Geography Notes UPSC

ECONOMY MINDMAPS = JOIN NOW

[Launched Now]

Indian Economy for Prelims by Amit Mangtani Sir !!

🍀 Target 80% Accuracy in Economy Questions with the A. Mangtani Sir, who has SIMPLIFED ECONOMY in just 200 Pages for Prelims 🔥🔥

🍀 If you REALLY WANT to REMOVE Your Economics Fear, this is that Module.

Class starting from 9 Feb' 2025

Enrol Now only @Rs. 499/- 👇
https://www.pulseias.com/learn/IndianEconomy

ECONOMY MINDMAPS = JOIN NOW

NCERT Maps.pdf

Maps from NCERTs form a bit chunk of questions asked, be it timeline or other themes!

This is a highlighted compilation of All maps of NCERTs of History! Keep following for more helpful documents!

EPFO 2023 lecture
Pt 365 Hindi medium
Pmf ias pdf all at one place
Mains test series 2023-24
Upsc GS -1 PREVIOUS YEAR MAINS SOLUTION
UPSC MAINS CONTENT
Vision ias current affairs videos
UPSC MAINS TOPPERS NOTES
PMF IAS GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT VIDEOS
Upsc current affairs quiz 2023-24
Prateek nayak videos
Vision Ias PT 365 2023
Vision test series from 2010-2023 for pre and mains
AIR news UPSC
Upsc current affairs crux
UPSC Rajya Sabha tv debates summary
UPSC PDF Notes
Upsc - Indian geography mapping
Geography mapping
UPSC Test Series Latest
Upsc Toppers Copy and Notes
Mrunal sir latest concept for 2023
NCERT history mind mind map
Upsc Hindi medium history mind Map
Upsc +Psc Geography Mind map
Geography Notes UPSC
UPSC Tricks and Short Notes IAS
Prelims test 2024
Vision mains 365 videos
Vision IAS PT Mains Study Material
Upsc PIB NEWS via Mind map
All ncert from 6-12th
Dristi ias mind map
Upsc prelims tricks
AIR 1-10 ans booklet
NCERT notes + books at one place
Vision Ias Daily current affairs official
Upsc Mapping classes
Upsc environment MCQs 2023
History Optional Notes UPSC
Upsc Economy Mcqs
Upsc/State PSC Previous Year paper
Upsc csat - Daily MCQS 2023/2024
All upsc toppers copy
Upsc material at one place
Yojana kurukshetra
Sociology 2022-2023
UPSC HISTORY CONTENT
IAS Tina Dabi
Nitin Singhania Art And Culture Notes
HISTORY CONCEPT
All optional pdf in one place
Backup channel
IAS Baba ALL PDF
Upsc Mains pyq practice GS - 2
VISION IAS MAINS MATERIAL PDF
HINDI MEDIUM upsc
Shankar Ias official material
Nitin singhania Mind map
Upsc essay material
Dikshant ias
All upsc toppers copy
Anthropology via Mind map
Upsc polity MCQs
Upsc Geography MCQs 2023
Upsc CSAT pdf
Upsc NCERT Mcqs
Economy Notes UPSC
Vision 365(pre + mains)
Environment via mind map
History Notes
Upsc Hindi medium polity mind map
All upsc pdf (English+Hindi)
Upsc science and technology MCQs 2023
Upsc Polity - Governance Gs-2
Anthropology
PMF ias science and technology

VisionIAS SUMMARY UNION BUDGET 2025-2026

Deleting link now 👆👆

SC + HC JUDGEMENTS = JOIN NOW

IR MINDMAPS = JOIN NOW

BACKUP CHANNEL = JOIN NOW

🎯GS MINDMAPS ALL AT ONE PLACE = JOIN NOW

BACKUP CHANNEL = JOIN NOW

BACKUP CHANNEL = JOIN NOW

Deleting link now 👆👆

🎯copyright ki wajh se ye channel kabhi bhi ban ho sakta hai backup channel jldi join kre 👇👇

https://t.me/+9P_0zRH7lORmYjQ1

https://t.me/+9P_0zRH7lORmYjQ1

Deleting link in 5 mins 👆👆

STORIES FOR ESSAY = JOIN NOW

Deleting link in 5 mins 👆👆

STORIES FOR ESSAY = JOIN NOW

STORIES FOR ESSAY = JOIN NOW

ANCIENT HISTORY - Concise & Prelims Oriented - Entire Syllabus in 10 hrs!

Opportunity to Bring the MOST DIFFICULT SUBJECT on your TIPS

ALERT: REGISTRATION - Open ONLY for 2 DAYS - DON'T MISS!

Individual Module registration will CLOSE on 19 Jan.

Mode: Both HINGLISH & ENGLISH (100%)

Register at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/ancient-history-crash-course-prelims-2025

With BEST FACULTY @ Most Affordable Price - Rs 399/- Only 🔥🔥🔥🔥

GURUKUL - by Sunya IAS - We Proudly Announce our Exclusive Batches for 2026 & 2027 Aspirants!

All your UPSC CSE Preparation Requirements, settled at ONE PLACE.

GURUKUL by Sunya IAS (Delhi): https://youtu.be/CemUjh81Yh0

For More Information, Fill form at: https://forms.gle/rYMJ1AADCnTbnzvDA

Connect with Mentor: 8595352083

https://t.me/history_diagrams/2538

Currently Getting many Queries from aspirants of UPPCS, BPSC, OPSC etc | LAST FEW BOOKS in STOCK - Highly useful for UPSC & State PCS as well.

MAINS GS BOOKS 2025 - ENTIRE SYLLABUS AT ONE PLACE!

OFFER PRICE: Only @ 2399/- | ORDER before you miss!

🔑 This is a 'MUST HAVE' set for MAINS PREPARATION.

› Comprehensive coverage of the entire syllabus.
› Easy access to all topics in one set.
› High-quality, up-to-date content.
› Perfect for quick revisions.

ORDER At: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/mains-2025-gs-books

INEVITABLE, INFALLIBLE & INVINCIBLE notes for Mains.

CLICK HERE for Sample Article

🎯copyright ki wajh se channel kabhi bhi ban ho sakta hai ,backup channel Jaldi join kre 👇👇

https://t.me/+rkBdpiNHGDNiMGE1

https://t.me/+rkBdpiNHGDNiMGE1

SC + HC JUDGEMENTS = JOIN NOW

https://t.me/history_diagrams/2534

MAINS GS BOOKS 2025 - ENTIRE SYLLABUS AT ONE PLACE!

OFFER PRICE: Only @ 2399/-

Your BEST COMPANION for MAINS!

🔑 This is a 'MUST HAVE' set for MAINS PREPARATION.

› Comprehensive coverage of the entire syllabus.
› Easy access to all topics in one set.
› High-quality, up-to-date content.
› Perfect for quick revisions.

ORDER At: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/mains-2025-gs-books

INEVITABLE, INFALLIBLE & INVINCIBLE notes for Mains.

CLICK HERE for Sample Article

https://t.me/history_diagrams/2532

🔥FREE POLITY MINDMAPS

https://t.me/upsc_uppsc_politymindmap

https://t.me/upsc_uppsc_politymindmap

ONLY 10 members can join 👆

Our channel for Mindmaps on polity

https://t.me/upsc_uppsc_politymindmap

Dynasty with timeline

Haryanka dynasty

Sishunag and nanda dynasty

Maurya dynasty

Join now 👆👆

Crack UPSC With Genius Editorial Mnemonics!

🌟 Your Shortcut to Mastering UPSC Editorials!
Tired of slogging through lengthy editorials? Champions Camp simplifies your prep with clever mnemonics that make learning a breeze.

🕰️ Daily Mnemonics, Nightly/Morning Boost:
• 1-3 relevant UPSC editorials turned into unforgettable mnemonics
• Delivered nightly or by morning, tailored for your busy routine

📚 The Ultimate Prep Package:
• Rs 49/month only!
• Bonus: End-of-month PDF compilation for seamless revision

🚀 Crack UPSC the Smart Way!
Join Champions Camp today and turn editorial prep into your UPSC superpower!

Payment Details: Send Rs 49 to  onlycse@ybl and  send screenshot to @sociology300plus

Check samples -
https://t.me/upsc_diagrams/10713

https://t.me/upsc_diagrams/10722

https://t.me/upsc_diagrams/10705

START your journey with Champions Camp now!

Registrations: OPEN NOW - December Batch - 1 Dec onwards! #SAMBHAV

🔓 UNLOCK your TICKET to MAINS

SAMBHAV 2025: Prelims Umbrella Program | Sunya IAS | GS & CSAT

All Prelims Programs, with multiple objectives but a SINGLE SCHEDULE & PERSONAL MENTOR Support!

What you will Get?: CLICK HERE

A RIGHT DECISION - can change it!

Find Details at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/sambhav-2025-1-december

For more information or to Connect with the Mentor, Fill the form at: https://forms.gle/4iz9DzaMxfikUXoAA

CONTACT US AT: 9311470635

STARTING TODAY @ 9 pm 🔥🔥🔥

NCERTs by Sunya IAS: FREE but Priceless Initiative.

Daily Classes | Sharp @ 9 pm

DON'T MISS THE OPPORTUNITY

.Work upon your BASICS, Strengthen your FUNDAMENTALS and Build up your CONCEPTS.

A revolutionary initiative to cover your NCERTs along with notes and other resources.

Register at: https://forms.gle/6JcYDgyUCYsNmFGq7

www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595

STARTING TODAY @ 9 pm 🔥🔥🔥

NCERTs by Sunya IAS: FREE but Priceless Initiative.

Daily Classes | Sharp @ 9 pm

DON'T MISS THE OPPORTUNITY

.Work upon your BASICS, Strengthen your FUNDAMENTALS and Build up your CONCEPTS.

A revolutionary initiative to cover your NCERTs along with notes and other resources.

Register at: https://forms.gle/6JcYDgyUCYsNmFGq7

www.sunyaias.com | 8279688595

ENTRANCE TEST: OFFLINE DELHI

PRP 2025 ENTRANCE TEST REGISTRATION: OPEN NOW!

DAILY TEST, DAILY RANK!

Date: 19 November
Time: Offline Delhi
Venue: Delhi Center

To Register: https://forms.gle/tnqX8VNCSZhDQDZe7

CLEARING this TEST would decide your SEAT in PRP 2025 PROGRAM!

Registration will CLOSE TODAY!

PAID COURSE NOW FREELY AVAILABLE = JOIN NOW

https://t.me/+rkBdpiNHGDNiMGE1

This link is for 100 members only 👆👆

ALERT: HINGLISH Batch: Starting @ 7 pm Tomorrow | DON'T MISS

PRELIMS 2025 CRASH COURSE - by SUNYA IAS - a comfort spot for many selected candidates.

Both ENGLISH (100%) & HINGLISH

LAUNCH OFFER PRICE: Rs 3299/-
☘ Only Course which has CONCISE & REVISION Notes Support
☘ 100% Core Content & Relevant Lectures
☘ Most Updated Lectures by INDUSTRY's best experts.

SCHEDULE, DEMO & DETAILS: https://www.sunyaias.in/videos/prelims-2025

Last 3 members 👆

ANCIENT HISTORY VIA MINDMAPS WITH TIMELINE = JOIN NOW

Paid course 👆👆
Only 10 members can join

MAINS GS BOOKS 2025 - ENTIRE SYLLABUS AT ONE PLACE!

OFFER PRICE: Only @ 2299/-

Your BEST COMPANION for MAINS!

🔑 This is a 'MUST HAVE' set for MAINS PREPARATION.

› Comprehensive coverage of the entire syllabus.
› Easy access to all topics in one set.
› High-quality, up-to-date content.
› Perfect for quick revisions.

ORDER At: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/mains-2025-gs-books

INEVITABLE, INFALLIBLE & INVINCIBLE notes for Mains.

CLICK HERE for Sample Article

#LAUNCHED #OFFER #LOWEST_FEE

Revise ENTIRE PRELIMS Syllabus through 3000+ MCQs!

Get 2 different sets of 3000+ MCQ
- Practice One Set Now
- Practice One Set Later.

Most EFFECTIVE Course to Master Syllabus & Improve your confidence Levels!

Video Discussions + Covers Static & Current + Topic-wise Questions

Register at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/revise-entire-prelims-through-3000-mcqs

For any query, reach us at t.me/sunyacare or Whatsapp us at wa.me/+918279688595

Telegram Channel: t.me/sunyanotes50

Sunya IAS is proud to LAUNCH its new edition of MAINS PYQ BOOK

LAUNCH OFFER: Rs 595 Only/-

BEST COMPILATION for MAINS PREPARATION.

Coverage: 8 Years (2017 - 2024)

ORDER At: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/mains-pyq-model-answers

SAMPLES: Click Here

For any query, reach us at t.me/sunyacare

MINDMAPS IN HINDI AND ENGLISH = JOIN NOW

https://t.me/history_diagrams/2519

ENDS TODAY | DIWALI OFFER - Alert!

20% Off - VALID for TODAY!

MAINS COURSES
🔥 MAINS 2025 GS BOOKS: CLICK
🔥 MAINS REVISION CLASSES: CLICK
🔥 Daily Answer Writing (DAW): CLICK
🔥 MAINS BOOTCAMP: CLICK
🔥 ESSAY BATCH: CLICK HERE

SUNYA NOTES: GS & Optional
🔥 MAINS 2025 Books [CLICK HERE]
🔥 Prelims CA [CLICK HERE]
🔥 PRELIMS NOTES (Static): CLICK
🔥 Prelims PYQ Content [CLICK]
🔥 ESSAY Notes [CLICK HERE]
🔥 OPTIONAL NOTES [CLICK HERE]

PRELIMS PRACTICE
🔥 PRP - DAILY TESTS [CLICK HERE]
🔥 Manthan 2025 [CLICK HERE]
🔥 3000+ MCQs [CLICK HERE]
🔥 CSAT Tests [CLICK HERE]

PRELIMS VIDEO COURSES
🍁 Prelims Crash Course [CLICK]
🍁 CSAT [CLICK HERE]

UMBRELLA BATCHES
1) SAMBHAV 2025 - CLICK HERE
2) BRAHMASTRA - CLICK HERE
3) KAVACH - CLICK HERE

OPTIONAL COURSES
💥 300+ Batch: CLICK HERE
💥 Foundation: CLICK HERE
💥 Test Series: CLICK HERE

Telegram Channel: t.me/sunyanotes50

https://t.me/UPSC_irmindmaps_di_mains_prelims/6571

CSAT New Batch - Starts 5th Nov

SPECIAL DIWALI OFFER 🪔 🪔

5 NOV BATCH | CSAT 2025 Batch | Sunya IAS | Learn from the Best Team to Master this Hurdle

CSAT 2025 BATCH - Let's build APTITUDE, not CALCULATORS

OFFER PRICE: Rs 1899/- (3999)

Register at (or Watch Demo Videos):
☘ ONLINE LIVE - https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/csat-course-2025-by-iitians-5-nov

☘ OFFLINE DELHI - https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/csat-2025-batch-offline-delhi

For any query, reach us at: https://forms.gle/NUCUZERzayZm9b159

Telegram @CsatSunyaIAS

https://t.me/history_diagrams/2517

This DIWALI, Lighten up your UPSC CSE Preparation with HIGHEST EVER DISCOUNT!

20% Off - VALID for TODAY!

MAINS COURSES
🔥 MAINS 2025 GS BOOKS: CLICK
🔥 MAINS REVISION CLASSES: CLICK
🔥 Daily Answer Writing (DAW): CLICK
🔥 MAINS BOOTCAMP: CLICK
🔥 ESSAY BATCH: CLICK HERE

SUNYA NOTES: GS & Optional
1) MAINS 2025 Books [CLICK HERE]
2) Prelims CA [CLICK HERE]
3) PRELIMS NOTES (Static): CLICK
4) Prelims PYQ Content [CLICK]
5) ESSAY Notes [CLICK HERE]
6) OPTIONAL NOTES [CLICK HERE]

PRELIMS PRACTICE
1) PRP - DAILY TESTS [CLICK HERE]
2) Manthan 2025 [CLICK HERE]
3) 3000+ MCQs [CLICK HERE]
4) CSAT Tests [CLICK HERE]

PRELIMS VIDEO COURSES
1) Prelims Crash Course [CLICK HERE]
2) CSAT [CLICK HERE]

UMBRELLA BATCHES
1) SAMBHAV 2025 - CLICK HERE
2) BRAHMASTRA - CLICK HERE
3) KAVACH - CLICK HERE

OPTIONAL COURSES
💥 300+ Batch: CLICK HERE
💥 Foundation: CLICK HERE
💥 Test Series: CLICK HERE

Telegram Channel: t.me/sunyanotes50

All Buddhist and Jain councils via MINDMAP = JOIN NOW

Royal patrons of Jainism = JOIN NOW

This DIWALI, Lighten up your UPSC CSE Preparation with HIGHEST EVER DISCOUNT!

Upto 20% Off on All Courses: MUST HAVE Courses - CHOICE of TOPPERS!

Available on NOTES & VIDEO Courses for both PRELIMS & MAINS (GS & OPTIONAL)

Highly EXAM ORIENTED Courses to keep you AHEAD.

Explore Various Courses at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/product-page-sunya-ias

For any query, reach us at t.me/sunyacare or call at 8279688595

All Buddhist text list = JOIN NOW

ALL GS DIAGRAMS AT ONE PLACE = JOIN NOW

OPTIONAL Test Series 2025 BATCH

26 OCTOBER | ONLINE & OFFLINE

OPTIONAL 2025 TEST SERIES - Timely Evaluation & Most Probable Questions!

Revise & Practice Syllabus through a perfect mix of PLTs & FLTs!

SUNYA IAS - Converting KNOWLEDGE into RANKS

CHECK More Details at:
🔥 Sociology  : CLICK HERE
🔥 PSIR           : CLICK HERE
🔥 Anthro       : CLICK HERE
🔥 Geography: CLICK HERE
🔥 Agriculture: CLICK HERE
🔥 Public Ad. : CLICK HERE

7982041336 | 8383950315

LAST 2 DAYS to GO....🔥🔥🔥🔥

Optional Foundation Batches 25/26 | Starts 17 October

100% Syllabus | Revision Notes | PYQs | EXAM ORIENTED (Focus upon Marks)

SOCIOLOGY | PSIR | GEOGRAPHY | AGRICULTURE | PUB AD | FORESTRY

Prepare your OPTIONAL with a perfect blend of EXAM ORIENTED Faculties, PYQs and Revision Notes.

Feel the difference in approach where along with knowledge, we train and assist you to SCORE good marks in your FIRST SERIOUS ATTEMPT!

Find More Details at: https://www.sunyaias.com/videos/optional-foundation

7982041336 | 8279688595

HIRING ALERT | UPSC PRELIMS

MCQ Developers for RENOWNED Institution.

Language: Both Hindi and English

Preference: Mains Appeared, Prelims Experts or Interview appeared students.

To apply, please reach us at: @valueias

FLAT 1000 OFF - DUSSEHRA OFFER

LAST BATCH of BRAHMASTRA 2025 | Starts 13 October | ONLINE & OFFLINE

BRAHMASTRA 2025 - Hold the Right Hand to Guide you RIGHT.

BRAHMASTRA 2025 - COMPONENTS
🔥 Integrated Prelims cum Mains Test Series
🔥 SUPER MENTOR Sessions
🔥 Personal Mentor
🔥 Sunya Notes (recommended by Toppers)

Register Now/ Find Details at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/brahmastra-2025-13-october-last-batch

For Queries, fill the form at: https://forms.gle/1PZFbxWE7uXJ8C4x9

Call: 8383950315 | @sunyanotes50

EMI OPTION - will END TODAY

LAST BATCH of BRAHMASTRA 2025 | Starts 13 October | ONLINE & OFFLINE

BRAHMASTRA 2025 - Hold the Right Hand to Guide you RIGHT.

BRAHMASTRA 2025 - COMPONENTS
🔥 Integrated Prelims cum Mains Test Series
🔥 SUPER MENTOR Sessions
🔥 Personal Mentor
🔥 Sunya Notes (recommended by Toppers)

Register Now/ Find Details at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/brahmastra-2025-13-october-last-batch

For Queries, fill the form at: https://forms.gle/1PZFbxWE7uXJ8C4x9

Call: 8383950315 | @sunyanotes50

CSAT VIDEOS = JOIN NOW

LAST BATCH of BRAHMASTRA 2025

BRAHMASTRA 2025 - Hold the Right Hand to Guide you RIGHT.

ONLY PROGRAM you NEED to Upgrade, Streamline, Revise & Practice.

Batch Starts - 13 Oct | ONLINE & OFFLINE (All Centers)

BRAHMASTRA 2025 - COMPONENTS
🔥 Integrated Prelims cum Mains Test Series: 35 Mains & 45 Prelims Tests
🔥 SUPER MENTOR Sessions: Advance, Upgrade & Streamline your Preparation.
🔥 Personal Mentor: Let's hold the Right Hand.
🔥 Sunya Notes (recommended by Toppers): 11 Prelims Books & 4 Mains Books

Register Now/ Find Details at: https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/brahmastra-2025-13-october

For Queries, fill the form at: https://forms.gle/1PZFbxWE7uXJ8C4x9

Call: 8383950315

UPSC prelims test series 2025
Subject wise
Full length

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

#mapsforprelims

🔥 Important Refugee Camps in Africa

☑️ Bidibidi Refugee Settlement is a refugee camp in the Yumbe District of northwestern Uganda. Home to over 270,000 South Sudanese refugees fleeing the ongoing civil war in mid 2016.

☑️Yida Refugee Camp sits just within South Sudan’s northern border. The camp is home to tens of thousands of refugees who have fled the Sudanese government’s genocidal war in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan since 2011.

☑️Pugnido is the oldest refugee camp in the Gambella Region of Western Ethiopia. Pugnido hosts South Sudan refugees who arrived in different waves – since 1993, in 2012 and following post-December 2013 conflicts in the country of origin.

☑️The oldest refugee settlement highlighted in this list, Katumba goes back to 1972. It was established when scores of Burundian citizens moved across the border to Tanzania.

✅This is a very relevant compilation.

In addition to the facts mentioned on this one sheet,
Do remember the following(will help in eliminating options:

The major ores of iron:
1. Hematite
2. Magnetite
3. Limonite
4. Siderite
5. Goethite

Major Ores of Copper:
1. Chalcopyrite
2. Chalcocite
3. Bornite
4. Malachite
5. Azurite

Major Ores of Aluminium:
1. Bauxite
2. Corundum
3. Cryolite

Rohit Tyagi AIR 74, CSE23
Soils
Vegetation
Crops
Mountain peak
PYQ rivers

JANUARY 2024 EDITORIAL VIA DIAGRAM COMPILATION

TEAM - CHAMPIONS CAMP

Join - https://t.me/upsc_diagrams

https://t.me/upsc_diagrams

September 2023 current affairs.pdf

Unusual February heat and the ‘normal abnormal’ in global weather – Heat Dome

Over the past week, maximum temperatures have been 5-11 degrees C higher than normal in most parts of northern and western India.
  
Reasons for abnormal heat:

🧤According to the IMD, an anticyclonic formation over south Gujarat is one of the main reasons for the warming on the west coast.

🧤Around Maharashtra and Goa, a weaker-than-usual sea breeze along the Konkan coast was aggravating the effects of the  Anticyclone

🧤This year is widely expected to be a little hotter than the previous two years, mainly because of the expected end of the strongest-ever  la Lina event.

What are heat domes ?

A heat dome is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when a high-pressure system traps hot air in a region, causing temperatures to rise and creating a dome of hot air. This dome of hot air can persist for several days or weeks, leading to prolonged periods of extreme heat and heat waves.

Effects of Heat Dome:

🧤They are dangerous for human health, especially for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and those with preexisting health conditions.

🧤Impacts food production
Increasing wildfires.

🧤Lead to droughts and other environmental impacts
Increased energy demand and strain on the power grid due to increased use of air conditioning.

Geomagnetic storm

Geomagnetic storms

🧤A geomagnetic storm (magnetic storm) is a temporary disturbance of the Earth’s magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave that interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field

🧤The magnetosphere shields Earth from harmful solar particle radiation, as well as erosion of the atmosphere by the solar wind
 
Reason: These storms are generally associated with solar Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) where a billion tons or so of plasma from the sun, with its embedded magnetic field, arrives at Earth.

🧤CMEs are large ejections of plasma and magnetic fields that originate from the Sun’s corona (outermost layer

Indian geography physical features mapping notes

Why Joshimath city is extremely vulnerable?

🧤Joshimath city has been built on an ancient landslide material - meaning it rests on a deposit of sand and stone, not rock, which doesn’t have high load-bearing capacity.

🧤This makes the area extremely vulnerable to ever-burgeoning infrastructure and population.

What can be the reasons behind Joshimath’s subsidence?

🧤The exact reason behind Joshimath land subsidence is still unknown.

But experts suggest that the incident might have occurred due to a massive infrastructural project called the Char Dham road project that is being implemented in the Uttarakhand Himalaya.

🧤The residents have also blamed NTPC’s Tapovan Vishnugad Hydro Power Project for the incident.

🧤They allege that the tunnel had water seepage “from a punctured aquifer, leading to the drying of water sources in Joshimath.”

🧤But NTPC denied the allegations saying that the tunnel built by NTPC does not pass under Joshimath town.

🧤Other reasons may be
Unplanned construction,
Over-population, and
Obstruction of the natural flow of water and hydel power activities.

🧤Not only this, the area is a seismic zone, which makes it prone to frequent earthquakes.

🧤The possibility of a land subsidence incident happening in the region was first highlighted around 50 years by the MC Mishra committee report was published.

🧤This report also cautioned against “unplanned development in this area, and identified the natural vulnerabilities.”

🧤Lack of a proper drainage system - result of unplanned construction - might have also contributed to the sinking of the area.

🧤Reports have pointed out that subsidence in Joshimath might have been triggered by the reactivation of a geographic fault where the Indian Plate has pushed under the Eurasian Plate along the Himalayas.