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IAS - 2025-26
GS Comprehensive Batch
Start :- 17 - March-2025
Prelims 2025 Test Series
Total 30 Test
Main 2025 Test Series
Total 25 Test
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Any Enquiry Call :- 9911335542

Read News of the day 28th Jan-25
Indian Express and The Hindu
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IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR UPSC PRELIMS 2025

Ancient History: Harappan Civilisation, Vedic Civilisation, Mahajanapadas, Mauryan Period, Post-Mauryan and Gupta Period

Medieval History: Post-Gupta Dynasties, Vijayanagara Kingdom, Bhakti Movement, Delhi Sultanate , Mughal Empire

Modern History: Advent of Europeans, Regional Kingdoms, The British—Policy, revenue administration, wars and rebellions, viceroys, constitutional development, economic stress, etc. Indian Renaissance, Famous Personalities: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Lala Lajpat Rai, Subhas Chandra Bose, Dr B R Ambedkar etc. Indian National Congress, Indian Freedom Struggle—leaders, stages, ideologies, etc

Art and Culture: Literature of Vedic Era, Buddhism, Jainism, Sanskrit literature, regional language literature, Medieval Literature, etc, Temple Architecture in India, Mauryan Pillar Inscriptions, Sangam Literature, Cave Architecture and Paintings

Read News of the day 27th Jan-25
Indian Express and The Hindu
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#गणतंत्रदिवस2025 की शुभकामनाएँ! 🇮🇳 आज हम संविधान 📜, एकता और शहीदों को श्रद्धांजलि अर्पित करते हैं। 🙏जिनकी शहादत से ही हम आज़ादी में जी रहे हैं। चलिए, देश की प्रगति 🚀 और शांति के लिए जिम्मेदारी निभाएं! जय हिंद🇮🇳
#RepublicDay2025 #january26 #RepublicDayIndia #RepublicDay

Parakram Diwas being celebrated on the occasion of the 128th Birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose today.

Details:-
• In order to honour and remember Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s indomitable spirit and selfless service to the nation, the Government of India has decided to celebrate his birthday on January 23 every year as 'Parakram Diwas' to inspire people of the country, especially the youth, to act with fortitude in the face of adversity as Netaji did, and to infuse in them a spirit of patriotic fervour.

About the personality
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was born in Cuttack (present-day Odisha) on 23rd January to Janakinath Bose and Prabhavati Dutt.
• He was an active part of the youth wing of Indian National Congress before becoming the Congress President back in 1938.
• After a fallout with top leaders in Congress, Netaji went to Germany in 1941. Netaji used to give inspirational addresses on Free India Radio which he set up with the help of the Germans.
• He was heavily inspired by Swami Vivekananda and his ideals. He believed in religion and followed the teachings of Hinduism.
• However, all religious discriminations and bigotries were completely discarded by the visionary leader.
• He travelled to Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and Imperial Germany when the Second World War broke out in order to find a way through which he could free India from British rule.
• Netaji's demise still remains a mystery. Government records suggest that he died due to third-degree burns he sustained during a plane crash in Taiwan but there have been a number of theories about how Netaji faked his death in order to work secretly.

Read News of the day 23rd Jan-25
Indian Express and The Hindu
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A Decade of Success: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao📒🖊️

🔸Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme, launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 22nd January, 2015, in Panipat, Haryana has completed a decade of implementation

🔸This flagship initiative by the Government of India aims to address the declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR), prevent gender-biased sex-selective elimination, and promote the survival, protection, and education of the girl child

Key Objectives:

🔸Prevent gender-biased sex-selective elimination
🔸Ensure survival, protection, and education for girl child
🔸Improve Sex Ratio at Birth annually by 2 points
🔸Reduce school dropout rates among girls and promote menstrual hygiene awareness

Key Achievements:

🔸Sex Ratio at Birth improved from 918 in 2014-15 to 930 in 2023-24
🔸Gross Enrollment Ratio for girls in secondary education increased from 75.51% in 2014-15 to 78% in 2023-24
🔸Institutional deliveries rose from 61% to 97.3%

5_6091441133961877175.pdf

Upsc 2025 notification

Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura are celebrating their statehood day today. On this day in 1972, all the three states became full-fledged states under the North Eastern Region (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
The princely states of Manipur and Tripura were first merged with India in 1949. They were upgraded as Union Territories in 1956 till the next upgradation as a full-fledged state on January 21, 1972.

Meghalaya, on the other hand, was created as an autonomous state within Assam in 1970 and then carved out as full-fledged state together with Manipur and Tripura on the same day.

Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya were granted full statehood by the North East Reorganisation Act of 1971. Meghalaya was given the status of an autonomous state within Assam, through the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act 1969, according to the sixth schedule of the Indian constitution.

Manipur:
A few days before Independence, the Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession with the Indian government on the assurance that the internal autonomy of Manipur would be maintained. Under the pressure of public opinion, the Maharaja held elections in Manipur in June 1948 and the state became a constitutional monarchy. Thus Manipur was the first part of India to hold an election based on universal adult franchise. The Government of India succeeded in pressuring the Maharaja into signing a Merger Agreement in September 1949.

Tripura:
Tripura was a princely state till the merger with the Indian union on 15th November, 1949. The last king Bir Bikram who was on the throne, immediately before India’s independence, died on 17th May, 1947.
After his demise, his widow queen Kanchan Prabha took the charge of regency of Tripura and took over the administrative charges. She was instrumental for Merger of the Tripura kingdom in the Indian Union.

Meghalaya:
In 1947 the rulers of the Garo and Khasi region acceded to the newly independent country of India. Meghalaya, a small hilly state located in the North Eastern Region of India, came into existence as an autonomous state within the state of Assam on 2 April 1970 comprising the United Khasi and Jaintia Hills and the Garo Hills districts.

Major Change
In 1972, the political map of Northeast India underwent a major change. The two Union Territories of Manipur and Tripura and the Sub-State of Meghalaya got statehood.

https://theprint.in/ground-reports/massive-reservoir-found-at-rakhigarhi-is-giving-us-more-clues-on-saraswati-river/2447317/

Read News of the day 21th Jan-25
Indian Express and The Hindu
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Current Affairs 1-15 Jan-25
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Current Affairs 1-15 Jan-25
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Read News of the day 20th Jan-25
Indian Express and The Hindu
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https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm27zn0vl33o

The Hindu : 18/1/25
1) Inflation matrix : page 6
2) Govt. Plans to make India hub for mobility sector: page 8
3) Lokpal ordered probe in 24 cases : page 9
4) Research questions 'iron deficiency ' as key cause of anaemia in India: page 10
5) Drone survey : page 10

The Indian Express : 18/1/25
1) Day after Trump inaugural : page 1
2) President's at home this R-day will sound : page 1
3) A matter of skills : page 12
4) It's not your BMI : page 12
5) Engaging with Taliban: page 15
6) QS future skill report frames the Indian challenge skill : page 17

Remembering Vikram Sarabhai, Father of India's Space Programme, on his death anniversary

• Remembered as the Father of India’s Space Programme, Vikram Sarabhai was born in Ahmedabad on this day in 1919.
• He attended Gujarat College and then went on to England to do his doctorate at Cambridge.

His works:
• When he returned back to India after earning his doctorate, 28-year-old Vikram founded the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad on November 11, 1947.
• He also established the Indian National Committee for Space Research in 1962, which was later renamed as the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
• He also dreamed of having an Indian satellite in space was realized when the Aryabhata went into orbit in 1975.
• He was also one of the key players in convincing the Indian government of the importance of having a space program.
• Dr Vikram Sarabhai was also the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission.
• He is also responsible for setting up many institutions in India including the Physical Research Laboratory, the Indian Institute of Management, and the Center for Environmental Planning and Technology.
• A crater on the moon was also named after him in his honour in 1973.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chola-era-tamil-inscription-found-near-bengaluru/article69039999.ece

VEDAS [ PART 2]

Historical sources

Each Veda has four parts, the last three of which sometimes blend into each other— the Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka, and Upanishad.

SAMHITA

📍The Rig Veda Samhita is a collection of 1,028 hymns arranged in 10 books.

📍The Sama Veda consists of 1,810 verses, mostly borrowed from the Rig Veda, arranged according to the needs of musical notation.

📍The Yajur Veda deals with the details of the performance of rituals.

📍The Atharva Veda is the latest Veda and contains hymns, but also spells and charms which reflect aspects of popular beliefs and practices.

BRAHMANAS

📍The Brahmanas are prose explanations of the Samhita portions and give details and explanations of sacrificial rituals and their outcome.

ARANAYAKAS

📍 It interpret sacrificial rituals in a symbolic and philosophical way.

UPNISHADS

📍 There are 108 Upanishads, among which 13 are considered the principal ones.

VEDAS [PART - 1]

Historical sources

📍 The word Veda comes from the root vid (literally, ‘to know’) and means ‘knowledge’.

📍 The Vedas have the status of shruti (literally, ‘that which has been heard’).

📍 They are thought to embody an eternal, self-existent truth realized by the rishis (seers) in a state of meditation or revealed to them by the gods.

📍 The category of smriti (literally, ‘remembered’) texts includes the Vedanga, Puranas, epics, Dharmashastra, and Nitishastra.

📍 There are four Vedas—Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva.

Read News of the day 30th Dec-24
Indian Express and The Hindu

Remembering Manmohan Singh | Economic Liberalisation, MGNREGA, RTI Act, Indo-US Nuclear Deal and National Food Security Act — Here are the 5 major reforms spearheaded by Dr. Manmohan Singh

Rest in peace Sir. 🙏

Your unparalleled contributions have significantly impacted Indian society and driven the nation's economic growth.

On his birth anniversary, remembering social reformer Baba Amte

• Today (December 26, 2023) is the birth anniversary of Baba Amte, the social reformer and activist who devoted his life to serving leprosy patients and removing the stigma around the ailment.
• He was the winner of the Padma Vibhushan (1986) and the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1985).
• He established Anandwan in 1949, a leprosy care centre, in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra, where patients were offered care and a self-reliant way of life.

About his life:
• Baba Amte was born Murlidhar Devidas Amte, on December 26, 1914, in Hinganghat, Wardha.
• Called Baba by his parents, Amte was born in luxury — his father was a landowner and British government official.
• He trained as a lawyer and for a while, enjoyed the life of a rich young man, horse-riding, hunting, playing bridge and tennis.
• However, he was soon involved in the freedom struggle, and began working with Mahatma Gandhi.

Details:
• Baba Amte was convinced that leprosy patients could be truly helped only when the society found a cure for what he called ‘Mental Leprosy’ — the stigma and fear associated with the disease.
• Thus was founded Maharogi Sewa Samiti, Warora — or Anandwan — where leprosy patients were provided with medical care and a life of dignity, engaged in agriculte and various small and medium industries.
• Baba Amte’s wife, Sadhanatai Amte, played a crucial role in setting up and running the village.
• To fight the stigma associated with leprosy, Baba Amte injected himself with bacilli from a pateint, to prove the ailment was not highly contagious.
• Baba Amte also involved in other social causes. In 1985, he launched the first Knit India mission for peace — at the age of 72, he walked from Kanyakumari to Kashmir, a distance of more than 3,000 miles, to inspire unity in India.
• He organised a second such march three years later, travelling over 1800 miles from Assam to Gujarat.
• In 1990, he left Anandwan to take part in the Narmada Bachao Andolan, and lived on the banks of the Narmada for seven years.
• Baba Amte passed away on February 9, 2008.

Veer Bal Divas: Tribute to
The two sons of Guru Gobind Singh,
Baba Jorawar Singh(9 years old) and
Baba Fateh Singh (6 years old)
who were bricked alive on 26th December 1705 by the tyrant Mughals for not converting to Islam.

What an exemplary courage !

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/ornaments-found-2-more-harappan-mounds-at-rakhigarhi-now-asi-protected-sites/

Historical book and creator (ऐतिहासिक ग्रन्थ एवं रचनाकार)

Kathasaritsagara = Somdev
कथासरित्सागर = सोमदेव

Brihatkathamanjari = Kshemendra
बृहत्कथामंजरी = क्षेमेन्द्र

Mricchakatikam = Shudrak
मृच्छकटिकम् = शूद्रक

Dashkumarcharit = Dandi
दशकुमारचरित = दण्डी

Arthashastra = Kautilya
अर्थशास्त्र = कौटिल्य

Prithviraj Vijay = Jayanak
पृथ्वीराज विजय = जयानक

Harshacharita = Banabhatta
हर्षचरित = बाणभट्ट

Management Fund = Rajasekhar
प्रबन्ध कोश = राजशेखर

Ramcharit = Hemchandra
रामचरित = हेमचन्द्र

Kumarapalacharita = Jaisingh
कुमारपालचरित = जयसिंह

Dwayashraya Kavya = Hemchandra
द्वयाश्रय काव्य = हेमचन्द्र

Navasahasankach = Padmagupta Rit
नवसाहसांकच = पद्मगुप्त रित

Gaudvaho = eloquence
गौड़वाहो = वाक्पति

Vikramankadev = Bilhan Charit
विक्रमांकदेव = बिल्हण चरित

Prabandhakchinta = Merutunga Mani
प्रबन्धचिन्ता = मेरुतुंग मणि

Vasantvilas = Balchandra
वसंतविलास = बालचन्द्र

Read News of the day 25th Dec-24
Indian Express and The Hindu

Major socio-political changes during the Vedic period

Early Vedic Period (c. 1500-1000 BCE)

Social Organization: Early Vedic society was primarily tribal and pastoral. Family played a central role, and kinship ties were strong. The social hierarchy was relatively simple, with a nascent four-fold varna system (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra) emerging. However, these divisions were not rigid, and social mobility was possible. Women enjoyed a relatively higher status compared to later periods, participating in religious ceremonies and even composing hymns.

Political Organization: The political structure was characterized by small tribal kingdoms or janas. The king (rajan) was the leader, but his power was limited by tribal assemblies like the sabha and samiti. Warfare was primarily cattle raids, and territorial control was not a major concern.

Later Vedic Period (c. 1000-500 BCE)

Social Organization: The later Vedic period saw significant changes in social organization. The four-fold varna system became more rigid, with hereditary occupations and restrictions on inter-varna marriage. The Brahmins (priests) and Kshatriyas (warriors) emerged as the dominant classes, while the Vaishyas (merchants and farmers) and Shudras (laborers) occupied lower positions. The status of women declined, and patriarchal norms became more pronounced. The concept of ashramas (stages of life) also developed during this period.

Political Organization: The later Vedic period witnessed the rise of larger kingdoms and empires. The concept of kingship became more elaborate, with rituals and ceremonies emphasizing the divine nature of the king. Territorial expansion and warfare became more common. The rise of powerful kingdoms like Kuru and Panchala led to the development of complex administrative systems and the codification of laws. The emergence of new religious and philosophical ideas, such as the Upanishads, also influenced the socio-political landscape.

Key Changes and Trends

Shift from Pastoralism to Agriculture: The increasing importance of agriculture led to settled life and the development of villages and towns.

Rise of Urban Centers: The growth of trade and commerce contributed to the emergence of urban centers, which became centers of political and economic power.

Development of Varna System: The varna system became more rigid and hierarchical, leading to social stratification and inequality.

Consolidation of Kingship: Kingship evolved from a tribal leadership role to a more powerful and centralized institution.

Emergence of New Religious and Philosophical Ideas: The Upanishads and other philosophical texts challenged the existing Brahmanical rituals and emphasized the importance of inner knowledge and self-realization. These ideas had a profound impact on social and religious life.

Sankirtana

✅Kirtana singing is said to have arrived in Manipur in the fifteenth century during the reign of Bengal's King Kiyamba (1467-1508).

✅This devotional form quickly emerged as a distinct cultural form within Manipur's Vaishnavite community.

✅The first kirtana was said to have been performed at Lord Vishnu's small temple in the village of Vishnupur.

✅Sankirtana is a collection of arts done by the Vaishnava people of the Manipur plains to commemorate religious festivals and stages in their lives.

✅Sankirtana traditions revolve around the temple, where singers and dancers describe Lord Krishna's life and actions via songs and dance.

✅Cymbals and drums are the most commonly used musical instruments.

✅The dignity and flow of artistic and holy energy are unrivaled, driving audience members to tears and causing them to kneel themselves in front of the artists on many occasions.

✅In 2013, it was included in UNESCO's Representative List of Humanity's Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Gotipua

✅It is a traditional dance form in the state of Odisha, India, and the precursor of Odissi classical dance.

✅It has been performed in Orissa for centuries by young boys, who dress as women to praise Jagannath and Krishna.
It is popularly known as Bandha Nritya.

✅The dance is executed by a group of boys who perform acrobatic figures inspired by the life of Radha and Krishna.

✅The boys begin to learn the dance at an early age until adolescence when their androgynous appearance changes.

✅In the Odia language, Gotipua means "single boy".
Raghurajpur, Odisha (near Puri) is a historic village known for its Gotipua dance troupes.

✅The dance of the Gotipuas is accompanied by traditional Odissi music with the primary percussion being the Mardala(Percussive Instrument).

Read News of the day 24th Dec-24
Indian Express and The Hindu

Kisan Diwas: Celebrating the Hands That Feed the Nation .Today, we honor our farmers - the backbone of India - who toil to ensure food security for all.
Kisan Diwas or National Farmers’ Day is celebrated across the nation on December 23 to commemorate the birth anniversary of the fifth Prime Minister of India, Chaudhary Charan Singh. He held the post between 1979 and 1980.
The decision was taken by the government in 2001 to recognise Chaudhary Charan Singh’s contribution to the upliftment of farmers, and the development of the agriculture sector. He brought some of the most remarkable reforms in the agrarian sector and is titled by many historians as the ‘Champion of India’s Peasants.’

About Chaudhary Charan Singh
Chaudhary Charan Singh was the brains behind the land reforms that changed the face of agriculture in the biggest agrarian state of the country for good. Among his works for the agricultural sectors was the notable Debt Redemption Bill 1939, which brought showers of relief to farmers who were indebted to money-lenders. It also reflected positively on the number of suicides committed by farmers.

Another transforming bill designed by Charan Singh was the Land Holding Act of 1960, which came into force while he was the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. The law ensured uniformity in the state by capping the landholdings of an individual. He also worked for the Zamindari Abolition Act of 1950 while he was the Agricultural Minister of the state.

Discover how government initiatives are transforming agriculture, empowering farmers and paving the way for innovation and sustainability:

🌾 Boosting Livelihoods with schemes like PM-KISAN, AgriSURE and PM-AASHA
🌾 Driving Digital Innovation through the Digital Agriculture Mission and Krishi DSS initiatives
🌾 Promoting Sustainability via PM-RKVY, KY, National Mission on Natural Farming and Clean Plant Programs
🌾 Safeguarding Against Calamities with PM Fasal Bima Yojana and AI-driven National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS)

देहरादून में भारत वन स्थिति रिपोर्ट (ISFR) 2023 लॉन्च की।

✓भारत का वन एवं वृक्ष आवरण 8,27,357 वर्ग किमी है, जो देश के भौगोलिक क्षेत्र का 25.17% है, जिसमें

• 7,15,343 वर्ग किमी (21.76%) वन आवरण,
• 1,12,014 वर्ग किमी (3.41%) वृक्ष आवरण है।

✓2021 के शेप-फाइल आधारित आकलन की तुलना में वन एवं वृक्ष आवरण में 1,445 वर्ग किमी की वृद्धि हुई है, जिसमें वन आवरण में 156 वर्ग किमी तथा वृक्ष आवरण में 1289 वर्ग किमी की वृद्धि शामिल है।

✓वन एवं वृक्ष आवरण में अधिकतम वृद्धि दर्शाने वाले शीर्ष चार राज्य क्रमशः-

1.छत्तीसगढ़ (684 वर्ग किमी),
2.उत्तर प्रदेश (559 वर्ग किमी),
3.ओडिशा (559 वर्ग किमी),
4.राजस्थान (394 वर्ग किमी)

✓वन क्षेत्र में अधिकतम वृद्धि दिखाने वाले शीर्ष तीन राज्य क्रमशः-

1.मिजोरम (242 वर्ग किमी),
2.गुजरात (180 वर्ग किमी),
3.ओडिशा (152 वर्ग किमी)

The reasons behind the extensive damage inflicted by low-intensity Cyclone Fengal

What is Article 32?
⚫️It is one of the fundamental rights listed in the Constitution that each citizen is entitled. Article 32 deals with the ‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’, or affirms the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred in Part III of the Constitution.

⚫️It states that the Supreme Court “shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part”. The right guaranteed by this Article “shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution”.

⚫️The Article is included in Part III of the Constitution with other fundamental rights including to Equality, Freedom of Speech and Expression, Life and Personal Liberty, and Freedom of Religion. Only if any of these fundamental rights is violated can a person can approach the Supreme Court directly under Article 32.

⚫️During the Constituent Assembly debates in December 1948, a discussion on this fundamental right (in the draft, it is referred to as Article 25), Dr B R Ambedkar had said, “If I was asked to name any particular Article in this Constitution as the most important — an Article without which this Constitution would be a nullity — I could not refer to any other Article except this one. It is the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it…” He said the rights invested with the Supreme Court through this Article could not be taken away unless the Constitution itself is amended and hence it was “one of the greatest safeguards that can be provided for the safety and security of the individual”.

♦️Can High Courts be approached in cases of violation of fundamental rights?

⚫️Both the High Courts and the Supreme Court can be approached for violation or enactment of fundamental rights through five kinds of writs:

1️⃣Habeas corpus (related to personal liberty in cases of illegal detentions and wrongful arrests)

2️⃣Mandamus — directing public officials, governments, courts to perform a statutory duty;

3️⃣Quo warranto — to show by what warrant is a person holding public office;

4️⃣Prohibition — directing judicial or quasi-judicial authorities to stop proceedings which it has no jurisdiction for; and

5️⃣Certiorari — re-examination of an order given by judicial, quasi-judicial or administrative authorities.

🔵In civil or criminal matters, the first remedy available to an aggrieved person is that of trial courts, followed by an appeal in the High Court and then the Supreme Court. When it comes to violation of fundamental rights, an individual can approach the High Court under Article 226 or the Supreme Court directly under Article 32. Article 226, however, is not a fundamental right like Article 32.

All India Prelims Test Series 2025
Total Test 30 (GS-22, CSAT-8)
Start on :- 8th Dec-2024 (Online/Offline)
Any Enquiry Call :- 9911335542

Indian Armed Forces Flag Day is a day to honor and remember the sacrifices of the Indian Armed Forces personnel who protect our country's sovereignty and integrity. The day serves as a reminder to the citizens of India to contribute to the welfare of the armed forces personnel, who work tirelessly to safeguard the nation's borders.

7th Dec-24 Indian Express and The Hindu ‐ Read News of the day
PDF Join :- https://t.me/samkalpofficial

🔲 भारतीय संविधान के महत्त्वपूर्ण संशोधन 🔲

✅पहला संशोधन (1951) — इस संशोधन द्वारा नौवीं अनुसूची को शामिल किया गया।

✅दूसरा संशोधन (1952) — संसद में राज्यों के प्रतिनिधित्व को निर्धारित किया गया।

✅सातवां संशोधन (1956) — इस संशोधन द्वारा राज्यों का अ, ब, स और द वर्गों में विभाजन समाप्त कर उन्हें 14 राज्यों और 6 केंद्रशासित क्षेत्रों में विभक्त कर दिया गया।

✅दसवां संशोधन (1961) — दादरा और नगर हवेली को भारतीय संघ में शामिल कर उन्हें संघीय क्षेत्र की स्थिति प्रदान की गई।

✅12वां संशोधन (1962) — गोवा, दमन और दीव का भारतीय संघ में एकीकरण किया गया।

✅13वां संशोधन (1962) — संविधान में एक नया अनुच्छेद 371 (अ) जोड़ा गया, जिसमें नागालैंड के प्रशासन के लिए कुछ विशेष प्रावधान किए गए। 1दिसंबर, 1963 को नागालैंड को एक राज्य की स्थिति प्रदान कर दी गई।

✅14वां संशोधन (1963) — पांडिचेरी को संघ राज्य क्षेत्र के रूप में प्रथम अनुसूची में जोड़ा गया तथा इन संघ राज्य क्षेत्रों (हिमाचल प्रदेश, गोवा, दमन और दीव, पांडिचेरी और मणिपुर) में विधानसभाओं की स्थापना की व्यवस्था की गई।

✅21वां संशोधन (1967) — आठवीं अनुसूची में ‘सिंधी’ भाषा को जोड़ा गया।

✅22वां संशोधन (1968) — संसद को मेघालय को एक स्वतंत्र राज्य के रूप में स्थापित करने तथा उसके लिए विधानमंडल और मंत्रिपरिषद का उपबंध करने की शक्ति प्रदान की गई।

✅24वां संशोधन (1971) — संसद को मौलिक अधिकारों सहित संविधान के किसी भी भाग में संशोधन का अधिकार दिया गया।

✅27वां संशोधन (1971) — उत्तरी-पूर्वी क्षेत्र के पाँच राज्यों तत्कालीन असम, नागालैंड, मेघालय, मणिपुर व त्रिपुरा तथा दो संघीय क्षेत्रों मिजोरम और अरुणालच प्रदेश का गठन किया गया तथा इनमें समन्वय और सहयोग के लिए एक ‘पूर्वोत्तर सीमांत परिषद्’ की स्थापना की गई।

✅31वां संशोधन (1974) — लोकसभा की अधिकतम सदंस्य संख्या 545 निश्चित की गई। इनमें से 543 निर्वाचित व 2 राष्ट्रपति द्वारा मनोनीत होंगे।

✅36वां संशोधन (1975) — सिक्किम को भारतीय संघ में 22वें राज्य के रूप में प्रवेश दिया गया।

✅37वां संशोधन (1975) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश में व्यवस्थापिका तथा मंत्रिपरिषद् की स्थापना की गई।
✅42वां संशोधन (1976) — इसे ‘लघु संविधान’ (Mini Constitution) की संज्ञा प्रदान की गई है।

🔲— इसके द्वारा संविधान की प्रस्तावना में ‘धर्मनिरपेक्ष’, ‘समाजवादी’ और ‘अखंडता’ शब्द जोड़े गए।
🔲— इसके द्वारा अधिकारों के साथ-साथ कर्तव्यों की व्यवस्था करते हुए नागरिकों के 10 मूल कर्त्तव्य निश्चित किए गए।
🔲— लोकसभा तथा विधानसभाओं के कार्यकाल में एक वर्ष की वृद्धि की गई।
🔲— नीति-निर्देशक तत्वों में कुछ नवीन तत्व जोड़े गए।
🔲— इसके द्वारा शिक्षा, नाप-तौल, वन और जंगली जानवर तथा पक्षियों की रक्षा, ये विषय राज्य सूची से निकालकर समवर्ती सूची में रख दिए गए।
🔲— यह व्यवस्था की गई कि अनुच्छेद 352 के अन्तर्गत आपातकाल संपूर्ण देश में लागू किया जा सकता है या देश के किसी एक या कुछ भागों के लिए।
🔲— संसद द्वारा किए गए संविधान संशोधन को न्यायालय में चुनौती देने से वर्जित कर दिया गया।
✅44वां संशोधन (1978) — संपत्ति के मूलाधिकार को समाप्त करके इसे विधिक अधिकार बना दिया गया।
🔲— लोकसभा तथा राज्य विधानसभाओं की अवधि पुनः 5 वर्ष कर दी गई।
🔲— राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री और लोकसभा अध्यक्ष्ज्ञ के चुनाव विवादों की सुनवाई का अधिकार पुनः सर्वोच्च तथा उच्च न्यायालय को ही दे दिया गया।
🔲— मंत्रिमंडल द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श दिया जाएगा, राष्ट्रपति मंत्रिमंडल को उस पर दोबारा विचार करने लिए कह सकेंगे लेकिन पुनर्विचार के बाद मंत्रिमंडल राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श देगा, राष्ट्रपति उस परामर्श को अनिवार्यतः स्वीकार करेंगे।
🔲— ‘व्यक्ति के जीवन और स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार’ को शासन के द्वारा आपातकाल में भी स्थगित या सीमित नहीं किया जा सकता, आदि।
✅52वां संशोधन (1985) — इस संशोधन द्वारा संविधान में दसवीं अनुसूची जोड़ी गई। इसके द्वारा राजनीतिक दल-बदल पर कानूनी रोक लगाने की चेष्टा की गई है।
✅55वां संशोधन (1986) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश को भारतीय संघ के अन्तर्गत राज्य की दर्जा प्रदान की गई।
✅56वां संशोधन (1987) — इसमें गोवा को पूर्ण राज्य का दर्जा देने तथा ‘दमन व दीव’ को नया संघीय क्षेत्र बनाने की व्यवस्था है।
✅61वां संशोधन (1989) — मताधिकार के लिए न्यूनतम आवश्यक आयु 21 वर्ष से घटाकर 18 वर्ष कर दी गई।
✅65वां संशोधन (1990) — ‘अनुसूचित जाति तथा जनजाति आयोग’ के गठन की व्यवस्था की गई।
✅69वां संशोधन (1991) — दिल्ली का नाम ‘राष्ट्रीय राजधानी राज्य क्षेत्र दिल्ली’ किया गया तथा इसके लिए 70 सदस्यीय विधानसभा तथा 7 सदस्यीय मंत्रिमंडल के गठन का प्रावधान किया गया।

India observes December 6 as Mahaparinirvan Divas to mark the death anniversary of Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who fought for economic and social empowerment of Dalits in the country.
🔹Fondly remembered as Babasaheb, he was also among the seven members of the “drafting committee” who prepared a draft of the Constitution of the independent India.
Major works
- He is responsible for curtailing the working hours from 14 hours every day to 8 hours. He brought this in the 7th session of Indian Labor Conference in New Delhi in 1942.
- He was the first Minister of Law and Justice.
- Dr B R Ambedkar is known as the 'Father of Indian Constitution' as he was the chief architect of the Constitution of India.
- Dr B R Ambedkar is one of the major pillars behind abolition of untouchability in India.
- He organised various protests and launched active movements with an objective of upliftment of the untouchables.
- Dr B R Ambedkar established the Finance Commission of India.
- Moreover, he was a professional economist until 1927. The Reserve Bank of India was also conceptualised with his guidelines and ideas in mind.
- He wrote an autobiography called Waiting for a Visa, which was written between 1935 to 1936.
- The original source of reference for all the 13 Finance Commission reports, in a way, are based on Dr Ambedkar's PhD thesis, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India".

After 34 years of his death, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna Award, which is the highest civilian award in India.

Few interesting facts about independent India’s first law and justice minister:
• Dr B R Ambedkar’s birthplace in Madhya Pradesh was Mhow, a small cantonment in the Indore district. However, the town was renamed as Dr. Ambedkar Nagar in 2003 by an initiative of the Government of Madhya Pradesh.
• He has received a number of awards and recognitions including 1956’s Bodhisattva, Bharat Ratna in 1990, First Colombian Ahead of Their Time Award in 2004 and The Greatest Indian in 2012.
• Dr Ambedkar was the 14th and last child to his parents. While his original surname was Ambawadekar, his teacher Mahadev Ambedkar gave him ‘Ambedkar’ surname during school.
• While the Indian flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya, it was Dr Ambedkar who is credited for placing the Ashok Chakra in the middle of the tricolour.
• Not just economics, but he was a master in 64 subjects and knew nine languages.
• He could speak Hindi, Pali, Sanskrit, English, French, German, Marathi, Persian, and Gujarati.
• He is rightly recognised as the modern Buddha of his age. This title was given to him by Mahant Veer Chandramani, the great Buddhist monk who initiated Babasaheb to Buddhism.

Organisations/Institutions established by B R Ambedkar were-
1. People’s Education Society- Considering the importance of education in the liberation of Dalits, Dr. Ambedkar founded the People’s Education Society at Bombay on 8th July 1945.
2. Samata Sainik Dal- It is a social organisation founded by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on 25 November 1926 with the objective of safeguarding the rights of all oppressed sections of Indian society.
3. Scheduled Castes Federation (SCF) – It was an organisation in India founded by B. R. Ambedkar in 1942 to campaign for the rights of the Dalit community.
4. Depressed classes education society- It was established by Dr. Ambedkar on 14th June 1928 to spread education amongst untouchables.
5. Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha- It was a central institution formed by B.R. Ambedkar for removing difficulties of the untouchables and placing their grievances before government.
6. Independent Labour Party (ILP)- It was an Indian political organisation formed under the leadership of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 15 August 1936 against the Brahmanical and capitalist structures in the society. ILP argued for Indian labour class while also stressing on the nature of caste structures and need for its annihilation.
🔹The formation of ILP was not welcomed or supported by the communist leaders arguing that this will lead to a split in the

working-class votes. Ambedkar replied that communist leaders were working for the rights for the worker but not for the human rights of Dalit workers. In his work Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar put forth the idea that caste is not merely the 'division of labour' but 'division of labourers' based upon graded inequality.

World Soil Day 2024 : 5th December

Theme: Caring for Soils: Measure, Monitor, Manage

Soil is the foundation of agriculture, playing a critical role in supporting ecosystems and enhancing farmers livelihoods. Let’s unite to protect the foundation of life – our soils!

Aim:
- It puts attention on the importance of healthy soil and advocates for the sustainable management of soil resources.
- The day raises awareness about the need of managing soil resources in an eco-friendly manner.
- It encourages people to make efforts for the improvement of soil health.

History
- World Soil Day was recommended by the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) as an initiative in 2002.
- The day was founded under the leadership of the Kingdom of Thailand and within the framework of the Global Soil Partnership.
- The Food and Agricultural Organization advocated the formal establishment of WSD as a global awareness-raising platform.
- The FAO Conference unanimously endorsed World Soil Day in June 2013 and requested its formalisation at the 68th UN General Assembly.
- In December 2013, the UN General Assembly responded and announced 5 December 2014 as the first official World Soil Day.

Facts
According to the report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) of at a Global level:
- About 190 million acres are lost per year.
- 150 million acres are damaged.
- 5 billion acres are affected by salinity.

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Analysis of G-20 Summit, Brazil 2024

🔆First Buddhist Council🔆

Venue: In Sattaparnaguha Cave situated outside Rajgriha (the modern city of Rajgir).

Year: 486 BC.

King: Ajatasatru, son of King Bimbisara (Haryanka Dynasty).

Presiding Priest: Venerable Maha Kasyapa with 500 monks.

🔅Took place 3 months after the Buddha’s Passing.

🔅The First Buddhist Council collected together and arranged the Buddhist Scriptures known as the Pali Tipitaka.

Resulted in:

Vinaya Pitaka which mainly contains the rules of Buddhist order. This was recited by Upali.

Suttapitaka was recited by Ananda. It contains the great collections of Buddha’s sermons on matters of doctrine and ethical beliefs.

🔆Second Buddhist Council🔆

Venue: Vaishali.

Year: 386 BC

King: Kalasoka (Shisunaga Dynasty).

Presiding Priest: Sabakami.

🔅Took place 100 years after the Buddha’s passing.

🔅In order to settle a serious dispute on Vinaya.

🔅The dispute arose over the ‘Ten Points.’

🔅This is a reference to claims of some monks breaking ten rules, some of which were considered major.

🔅The specific ten points were:

1. Storing salt in a horn.

2. Eating after midday.

3. Eating once and then going again to a village for alms.

4. Holding the Uposatha Ceremony with monks dwelling in the same locality.

5. Carrying out official acts when the assembly was incomplete.

6. Following a certain practice because it was done by one’s tutor or teacher.

7. Eating sour milk after one had his midday meal.

8. Consuming strong drink before it had been fermented.

9. Using a rug which was not the proper size.

10. Using gold and silver.

🔅The key issue was the use of ‘gold and silver’, which is an Indic idiom that includes any kind of money.

Resulted in:

🔅Split of the Buddhist order into Sthaviravadinis (Theravada) and Mahasanghikas. Split was over small points of monastic discipline.

🔅The Second Buddhist Council made the unanimous decision not to relax any of the rules, and censured the behavior of the monks who were accused of violating the ten points.

🔆Third Buddhist Council🔆

Venue: Pataliputra (today’s Patna).

Year: 250 BC.

King: Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty).

Presiding priest: Mogaliputta Tissa (Upagupta).

🔅Its objective was to reconcile the different schools of Buddhism and to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions which had been attracted by the royal patronage.

🔅The responses to doctrinal questions and disputes formulated at the Third Council were recorded by Moggaliputta Tissa in the Kathavatthu, one of the books of the Abhidhamma Pitaka.

Resulted in:

🔅Made Sthaviravada School as an orthodox school – believed that the past, present, and future are all simultaneous. They may have contributed some formative influence to Mahayana.

🔅Codification of Abhidhamma pitaka, dealing with Buddhist philosophy written in Pali.

🔆Fourth Buddhist Council🔆

Venue: Kundalavana, Kashmir.

Year: 72 AD

King: Kanishka (Kushan Dynasty) ,was a patron of Buddhism and was instrumental in spreading the religion in north-western borders of India.

Presiding Priest: Vasumitra; deputed by Asvaghosha.

🔅The fourth Buddhist Council had to deal with a serious conflict between the Sarvasthivada teachers of Kashmir and Gandhara.

Resulted in:

🔅Sarvasthivada doctrines were organized into three large commentaries on the Pitakas.

🔅Final division of Buddhism into Mahayana & Hinayana sects.

Note: The Theravada Buddhist council in 1871 and Theravada Buddhist council in 1954 are known as Fifth and Sixth Buddhist Councils respectively.

Chausath Yogini Temple, Morena:
A Testimony of Ancient Scientific Achievements!

The Chausath Yogini Temple is a 11th century CE Shiva Temple in Mitaoli village, near Padaoli in Morena district (Madhya Pradesh, India). It was built by king Devapala (reign. 1055-1075 CE) of Kachchhapaghatas dynasty of Gwalior.

The temple is located on a hill which is about 100 feet (30 m) in height. It is externally circular in shape with a radius of 170 feet (52 m). Within its interior part it has 64 small chambers, thus the name "Chausath" (64).

Within the main central shrine there are slab coverings which have perforations in them to drain rainwater to a large underground storage. The pipe lines from the roof lead the rain water to the storage are also visible

According to an inscription found from there dated to 1323 CE, the temple was a venue of providing education in astrology and mathematics based on the transit of the Sun.

The temple is situated on a highly earthquake prone area. But, due to its unique circular architecture style, it was able to withstand earthquakes for many centuries. However, it still suffered destruction from wars & invasions.

Some historians & archeologists believe that this temple became the inspiration for the Parliament House (Sansad Bhavan) of India, though other tell that Parliament is completely a European-styled construction.

World Philosophy Day, a day that answers several questions within us that seem unearthly and the solutions that appear unattainable, is celebrated annually on the 3rd Thursday of November every year.

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The China emissions paradox

Universal Children's Day, also known as World Children's Day, is a United Nations holiday commemorated on November 20 every year. It celebrates the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted on this day in 1959. It raises awareness about issues that affect children, and promotes the importance of children's welfare around the world.

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Asia's largest open-air trade fair, Bali Jatra started today to celebrate Odisha's ancient sea-trading history. This year's fair opens on the full moon day of Kartika and will run until 22nd November.

The International Day for Tolerance was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1995 to mark the 50th anniversary of UNESCO.

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Nanak is said to have traveled throughout Asia spreading the message of it Onkar (, 'one God,' who dwells in all of his creations and is the eternal Truth. With this concept, he intended to establish a distinct spiritual, social, and political platform based on equality, fraternal love, goodness, and virtue.

Guru Nanak is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus and the founder of Sikhism. Nanak was also a social reformer and Nirguna Bhakti saint.

Guru Nanak (1469-1539)
Guru Nanak, the founder and first Guru of Sikhism, was born in the village Talwandi in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent in the year 1469. In modern- day Pakistan, the village of Nankana Sahib is located near the city of Lahore. Guru Nanak's birth is commemorated by Sikhs all over the world on the Pooran- mashi (full moon) day in the Lunar month of Katak (October-November), which varies from year to year.He was a proponent of Nirguna School and was inspired by Kabir Das.

He emphasized "Nam Japna," or repeating God's name in order to sense his presence. It is important to stress, however, that Sikhism is not a continuation of the Bhakti movement. He also chastised discriminatory caste systems and called for all people to be treated equallyEveryone was welcome to come and eat in the community kitchens (langars), regardless of their caste or creed.

Guru Granth Sahib, the renowned Sikh text, contains his teachings. He taught about God's unity and fiercel condemned idol worship, pilgrimages, and other formal religious observances.
He called for a medium road in which a spiritual life could coexist with domestic responsibilities. One of his famous quotes was, "Abide pure amidst the impurities of the world."

He intended to blur the lines between Hindus and Muslims in order to foster a climate of peace, friendliness, and reciprocal giving and taking. Guru Nanak was venerated by both Hindus and Muslims throughout his lifetime on Earth, and many people outside of the Sikh faith still hold him in high regard today.

Teachings
Teachings of Guru Nanak
Nanak's teachings are documented as a collection of verses in Gurmukhi in the Sikh book Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Nanak and subsequent Sikh Gurus emphasized bhakti (love, "devotion,' or worship,' and taught that spiritual and secular life are inextricably linked.The everyday world is part of an infinite reality in the eyes of the Sikhs, and enhanced spiritual awareness leads to increased and lively engagement in the daily world.

Guru Nanak Dev ji established and formalized Sikhism's three pillars:
Naam Japna - Guru Nanak taught the Sikhs how to meditate on God through recitation, chanting, singing, and persistent memory, as well as thorough study and grasp of God's Name and attributes.

To practice and tread the road of Dharam (righteousness) in actual life. The Sikh's inner thinking is always immersed in praises and appreciation of the Creator and the One eternal god, Waheguru.

Kirat Karni - He intended Sikhs to live honorably as homeowners and to practice Kirat Karni, which means earning honestly through physical and mental work while accepting both pains and pleasures as God's gifts and blessings. One must always be genuine and fear none but the Eternal Super Soul. Live a life based on decency and guided by lofty spiritual, moral, and social ideals while immersed in Dharam.

Vand Chakna - Vand Chakna Sikhs were encouraged to share their wealth throughout the community by practicing "Share and Consume together."
The Sadh Sangat, or community, is an important aspect of Sikhism. One must be a part of a community that lives by the faultless objective values established by the Sikh Gurus, and every Sikh must contribute to the common community pool in whatever way they can. Guru Nanak's key message is one of sharing and giving.

May Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s teachings inspire us all to live with compassion, kindness, and humility. Wishing everyone a blessed Guru Nanak Jayanti!

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All India Prelims Test Series 2025
Total Test 30 (GS-22, CSAT-8)
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Ashoka Scripts

• The last ruler of Nanda dynasty was defeated by Chandra Gupta mourya, and he started Mouryan dynasty in 321B.C. Mouryan information  comes from two sources 1) Epigraphical sources 2) Literary sources.

• Epigraphical sources: Asokan inscriptions  were called as Royal edicts. Ancient inscriptions were either eulogy or land charter but Asokan inscriptions neither eulogy nor land charter, they were royal orders ( Instructions to the people). Asokan  181 edicts in 47 places.

• Out of 47 places 44 places Asoka used brahmi script of Prakrit language, 2 places kharosthi script of Prakrit, and 1 inscriptions at Khandhahar ( Afghanistan), which is unique, written in two languages with their own scripts.( Greek and aramic).

• Totally he used 3 languages and 4 scripts, and in 1837 James princeps who successfully deciphered the brahmi script. Asoka actual name mentioned in the Musky, udegolam, Nittur ( Karnataka), Gujjara(M.P.) inscriptions. Remaining all inscriptions he mentioned as "Devanam priya priyadarshi laja Magadha".

• Asokan  Edicts Are three types 1) Rock edicts 2) Pillar edicts 3) Cave edicts. Once again Rock edicts Divided into major rock edicts and minor rock edicts. Totally we have 14 major rock edicts in 8 places.
1) yerragudi (A.P) 
2) Sopara ( M.R).                      
3)Girner (GJ),
4) Kalsi( Dehradun),
5) Dhauli,
6) Jaughada (Orissa), 
7) Manshera, Shahbajgir (Pakistan).
The content of these  inscriptions are Administration, kalingawar, Dhamma and welfare measures.

National Education Day being observed today

Today is National Education Day.
• The day is observed on 11th November every year to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
• He was a scholar, freedom fighter, promoter of basic education, education of the poor and girls, adult literacy, universal primary education, free and compulsory education and diversification of secondary education and vocational training.
• He was the first Education Minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958.
• He was an ardent opponent of of two nation theory.
• He was the one who provided solace and courage to Indian Muslims to stay in the country, in the post-independent tribulent era.

Samkalp IAS is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting.

*Topic: Indian Knowledge Systems- A Perspective of Quintessential Bharat*
Time: Nov 9, 2024 11:30 AM India

*Key Features*
✅ Integration of Spiritual and Practical Knowledge
✅ Holistic Approach Emphasizing Interconnectedness
✅ Traditional Gurukul System and Character-Based Education
✅ Ethical Living and Dharma

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SAMKALP GURUKUL SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMME 2024-25
(Free Coaching, Boarding, and Lodging for Civil Services Exam Preparation) Samkalp Gurukul is a project run by Jan Kalyan Shiksha Samittee (JKSS)- a non-profit society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

 • Samkalp has a team of former civil servants, academicians, and social workers of eminence who devote their valuable time to guide and interact with these civil services aspirants.

 • Till date, about 9000 civil servants have successfully qualified the UPSC after benefitting from the various programs and courses run by the Samkalp.

 • Under our program “SAMKALP GURUKUL” we provide free coaching ONLY FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION, to meritorious and deserving students hailing from an Economically Weaker Section for one year.

The eligibility criteria for the SAMKALP GURUKUL PROGRAM is as given below:

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 • Candidate must be (minimum) graduate or will qualify graduation by May 2025.

 • Has obtained 90 percent marks in class 12th(CBSE) or 80 percent (state boards) and 75 percent in graduation.

 • An online Entrance test will be conducted for outside Delhi NCR students and an offline test will be conducted for Delhi NCR students on 24th Nov 2024 which will consist of 100 MCQ Question and One Essay. Those who will be qualifying Phase I will be called for an interview and then final list of candidates will be and scholarship will be displayed on our website.

 • Those students who will be selected their Classes will be commencing from the 1st week of December itself.

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Bipin Chandra Pal, the great nationalist & social reformer, is today most famous as one-third of the famous radical trio of Lal-Bal-Pal — also comprising Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar.

Highlights of his Life
* He was a member of the Congress Party who advocated for the welfare of the society
* He gave lectures and wrote in various publications in English and Bengali to raise awareness about the nationalist movement. The 'Bengal Tiger' was considered as one of the most independent and outspoken thinkers.
* In the wake of the Bengal partition, a journal he had founded earlier, New India, took a fresh turn as a political chronicle meant to create social awareness
* The division of the people along communal lines deeply shook him, which gave birth to the Swadeshi Movement
* He popularised the concept of Swadeshi and Swaraj through his writings and speaking tour
* He emphasised on the use of Indian goods and believed that the boycott of foreign goods would help in eradicating poverty and unemployment
* He was a brilliant orator and writer. He was also a journalist who used this platform to spread his message of patriotism and nationalism. He edited the journals ‘The Democrat’ and ‘The Independent’. He also started many newspapers and magazines such as ‘Paridarsak’, ‘Bande Mataram’, ‘New India’ and ‘Swaraj’.
* He set an example in his personal life as well. After his first wife passed away, he married a widow and joined Brahmo Samaj & condemned the caste system and was a promoter of gender equality.

The first Indian Scientist to win the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physics, Sir C.V. Raman is an exemplary figure who inspires generations to dedicate themselves to science.

Sir CV Raman was a renowned Indian physicist who discovered the Raman effect, the day of discovery of which, is also dedicated as National Science Day.

Early Life
- Sir CV Raman had topped the undergraduate degree examination at the University of Madras with honours in Physics at the age of 16.
- Five years later, in 1907, Sir Raman got his MSc degree from the University of Madras with the highest distinctions.

Contribution & Work
- Sir CV Raman started his experiments for studying how light is scattered; and thus came the Raman Spectroscopy for observing the vibrational, rotational and other low-frequency modes in a system.
- He also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments.
- In 1932 he along with one of his students discovered that photons of light exhibit angular momentum.
- In 1933, he became the first Indian Director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISC) in Bangalore.
- He was the institute’s director till 1937 and the Head of the Physics Department till 1948.
- In 1948, he founded the Raman Research Institute (RRI) in Bangalore for conducting experiments in Physics.
- He continued to do research at RRI till he breathed his last in 1970.

Honorary Achievements
- Sir CV Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him- Raman Effect.
- In 1954, Sir CV Raman received the highest civilian award- the Bharat Ratna.

International Snow Leopard Day was initiated by the countries that encompass the snow leopard range.

On October 23, 2013 they signed Bishkek Declaration on conservation of snow leopards. The first International Snow Leopard Day was then marked on October 23, 2014.

The main goal is to raise awareness on the importance of snow leopard conservation, consolidate effort of environmental organization in the countries of the snow leopard range , and emphasize the importance of taking measure to prevent poaching.

The aim is to show the importance of snow leopard conservation and raise awareness about this incredible animal. The day also emphasizes the importance of taking measures to stop poaching, as well as consolidating efforts in terms of an environmental organization in the countries of the snow leopard range.

Snow Leopards are captivating and powerful animals distributed sparsely across 12 different countries in Central Asia. They tend to be found in rugged, high mountain landscapes, at elevations between 3,000 and 4,500m.

The first Snow Leopard Day occurred on the 23rd of October in 2014. The day was initiated by the countries that encompass the snow leopard’s range- Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, India, China, Bhutan, and Afganistan. On the 23rd of October, in 2013, these countries signed the Bishkek Declaration for the conservation of the snow leopard.

Snow Leopard is in the list of 21 critically endangered species for the recovery programme of the Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change. Snow Leopard conservation breeding programme is undertaken at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling, West Bengal. This project is now operational in four snow leopard range states, namely, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim.

Project Snow Leopard was launched in 2009 to promote an inclusive and participatory approach to conserve snow leopards and their habitat. In 2019, First National Protocol was also launched on Snow Leopard Population Assessment which has been very useful for monitoring populations.

current topics 5.pdf

Recently designated as a 'classical language', Prakrit in ancient Bharat served as the key language of common people & religions like Buddhism and Jainism.

Here's everything you need to know about it

Air Quality Index:—
An air quality index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects.
The National Air Quality Index (AQI) was launched in New Delhi on 17 September 2014 under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. It is outlined as ‘One Number- One Colour-One Description’ for the common man to judge the air quality within his/her vicinity.

While the earlier measuring index was limited to three indicators, the current measurement index had been made quite comprehensive by the addition of five additional indicators (now total8 parameters ).

In IIT Kanpur and the Expert Group recommended an AQI scheme in 2014.
There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe.
AQI - consider eight pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hourly averaging period) .The AQI values and corresponding ambient concentrations (health breakpoints) as well as associated likely health impacts for the identified eight pollutants are as follows:

Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP):
Background:
• Until 2016, different states had different ways of categorising their levels of pollution.
• Since pollution is a problem with no boundaries and has to be tackled jointly by the neighboring states, the categorization requires uniformity.
• Thus, based on the Supreme Court’s order in 2016, the CPCB and Supreme Court appointed Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority or EPCA framed a graded response action plan to measure and suggest measures to tackle air pollution.

The Plan:
• The CPCB prepared a Graded Response Action Plan for implementation under different Air Quality Index (AQI) categories namely, Moderate to Poor, Very Poor, Severe and Severe+ (or Emergency) as per National Air Quality Index.
• From that date, each category will automatically be enforced, depending on the air quality.
‘Moderate to ‘poor’ category includes measures like stringent enforcement of PUC checks, prevention of waste burning and regulating polluting industries
The ‘very poor’ category’ includes measures like shutting down of diesel generator sets and enhancing parking fees.
The ‘severe’ and ‘severe plus’ categories include stringent measures like shutting down hot mix plants and stone crushers, intensifying public transport, stopping entry of trucks into Delhi, stopping construction activity and even implementing the odd-even scheme.

GRAP in action:
• The Government has notified a Graded Response Action Plan for Delhi and NCR in 2017. Various measures kick in automatically based on the air quality.
• EPCA has been taking meetings with relevant states to assess preparedness over implementation of GRAP.
• GRAP for NCR region is to be enforced in 2019 from October 15 onwards.

Must read this article very much relevant for your Ethics, Social Issued, Modern History and Sociology Paper II