.

๐ŸงกWhy are Pesso reamers preferred for canal preparation in Post Crowns?

~Pesso reamers have a blunt, non-cutting end that follows the path of least resistance, minimizing the risk of root perforation.


๐Ÿ’šWhat are the advantages of a rough surface post over a smooth one?

~A rough surface post provides better retention due to increased friction with the canal walls.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐ŸฉตName the types of posts used in Post Crowns and their main differences.

1โ€ขPrefabricated Posts: Made of materials like stainless steel or fiberglass; simpler technique; minimal canal adjustment needed.

2โ€ขCustomized Cast Posts: Fabricated from a negative reproduction of the canal; conforms closely to the canalโ€™s shape; suitable for wide canals.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐ŸฉถWhat is the significance of the apical seal in Post Crown preparation?


~Maintaining a minimum of 3-5 mm of gutta-percha at the apex ensures an effective apical seal, preventing leakage and case failure.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿ’—Why is the diameter of the prepared canal limited to no more than one-third of the root diameter at the CEJ?

~To avoid weakening the root and reducing the risk of root fracture.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐ŸŽดWhat is the purpose of a keyway in post crown preparation?


1. Acts as a guide during post placement.
2. Prevents rotation of the post.
3. Improves retention.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿ’ŸWhat are the main materials used to construct prefabricated dowel posts?
โ€ข The main materials are stainless steel, carbon fiber, and fiberglass.


โ˜ช Why is the technique for using prefabricated dowel posts considered simple?
โ€ข Because it doesnโ€™t require a negative reproduction of the prepared canal, making the procedure faster and easier.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿ”˜What are the possible shapes or designs of prefabricated dowel posts?
โ€ข Prefabricated dowel posts come in various designs, including parallel sides, tapered, and parallel with tapered ends.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿ’ What is one of the advantages of prefabricated posts over customized posts?
โ€ข The advantage is simplicity and ease of use, as they donโ€™t require complex molding of the root canal.


โœณ๏ธ What type of canal does a prefabricated post usually match?
โ€ข A prefabricated post is selected to match the dimensions of the canal, with only minimal adjustment needed for seating.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

22 Nov, 07:58


๐Ÿฉท What is a Customized Cast Post made from?
โ€ข Metal alloy

๐ŸงกWhat is the main advantage of a Customized Cast Post?
โ€ข It closely conforms to the shape of the canal

๐Ÿ’› In which situation is a Customized Cast Post contraindicated?
โ€ข Narrow and severely curved canals

๐Ÿ’š What is the primary method of fabrication for a Customized Cast Post?
โ€ข A negative reproduction of the prepared canal

๐Ÿฉต Why is a Customized Cast Post preferred over other types for some canals?
โ€ข It fits more precisely into the canalโ€™s shape

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:21


ู…ูˆ ูƒูˆุฒ ุงุดุนู‡
ุงู„ุงุดุนู‡ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑูŠ ู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ูŠุฑูุน ุฏุฑุฌุชู‡
ูˆุฎู„ ูŠุญูุธูˆู† ูู‚ุท ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ู„ุงู†ุฏ ู…ุงุฑูƒ
ุงู†ุชูŠุฑูŠุฑ ูˆุจูˆุณุชูŠุฑ ุงุจุฑ ูˆู„ูˆ

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:19


ุญุจุงูŠุจ ุงู‚ุฑูˆุง ุงู„ landmark ุงุดุนุฉ ุทู„ุน ุงูƒูˆ ูƒูˆุฒ๐Ÿฆฆ๐Ÿ’”

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:17


ุงูŠ ุฎู„ูˆู„ูŠ ุดูˆูŠุฉ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:17


ุจุณ ุถูˆฺฏู‡ ู„ุง ุชุงูƒู„ู‡ ูƒู„ู‡๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿคฃ๐Ÿ˜ญ

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:16


ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุชุญุณุจูˆู† ุญุณุงุจ ู„ู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ูุชูู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ู…ูุชุนุงูˆู†.

ู‡ุงูŠ ู‡ู… ุตุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู… ู‡ูŠุฌ ูˆูŠุฉ ุงูุถู„ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ู… ุณุจุจู†ุงู„ู‡ู… ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ูˆุจุณุจุจ ุดูŠ ู…ูŠุณูˆุฉ .

ูˆู‡ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠ
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุงุนุฑู ู„ูŠุด ู‡ูŠุฌ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุฏูŠุณูˆูˆู† ูˆู…ูŠุญุณุจูˆู† ุญุณุงุจ ุงู†ูˆ ุฒู…ู„ุงุฆู‡ู… ู‡ู… ุฑุงุญ ูŠุชุฃุฐูˆู†

ูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุงุชุฃุฐูŠุช ุดู„ูˆู† ุŸ

ุงุฎุฑ ูƒูˆุฒ ุจุงู„ุณูŠุฑุฌุฑูŠ ฺ†ู†ุช ู…ูˆ ูƒู„ุด ุญุงูุธุฉ ุงูˆ ุงุฎุฑุจุท ุจูŠู‡ุง ู„ุธุฑู ู…ูุนูŠู† ูˆฺ†ู†ุช ุชุนุจุงู†ุฉ ูˆุงุชู…ู†ูŠุช ุงู†ูˆ ุงุฎู„ุต ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฎูŠุฑ ู ุญุงูˆู„ุช ูˆู‚ุฑูŠุช ูˆฺ†ู†ุช 80% ู…ุถุจุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูƒุฌุฑ ุงุฌุชูŠ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญู†ุฉ ุงูˆู„ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ
ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ู†ุต ุณุงุนุฉ ุงูˆ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุจุณ ุนู„ู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุชุญุฌูŠ ูˆุฎู„ุชู†ุฉ ู†ู†ุธู ุงู„ุณุชูˆู„ุงุช ูŠู„ุง ู†ู…ุชุญู† ูˆุจู‡ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูˆุงู†ูŠ ู…ุชูˆุชุฑุฉ ู†ุณูŠุช ูƒู„ุดูŠ ูˆุงู†ุทุชู†ุฉ ุณุคุงู„ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนุช ู‡ูˆ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญู„ูŠุช ุดูŠ ุซุงู†ูŠ ูˆูƒู„ ุจุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูˆู…ู† ูƒู…ู„ู†ุฉ ุทู„ุน ู…ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุฎุฑุจ ูŠูˆู…ูŠ ูƒู„ุฉ ูˆุฎู„ุตุชุฉ ุจฺ†ูŠ

ู„ุฐุงู„ูƒ ู„ุง ู†ุชุตุฑู ุจุทูŠุด ูˆู…ู†ููƒุฑ ูˆู†ุญุณุจ ู„ูƒู„ุดูŠ ุงุญู†ุฉ ุงุทุจุงุก ูˆู‡ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ูƒุงู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู„ุงุฒู… ู†ุนุฑู ุดู„ูˆู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏูˆุฉ ู„ู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† ุงู„ูŠ ุงุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุนุฏู†ุง ๐Ÿฆ‹

ู„ุงุฒู… ู†ููƒุฑ ุจู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ู†ุง.๐Ÿฆท
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุจุนุฏ ูƒู… ุดู‡ุฑ ูˆุฑุงูƒู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ุตูŠููŠ ูˆุฑุงู‡ุง ุนูŠุงุฏุงุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ุดุฎูŠุตุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู…ุงู… ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุญุชู‰ ูŠุซู‚ ุจูŠูƒ ูˆุชฺฏุฏุฑ ุงู†ุช ุชุฎู„ูŠ ูŠุซู‚ ุงูˆ ูŠุฎุงู ู„ุฐุงู„ูƒ ู…ูุณุชู‚ุจู„ูƒู… ุจุฃูŠุฏูƒู… ูˆุญุชู‰ ุชุจู†ูˆู† ู‡ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุฑุงุญ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงูƒูˆ ุฃุซุฑ ู„ู†ุงุณ ุถู…ู† ู‡ุงู„ุชุฎุตุต ูˆุงู„ูŠ ู‡ู… ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู†ุชุนู„ู… ู…ู†ู‡ู… ูˆู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงุช ูˆุงู„ูˆุฑุดุงุช ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ.
ุจุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูƒู„ ุทุงู„ุจ ุจูŠู†ุง ูŠู…ุซู„ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏูุนุฉ .

ูˆุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ๐Ÿฆฆโœจ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:06


ู‡ูˆ ุงุจูˆ ุงู„ู…ุซู„ ฺฏุงู„ ุตุงุญุจูƒ ุญู„ูˆ ู„ุง ุชุงูƒู„ุฉ ูƒู„ุฉ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:05


ุงู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑ ุจุงู„ุงุดุนู‡
ุงูŠ ุงุญุฏ ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ุงุถุงููŠู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู… ูƒุฏุงู… ุงู„ูƒู„ ูŠูƒูˆู… ูŠู… ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ูˆูŠุดุฑุญ ุงูŠ ุดูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุญุงูุธู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ูŠุณุงู„ู‡ ูƒู… ุณูˆุงู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏู‡ ุฎู…ุณ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ูˆุจุณ



ูˆุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูุงุฑู…ุง ูƒู„ุด ุถุงูŠุฌู‡ ู…ู†ุง ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจู‡ ุน ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ุนู„ุฌ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฎู„ูŠ ู†ูƒูˆู† ุญุจุงุจูŠู† ูˆูŠุงู‡ุง ู…ุซู„ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุญุจุงุจู‡ ูˆูŠุงู†ุง

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:01


ุตุฏฺฏ ู…ู…ุชุญู†ูŠู† ุงุดุนุฉุŸ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 16:01


ุงู„ูŠ ุงู…ุชุญู†ูˆุง ุงูˆุจุฑุชู ุงูˆุฑุงู„ูŠ ุดู†ูˆ ุณุฃู„ุชู‡ู… ุŸุŸ
ูˆุชุณุฃู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ ู„ูˆ ุจุณ ุงู„ุดุบู„ู‡ ู…ูˆ ุฒูŠู† ุŸ

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 15:07


ูƒู…ูŠูˆู†ุชูŠ ู‡ู… ุฌุงุจุชูƒู… ูƒูŠุณุงุชุŸ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 15:01


Pros
-What are the areas need relief under maxillary major connector?
-What are the advantages and disadvantages for combination of anterior and posterior palatal bar?

Pharma
Explain mechanisms of action of Beta blocker?
Explain why prevent giving calcium channels blockers for heart failure?

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 14:46


ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู…
ุงุณุฃู„ูŠู‡ู… ุดู†ูˆ ุงุฌุงู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุจุงุซูˆ
+ุดู†ูˆ ุณุฃู„ุชู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฑุชฺค

_ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 12:41


ุงู„objection of U_shaped
ูˆ long distal extinsion

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 12:31


ูˆ ุชุนุฑูŠู

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 12:29


ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ reciprocal components
ูˆ ู‡ู… ุงู„ุดูˆุฑุช ุณุจุงู† ูƒู„ุงุณ ุซุฑูŠ ุดู†ูˆ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู„ู‡

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 12:20


ุงุฑุชุงุญูˆุง ูˆฺฏูˆู„ูˆู„ู†ู‡๐Ÿฆฆ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 12:20


ุงุณุฃู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุดู†ูˆ ุฃุฌู‡ ุงู„ู‡ู… ุจ ุจุฑูˆุณ

_ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

17 Nov, 05:23


.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

16 Nov, 17:41


ุงุนุชุฐุฑ ุงุฐุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฑุณุงุฆู„ ู…ุง ุงุฑุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
ู„ุฃู† ู‡ูˆุงูŠุฉ ูˆุงูƒูˆ ุจูŠู‡ู… ู…ุฏุงูŠุจูŠู†ูˆู†
ู…ูˆ ุงุชุนู…ุฏ ุชุฑุง ุฏุงุญุงูˆู„ ุงุฑุฏ ุน ุงู„ูƒู„ ูˆุงููŠุฏูƒู… ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ู…ูุณุชุทุงุนโœจ๐Ÿฆฆ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

16 Nov, 17:37


ุฑุชุจุชู‡ุง ู‡ูŠุฌ ู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุฑูŠุฏ

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 16:58


ู„ุชุถุญูƒูˆู†
ุงุฑูŠุฏ ุงุทู„ุน ุจุฑุง ู„ู„ู…ุทุฑ ูˆุงู…ูŠ ู…ุชู‚ุจู„ ู ุงุฑูŠุฏ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุทุฑ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุญฺฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡๐Ÿ˜‚

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 16:57


ูŠุงุฑุจ ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุชู…ุทุฑ ู„ุจุงุฌุฑ ๐Ÿฆฆ๐Ÿฆ‹

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 16:02


๐Ÿ“Practical pathology playlist
๐Ÿ“Œlab1

https://t.me/moh_A_4/916

๐Ÿ“Œlab2

https://t.me/moh_A_4/948

๐Ÿ“Œlab3

https://t.me/moh_A_4/985

๐Ÿ“Œlab4

https://t.me/moh_A_4/1013

๐Ÿ“Œlab5

https://t.me/moh_A_4/1045

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 15:58


ู‡ุฐุง ุญุชุฏุนูˆู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆุงูŠู‡ ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„ุดูŠ ุจูŠ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 15:57


ู…ู† ุดุฑุญู†ุฉ ู„ุงุจ5 ูƒูˆุฒู†ุฉ ูƒูˆุฒ ู…ู†ุฏุฑูŠ ุจูŠ ุงุตู„ุงู‹ ูˆุฌุงุจู„ู†ุฉ ู‡ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุฑุงุฏ ุงุณู… ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆ microscopical description

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 15:57


๐Ÿชป name of the adaptive process?

_ myocardial hypertrophy

๐Ÿชป name of organ?
_ heart

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 15:57


Q/name the adaptive process ?
~Squamous metaplasia

Q/what is the causes ?
~ chronic smokers
Q /this is physiological or pathological ?
~ pathological

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 15:57


ูƒู„ุด ู…ู‡ู…ุงุช ุงู‚ุฑูˆู‡ู† ุฏุงู… ุจุนุฏูƒู… ู…ู…ุชุญู†ูŠู†
ุจุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ูƒูˆุฒู†ุง ูˆุทู„ุจ ุงู„ microscopical description ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ุงุซู†ูŠู†ู‡ู…
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุณุฏุฑูˆุณุณ ู…ุจูŠู† Golden yellow to brown

ูˆุงู„ fatty change

clear fat vacuoles

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 15:57


ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู…

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

11 Nov, 15:57


ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู„ู ุงู„ุณู„ุงูŠุฏุงุช ุจูŠ ูƒู„ุดูŠ microscopical description ูˆ organ ูˆูƒู„ุดูŠ ุญุชู‰ ุณุชูŠูƒุฑุงุช ุฎู„ูŠุช ุญุชู‰ ูŠุตูŠุฑู„ูƒู… ูˆุงู‡ุณ ๐Ÿ˜‚

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Oct, 06:09


ุตุจุงุญ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ
ุณุงุนุฉ ูˆุงุฏุฒู„ูƒู… ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ุณูŠุฑุฌุฑูŠ ูˆุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ๐Ÿฆฆ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

25 Oct, 05:46


ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 11:36


ู‡ู„ูˆ
ู…ุญุฏ ู…ุณุฌู„ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุนู…ู„ูŠ ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ ู„ูƒุฌุฑ ูฅ ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุŸ

_ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 11:00


https://www.instagram.com/reel/DBeqosdOYuP/?igsh=bGZuMmRyMWd3dzA3

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿ”ธ Neutral Stains

~Giemsa
~Leishman
~Wright

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿ“Basic Stains

~Crystal violet
~Methylene blue
~Safranin
~Basic fuchsin

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿ“ Technique of simple staining:

1.flood the slide with methylene blue for 5-10min

2.wash off the stain with slowly running tap water 3.allow the slide to dry in air or placed it between two sheets of filter paper

4.examine under oil immersion

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿฆ  Procedure ofPreparation of fixed smear From solid material:

1. Sterilize the loop in benzene flame and let it to cool.

2. Place a loopful of a clean water (tap water can be used) on the center of a clean slide.

3. By the re sterilized loop, transfer a small portion of the colony to the drop of water.

4. 4. The film is fixed on the slide by passing it 3 times through the benzene flame.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿฉถ Gram staining

ุฑุงุญ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ูค ุตุจุบุงุช

CRYSTAL VIOLET

GRAM IODINE

DECOLORIZER

GRAM SAFRANINE

๐Ÿš Procedure

1-Flood air-dried, heat-fixed smear of cells for 1 minute with crystal violet staining reagent

2-Wash slide in a gentle and indirect stream

3-Flood slide with the mordant: Gramโ€™s iodine. Wait 1 minute.

4-Wash slide in a gentle and indirect stream of tap water for 2 seconds.

5-Flood slide with decolorizing agent (Acetone-alcohol decolorizer). Wait 10-15 seconds

6-Flood slide with counterstain, safranin. Wait 30 seconds to 1 minute.

7-Wash slide in a gentile and indirect stream

8-Observe the results of the staining procedure
under oil immersion (100x)

๐Ÿ› Gram-negative bacteria will stain pink/red and Gram-positive bacteria will stain blue/purple



๐Ÿ“ Q- Why gram positive bacteria resist decolourization by alcohol/acetone mixture but the gram negative ones can not?

Because the cell wall of gram negative bacteria has high lipid content and low peptidoglycan content so when treated with acetone/alcohol mixture dissolves their lipids creating pores in the cell wall through which crystal violet dye will diffuse, and gram negative bacteria become unstained.

๐Ÿ”ฎ ุงุฌุงุจุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุฉ

gram positive bacteria has high peptidoglycan content and low lipid content so when treated with the decolourizer , it will dehydrate the cell wall causing it to shrink and the pores to close and thus the diffusion of the dye will be blocked


ูƒู„ุดุดุดุด ู…ู‡ู…ู…ู…ู…ู…ู…ู…

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿ”ธ Capsule Stain procedure

1. Place a single drop of India ink on a clean microscope slide, adjacent to the frosted edge.

2. Using a flamed loop and sterile technique, remove some Klebsiella pneumoniae from culture tube or plate and mix it into the drop of India ink.

3. Place the end of another clean microscope slide

4. Allow the film to air dry (will take 5-7 minutes). DO NOT heat or blot dry! Heat will melt the capsule!

5. Saturate the slide with crystal violet for 1 minute and rinse slightly & very gently with water.

6. Observe the slide under oil immersion.

๐Ÿชฑ Results: Look for purple cells surrounded by a clear halo on a dark background. The halo is the capsule.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿฆ Spore stain (Schaeffer-Fulton method)

๐Ÿ”ปbacteria like clostridium and bacillus

๐Ÿ“ Spores: formed by these bacteria are highly resistant to unfavorable conditions ,once the conditions become favorable the spore germinates.

๐Ÿ”ฎ distinguish between the vegetative cells and the endospores.

ุฑุงุญ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุตุจุบุชูŠู† :
ุชู„ูˆู† spore ู„ูˆู† ุงุฎุถุฑ๐Ÿ›
primary stain (malachite green)

ุชู„ูˆู† ุงู„ vegetative ู„ูˆู† ุงุญู…ุฑ ุงูˆ ูˆุฑุฏูŠ๐Ÿชฑ
secondary stain (safranin).

โœ… Procedure :

1. Prepare smear of the microorganism, allow to dry and the heat-fix to a slide.

2. Place the slide over a steam bath, flood the smear with malachite green dye and keep it for 3-5 mins.

3. Allow , leave the slide to cool and wash with tap water to remove excess stain.

4. stain with safranin for 2 min.

5. Rinse the slide with running tap water to remove excess stain.

6. dry and examine under oil immersion.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿ”น Acidic Stains
~ Nigrosin
~ Malachite green
~ Acid fuchsin

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿฆ Acid-fast stain (Ziehl-Neelsen stain)

๐Ÿซ  The stain binds to the mycobacterial cell wall.

ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ูฃ ุตุจุบุงุช
๐Ÿชทcarbol fuchsin
๐Ÿš decolourize acid alcohol
๐Ÿชผ methylene blue

๐Ÿฆโ€๐Ÿ”ฅ Acid fast bacteria appear red while non acid fast bacteria appear blue blue


โ™ ๏ธ procedure

1. Prepare a smear of the microorganism on a clean slide.

2. Allow the smear to air-dry then fix it by flaming.

3. Place the slide over a steam bath and flood the smear with strong carbol fuchsin and keep it for 5 mins.

4. Allow to cool and then wash with tap water.

5. Decolourize with acid alcohol

6. Wash with tap water

7. stain with methylene blue for 2 mins.

8. Wash smear with tap water.

9. Blot dry and examine with a microscope.

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 10:47


๐Ÿฆ  Procedure ofPreparation of fixed smear From fluid material:

1. Sterilize the loop in benzene flame, and let it to cool.
2. loopful of the specimen and spread it on the center of a clean slide

3. Allow the film to dry by air without heating.
4. The film is fixed on the slide by passing it 3 times through the benzene flame

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 09:47


ุญุณูˆูŠู„ูƒู… ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ + ุงุญูุธูˆุง ุงู„ procedure ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูˆุญุฑุชุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒู… ูˆุงุฎู„ูŠู„ูƒู… ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุงุณู‡ู„

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 09:46


Acid Fast Bacilli procedure (AFS)

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 08:18


Gram Stain procedure

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 08:10


Capsule Stain procedure

_ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

24 Oct, 08:07


ุตุจุงุญ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ
ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ูŠ ุชูƒูˆุฒุชูˆุง ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ ุฏ. ุงุญู…ุฏ ุนุงุฏูŠ ุชุฏุฒูˆู„ู†ุง ุดุฌุงุจู„ูƒู…๐Ÿฅฒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

20 Oct, 09:33


ูุงุทู…ู‡ ุญุจุงุจู‡ ุดูˆููŠู„ู†ุง. ุดู†ูˆ ุณุฆู„ูˆู‡ู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุณูŠุฑุฌุฑูŠ ูˆูุงุฑู…ุง ูˆุงูƒุณ ุฑูŠ

_ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 17:07


ุญุจุงูŠุจ ู„ุชุดุชุฑูˆู† ุจูŠุฑุงุช ูŠู†ุทูˆูƒู… ุจุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ๐ŸŒš

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 16:30


ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ tooth ู…ุงู„ุชูŠ ๐ŸŒš
ุดูˆููˆ ุญุชู‰ ุณู†ูŠ ุญุจุงุจ ุจุญูŠุซ ุจุงู„ุงูƒุณุฑูŠ ูƒู„ุด ูˆุงุถุญ๐Ÿ˜‚

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 14:41


ุณูˆุงู„ู†ุง ูƒูˆูŠุฒ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุณุคุงู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงุดูƒุฏ ู…ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุณูŠุณูŠู†ุบ ูˆุฌูˆุงุจู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ูฅู  ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 14:41


ุชุฑุง ุชุฌู†ู†๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿฆ‹

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 14:40


ุฃู‚ูˆู‡ ุงูƒุณุฑูŠ ุงู†ุดุฑูŠู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 13:41


ุณูˆู„ููˆู„ู†ุฉ ุน ุงู„ุงูƒุณุฑูŠ ๐Ÿฅฒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 13:31


ูˆุงู„ูุงุฑู…ู‡ ุงุบู„ุจ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ุงู…ุชุญู†ูˆ ุดูู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ ุงุฑุจุนู‡ ุดุฎุงุต ูŠุดุงุฑูƒูˆู† ุณูˆู‡+ูƒุฑูˆุจูŠ ุฌุงุจุช ุณูˆุงู„ูŠู† ูˆุชุฑูƒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนุฑู ุงู„gonist ูˆุทูŠ ุงู†ูˆุงุนู‡ุง ูˆูŠ ุชุนุงุฑูŠููŠู‡ู†
ูˆุณูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุนุฑู anzyme inhibit and lnducer ูˆุทูŠ ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ูƒู„ ูˆุญุฏู‡

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 13:31


ุงู„ุจุงุซูˆ ุฌุงุจู„ู†ู‡
ุนุฏุฏ ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ necrosis ุงู„ูฆ ู†ู‚ุงุท
ูˆุงุดุฑุญ ูข

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 13:31


ุงู„ุณูŠุฑุฌูŠ ุฌุงุจุช ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ู…ุงู„ lmpect teeth

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 13:30


ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… .

ุงู„ุณูŠุฑุฌุฑูŠ ุงุฌุงู†ุง ุงู„ุงุณู†ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุทู…ูˆุฑุฉ ุงุฐุง ุจู‚ุช ุดู†ูˆ ุฑุงุญ ูŠุตูŠุฑ .

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 12:08


ุงู…ุชุญู†ุฉ ุจุงุซูˆ

Q1/ define necrosis and give 3 cause?

Q2/ give microscope features to hemosedrosis and steatosis?

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

19 Oct, 11:54


ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู…
ุนุงุฏูŠ ุชุณุฆู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงุดุชุบู„ุชูˆุง ุจุฑูˆุณุŸ ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ู„ุชูˆู‡ุง.. ูˆ ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑุฌุฑูŠ ูˆุงู„ูุงุฑู…ุง ุงุฐุง ู…ุชุตูŠุฑ ุฒุญู…ุฉ

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

18 Oct, 20:10


https://youtu.be/o4lWURbdkfg?si=VQ1_O6DYYE2BCES3

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

18 Oct, 17:11


ุณุฃู„ู†ูŠ ุนู† ุงู„interaction
Compton effect

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

18 Oct, 17:08


ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู†ุณุฃู„ ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ู…
ุฌูˆุงุจุฉ ุงูŠ ู†ุงุฎุฐ ุงุดุนุฉ ู„ุฃู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ูƒุณุฑ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุงุจุฑ ู„ู„ุฑูˆุช
ูˆุงุฐุง ุนุงุจุฑ ู†ุณูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุญุดูˆุฉ ุฌุฐุฑ ูˆู‡ูŠุฌ ๐Ÿฅฒ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

18 Oct, 17:08


ุงุฐุง ุทูู„ ูˆูƒุน ูˆ ู†ูƒุณุฑุช ุฃุณู†ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ุงู…ุงู…ูŠู‡ ูƒุณุฑ ุจุณูŠุท ู‡ู„ ู„ุงุฒู… ู†ุณูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุงุดุนู‡ ุŸ ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ูุง ู„ูŠุด
ูˆ ุงุฐุง ุงูŠ ู‡ู… ู„ูŠุด

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

18 Oct, 17:07


+ ู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ุชุชูƒุฑุฑ ุจุณ ุชููŠุฏูˆู† ุบูŠุฑูƒู… ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ุดู†ูˆ ูŠุฏุฑุณูˆู† ู„ุฃู† ู…ูู…ูƒู† ุทุงู„ุจ ุนู†ุฏุฉ ุธุฑู ูˆุชุฑูƒ ุดุบู„ุงุช ูู€ูŽ ู…ูู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฑุฏูˆุฏูƒู… ูŠุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูู‡ู… ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุชู†ุง ู„ู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน โœจโœจ

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

18 Oct, 17:05


ุดฺฏุฏ ุญุจุงุจูŠู†๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿฆ‹๐Ÿฆ‹

๐๐„๐‘๐ƒ_๐ƒ๐„๐๐“๐ˆ๐’๐“๐‘๐˜.

18 Oct, 17:05


ุดู„ูˆู† ุชุญุตู„ ุถุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงุดุนุฉ ูˆุดู†ูˆ ุดุฑูˆุท ุงู„ูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจ ููˆูƒู„ ุณุจูˆุช ุนู„ู…ูˆุฏ ูŠู†ุตู†ุน.

_ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุช

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