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Relevance- Civil Society Organizations

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Blood Money
1. ‘Blood money’, or ‘diya’, finds footing in the Islamic Sharia law. Under the rule of ‘diya’, a select quantity of a valuable asset, primarily monetary, has to be paid by the perpetrator of the crime to the victim, or the victim’s family if the latter has died.
2. Provisions for the grant or receiving of ‘blood money’ do not find a place in India’s formal legal system. However, the system does provide a way for the accused to negotiate with the prosecution through ‘plea bargaining’.
3. As recently as in 2019, the death sentence of Arjunan Athimuthu, hailing from Thanjavur, in Kuwait was commuted to life imprisonment after his family provided ₹30 lakh in ‘blood money’. Abdul Rahim, who was sentenced to death in 2006, was pardoned by the court after a ‘blood money’ of ₹34 crore was paid.

Relevance in Public Administration- Restorative Justice, Victim Compensation and ADR

A. Restorative Justice and Victim Compensation
Principle: Blood money emphasizes reconciliation and providing relief to victims or their families, which aligns with modern approaches to restorative justice.
Application : Create comprehensive victim compensation schemes for cases of accidental deaths, workplace incidents, and road accidents.
Example: India's Criminal Procedure Code (Section 357A) allows compensation to victims, which can be expanded to broader categories like those under diya.

B. Alternative Dispute Resolution
Principle: Blood money avoids prolonged legal proceedings by encouraging out-of-court settlements.
Application: Promote mediation centers and plea bargaining mechanisms to resolve disputes amicably.
Example: Expand plea bargaining in India beyond minor offenses to non-violent cases, ensuring fairness and transparency.

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Relevance- Significant Issues- Disaster Management, Regulation

Use - #Solutions #BestPractices

#Regulations
Australia’s comprehensive coal mining regulations include regular audits and penalties for illegal activities.
Indian Adaptation:
Implement strict inspections of coal mines with satellite and drone monitoring for real-time identification of illegal mining activities.
Enforce the National Green Tribunal (NGT) ban with clear accountability mechanisms and stringent penalties for violators, including officials complicit in illegal operations.

#Technology
Canada uses automated machinery for safer mining practices, minimizing human involvement in hazardous conditions.
Indian Adaptation:
Mandate geological surveys using modern tools (e.g., Ground Penetrating Radar) before approving mining operations.

#Community and Worker Safety Measures
South Africa’s mining sector ensures worker safety by enforcing strict Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards and providing safety training.

#LongTerm
Policy - Environmental Restoration
Best Practice: The USA’s Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act requires restoration of mined land to its original state.
Indian Adaptation:
Enforce ecological restoration of abandoned mines, including afforestation and water quality improvement.

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Relvance- Significant Issues- Disaster Management
Use - #Fact #Recommendations

1. Technological Solution
Real-time Crowd Monitoring: Use AI-based systems, drones, and sensors to monitor crowd density.
Enhanced Online Booking: Strengthen online booking and token distribution systems with time-slot allocations and live updates.
Digital Alerts: Send SMS or app notifications to pilgrims for updates on crowd conditions and darshan timings.

2. Infrastructure Upgrades
Dedicated Entry/Exit Routes: Establish separate pathways for first-time visitors, regular devotees, and VIPs.
Token Distribution Centers: Distribute more centers across the city to reduce congestion in specific locations.
Waiting Facilities: Provide shaded waiting areas with drinking water, seating, and medical assistance.

3. Crowd Segmentation
Priority for First-Time Visitors: Develop a database and a lottery system to ensure equitable access for first-time devotees.
Limit VIP Access: Streamline or reduce VIP privileges to improve fairness.

4. Training and Capacity Building
Staff Training: Train TTD staff, police, and volunteers in crowd psychology, crisis management, and first aid.
Volunteer Programs: Engage local communities as trained volunteers for crowd management during peak periods.

5. Communication and Coordination
Multilingual Announcements: Use loudspeakers and digital displays for clear instructions in multiple languages.
Pre-Event Information Dissemination: Share crowd management plans and safety guidelines with pilgrims through websites, apps, and social media.

6. Ecological Protection
Pilgrim Cap: Limit the daily number of devotees allowed on the Tirumala Hills.
Virtual Darshan: Promote online darshan experiences to reduce footfall.
Sustainability Policies: Implement strict conservation measures to protect the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve.

7. Event Planning
Staggered Darshan Slots: Allocate specific time slots for pilgrims to ensure smooth flow.
Simulation-Based Planning: Regularly conduct crowd simulations to anticipate and plan for worst-case scenarios.

8. Medical and Safety Provisions
Emergency Preparedness: Deploy ambulances, medical kiosks, and quick-response teams at key locations.
Evacuation Plans: Develop and practice evacuation drills for major events.

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Relevance - NPM, Personnel Administration - Performance based Pay

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Relevance - Government and Administration- Criminalization of Politucs

Use - #Example

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The Digital Personal Data Protection Rules drafted by the government create a balance between regulation and innovation while protecting citizens’ rights

He said earlier there was only one template available to the world — the European data protection rule — but Indian rules have tried to balance the regulation with innovation to safeguard the boom in innovation ecosystem developing among start-ups in the country.

Relevance- Regulation

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Gold Googly

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Relevance - Government and Administration- Centralization

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Relevance- Significant Issues- Disaster Management

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Idea of Dual Citizenship for India :

Arguments in Favor of Dual Citizenship

Cultural and Emotional Bonding: Allowing dual citizenship strengthens the connection between the Indian diaspora and their homeland, fostering cultural, emotional, and economic ties.

Economic Contributions: Dual citizenship could encourage investments, remittances, and knowledge transfer from wealthy and skilled overseas Indians, benefiting India’s economy.

Global Competitiveness: In a world where many countries, like the U.S. and U.K., permit dual citizenship, India could remain competitive in retaining its diaspora's allegiance and resources by adopting this policy.

Flexibility for Global Citizens: Many Indians work and live abroad in high-demand professions. Dual citizenship offers these individuals flexibility without severing ties with their country of origin.

Boosting India’s Influence: Granting dual citizenship to influential individuals of Indian origin can bolster India’s soft power globally, as they act as cultural and political ambassadors.

Arguments Against Dual Citizenship

Divided Loyalties: Dual citizenship could create conflicts of interest and divided political loyalties, especially in cases involving sensitive national or international issues.

Political Rights Concerns: Allowing individuals with dual citizenship to participate in India's political process might undermine the sovereignty and integrity of the democratic system.

Risk of Exploitation: There is a potential risk of foreign influence through individuals with dual citizenship acting as intermediaries for other nations' interests.

Constitutional and Legal Challenges: The Indian Constitution does not currently permit dual citizenship. Amending the laws could open a "Pandora’s box" of demands for similar rights from diverse groups.

Undermining National Identity: Dual citizenship could dilute the sense of exclusive national identity, which is particularly important for a diverse and pluralistic country like India.

Security Risks: It may create challenges in monitoring and addressing security risks if individuals have citizenship in countries with conflicting interests with India.

Conclusion
While dual citizenship offers economic and cultural benefits, the risks of political, legal, and security challenges weigh heavily against its implementation in India at present. The Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) scheme provides a balanced alternative by offering many rights to the diaspora without granting political privileges.

Relevance- Law and Order Administration - Role of Technology

Use - #Keyword - Criminal Tagging - “Under this, an accused is tagged with police personnel, who keep a close watch on their movement. This helps in identifying more criminals or getting to know of crime,” the o•cer explained.

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Relevance - Judiciary, CPA

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Relevance- Judiciary

Use - #Keyword - Judicial Deferment, Judicial Evasion, Judicial Inactivism

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Relevance- Law and Order Administration

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Luck Egalitarianism
Mr. Buffet’s ideas with regard to wealth and welfare can be seen in the context of a philosophical idea called “luck egalitarianism”, which states that no-one should have to su•er the consequences of inequality owing to bad luck or adverse situations. As Mr. Buffet repeatedly stresses in his letter, he credits much of his personal fortune to fortuitous circumstances, such as being born as a white male in the U.S. Opportunities were open to him that would not be open to women or African-Americans, and the growth of the U.S. over the years caused his wealth to grow significantly through the power of compound interest.

Relevance- NPM - Inequality

Use - #Example

Relevance - CPA (Pardoning Power in US, UK, India)

#UK The ‘royal prerogative of mercy’ is a historic prerogative of the British monarch to grant pardons to convicted persons.

#US According to the U.S. Constitution, the President can grant pardon except in the cases of impeachment. The U.S. President has absolute power of pardon for federal criminal offences.

#India Article 72 and 161 of the Indian Constitution provide powers to the President and Governor respectively to grant pardon, commutation, remission, respite or reprieve to a convict.

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Relevance - Participation as tool

Use - #Example

Idea = No Environmental Degradation without Representation on lines of No Taxation without Representation

As Irish author Sally Rooney writes, “When American colonists famously rebelled against the practice of ‘taxation without representation,’ [how] is environmental devastation without representation any different? Even if carbon emissions were thoroughly democratically determined — which they are not — why should voters in the world’s richest countries have the right to poison the air, sea, soil, and rivers for the entire population of Earth?” People living on Polynesian islands or in Africa have no right to vote in American or European elections. Yet, they often bear the brunt of the resulting environmental damage.In the approach to representation, humans and non-humans — such as the atmosphere, oceans, and soil — were granted equal rights in negotiations. The idea was to give voice and agency to these non-human entities, allowing them to express their stakes in climate negotiations.

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Relevance- State Government and Administration

#Dec24

Mutualism and Property

#Capitalism
Proudhon’s approach to property is central to mutualist philosophy. While he condemned capitalist property for enabling exploitation and monopolisation, he did not call for the complete elimination of ownership. Instead, he distinguished between “property,” which allowed control over others, and “possession,” where individuals could use resources for personal benefit without infringing on others’ freedoms. This distinction is crucial to understanding mutualism, as it emphasises a form of ownership based on usage rather than accumulation and pro•t.

#Authoritarianism
Mutualism rejected property rights imposed by the state that perpetuated inequality and exploitation. It advocated for a decentralised system of voluntary and equitable exchanges rooted in reciprocity. Mechanisms like worker cooperatives and shared resources were central to aligning ownership with fairness and collective well-being. By balancing individual freedom with collective solidarity, Proudhon’s theory sought to challenge the entrenched hierarchies of both capitalism and the state.

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Relevance- Bureaucratic Control over Institutions, Need of Civil Society Participation

Use - #Facts

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Relevance - Law and Order Administration

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Relevance- CPA

Use - #Features

The preamble of the Bangladesh constitution mentions nationalism, democracy, socialism and secularism as its fundamental principles. Unlike India, their commitment to socialism has been explicitly mentioned

Though the original Bangladesh constitution was secular, the military dictator Ziaur Rahman in 1977 removed ‘secularism’ from it, and in 1988, General Ershad got Article 2A inserted in the constitution which laid down Islam as the state religion. This new Article says that the state religion of the Republic is Islam and that other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony. This kind of provision is there both in Sri Lanka as well as Bhutan. But the High Court and the Supreme Court struck down the amendment in 2005 and 2010 respectively. The court said that even though Islam is the state religion, the constitution remains secular.

On June 30, 2011, the constitution was again amended through the 15th amendment and the term ‘secular’ was reinserted. The amendment removed the expression ‘absolute faith and trust in Allah’ from the preamble but retained above the preamble expression ‘in the name of Allah, the beneficent, the merciful’ that was added in 1997. To accommodate other religions, it also mentions ‘in the name of Creator, the merciful.’ Thus Allah was changed to Creator. The court also invalidated the 5th amendment that permitted political parties based on religion.

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Relevance- Urban Development

Use - #Keywords- Triple Health Burde, Health in our Hands, Social Seterminants of Health

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Relevance - Administrative Thoughts - Why there is absence of prominent Administrative thinkers except Kautilya?

Use - #Keywords- Research Security #CaseStudy

Research security, in this context, refers to safeguarding scientific research from threats to confidentiality, economic value, or national interest. Foreign interference, intellectual property theft, insider threats, cyberattacks, and unauthorised access to sensitive information are concerns for countries investing in advanced technologies.

#CaseStudy
1. The US CHIPS and Science Act has several provisions on research security, which are complemented by other guidelines; these include the research security framework of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

2. Canada has come up with National Security Guidelines for Research Partnerships and a Policy on Sensitive Technology Research and A•liations of Concern, along with a list of sensitive technologies.

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Relevance- POLITICAL CULTURE

Use - #Issue #Keywords #Facts

1. Women Constituency - From a mere 47% turnout of women in 1962, the figure is now 66% in 2024. It is the same trend in State Assembly elections. Along with the increase in turnout, the fact that women are increasingly casting their votes independently reinforces the narrative of a ‘women constituency’.
2. Techno Patrimonial and Benevolence Leadership (Likert System 2)
- Techno-patrimonial, whereby technology aids in advancing personal loyalty to the leader
- Regular credit to the bene•ciary’s account also acts as a constant reminder of the ‘benevolence’ of the leader

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(Part 2)
Arguments Against: Schemes as Legitimate Welfare Programs

Addressing Genuine Socio-Economic Needs:
Supporters of such schemes argue that the government has a responsibility to respond to the economic and social needs of its citizens, especially those who are marginalized or economically vulnerable. Cash transfers, like the Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana, are designed to provide direct financial support to women in economically disadvantaged groups, improving their economic independence and quality of life.
The argument here is that, while the timing of these schemes may coincide with elections, the need for such welfare initiatives is genuine, and labeling them as bribes dismisses the legitimate benefits they provide to recipients.

Voters' Autonomy and Rational Decision-Making:
Reetika Khera argues that voters are capable of independent decision-making and that receiving benefits from government schemes does not necessarily mean they will be swayed to vote in a particular way. She emphasizes that voters are aware of their needs and will not be fooled by short-term promises.
As such, taking the cash assistance or welfare benefit offered through these schemes should not be equated with being "bribed," as recipients are entitled to these benefits and can still make informed decisions based on broader political concerns.

A Modern Approach to Electoral Promises:
Cash transfers may be seen as a modern-day version of electoral promises that have existed for years, such as promises for mixer-grinders or subsidized goods. Just as previous governments promised tangible benefits to voters, cash transfers are a contemporary approach that aims to address immediate economic hardship.
Khera notes that such transfers are not necessarily "freebies" but an essential part of how parties address popular demands. As long as these transfers target genuine needs (e.g., women's economic empowerment, better health, etc.), they should not be dismissed as bribery.

Limitations of Existing Welfare Programs:
A significant criticism of traditional welfare systems is their inefficiency and corruption. Programs like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and MNREGA have faced issues of mismanagement and leakage. Cash transfers, on the other hand, are seen as an attempt to provide direct benefits to people without intermediaries.
While cash transfers may not be a perfect solution, they can be a more efficient way of delivering support to those in need compared to outdated or corrupt welfare schemes. The debate should not be about whether these transfers occur near election time, but about how to improve the welfare architecture and ensure that transfers are not undermined by corruption or mismanagement.

Long-Term Socio-Economic Goals:
Supporters argue that these cash transfers are not meant to replace broader, long-term welfare schemes but can supplement them. They may serve as an immediate relief to vulnerable groups while other initiatives, like employment programs or educational improvements, are pursued in parallel.
For example, Reetika Khera highlights that certain cash transfers, such as maternity benefits, have filled significant gaps in welfare provisions for women, particularly in the unorganized sector. These kinds of transfers are vital in reducing inequalities and supporting the most vulnerable.

Relevance- Government and Administration

Use - #Issue

(PART 1)
Arguments in Favor: Schemes as Voter Bribes

Timing and Political Opportunism:
A key argument is that the introduction of these schemes just before elections is a tactic aimed at influencing voter behavior by offering short-term, visible benefits to targeted groups. This strategy might manipulate voters by appealing to their immediate financial needs, rather than addressing long-term systemic issues.
Critics argue that the timing — four months before elections — is not coincidental but a deliberate attempt to garner votes by providing a "reward" to potential voters in exchange for electoral support.

Unfair Electoral Advantage:
The introduction of such schemes during an election cycle is seen as providing an unfair advantage to the incumbent government. These schemes can disproportionately benefit those who are already aligned with the ruling party or its supporters, thus tilting the playing field in favor of the government.
For instance, if the cash transfer programs are distributed in a way that coincides with the election period, it can create an impression that the party is “buying” votes through material incentives.

Short-Term Palliatives Instead of Long-Term Solutions:
Critics contend that cash transfers and similar schemes are short-term fixes designed to pacify immediate needs rather than addressing the structural and long-term issues faced by the electorate (such as employment, healthcare, or education). This transactional nature can be seen as a form of bribery, as the schemes do not fundamentally alter the socio-economic conditions of the marginalized groups they target.
Instead of creating sustainable welfare systems, such programs may just serve as temporary measures aimed at securing votes.

Weak Evaluation and Accountability:
There is concern that, in the rush to implement these schemes, proper mechanisms for accountability and evaluation are weakened. Lack of transparency in the distribution of funds and the absence of independent oversight can lead to mismanagement and corruption, making these programs less about welfare and more about electoral manipulation.
For instance, if cash transfers bypass regular auditing channels or are poorly targeted, they could be perceived as part of a political strategy to "buy" votes rather than a genuine effort.

Relevance- Public Policy

Use - #Example

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Relevance- Philosophical Framework- Election for Democracy, Parliament and Basic Structure

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Relevance- Development Administration (Trust based Model), Government and Administration

Use - #Issue

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Relevance - Challenges of LPG - Inequality

Use -
#Keyword - Egalitarian liberalism ✔️
Reflecting John Rawls’ egalitarian liberalism, including the three important principles of equal basic liberties, equal opportunities and di•erence, the Constitution aims to create an egalitarian society. The fundamental rights in Part III and the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in Part IV of the Constitution re•ect all the above three principles of egalitarian liberalism.

#Issue - Trend of Inequality ✔️
After the adoption of neoliberal economic reforms in India, the constitutional ideology took a back seat and the idea of a welfare state as envisaged in the Constitution has withdrawn its commitments towards creating an egalitarian society.
Lucas Chancel and Thomas Piketty from the Paris School of Economics have documented the rising inequality in India in their work, “Indian Income Inequality, 1922-2015: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?” (2019).

1. Their research shows that the top 1% of earners had a share of less than 21% of total income in the 1930s.

2. But after Independence, due to welfare state intervention, based on constitutional ideology, this gap reduced where the top 1% earners had a share of 6% of the total income in the 1980s.

3. After the implementation of neoliberal reforms in the 1990s, there were major structural changes that happened in the Indian economy, which prioritised private capital investment and a slow withdrawal of the welfare interventionist state. The state took the positive role of creating and strengthening markets rather than working towards creating an egalitarian society, as envisaged in the Constitution. As a consequence of this, the top 1% income has reached 22% of the total income pushing back to an inequality situation worse than that in the pre-Independence period. They reiterated this inequality status in their recent research in 2024 emphasising that the top 1% of income and wealth shares have reached 22.6% and 40.1% by 2022-23, which is considered very high.

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❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️(Most Important)

Relevance-
Women and Development (Paper 1)
Philosophical Framework (Paper 2)

Use - #Issue - Indian Feminist Constitutionalism

👀 1. Achyut Chetan writes in his Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic: Gender Politics of the Framing of the Constitution(2022): “It is through the dynamics of will, consent, and, frequently enough, dissent, that women members carried the feminist movement through and beyond the Constituent Assembly. Each article of the Constitution, therefore, is a point of diffraction in the history of Indian feminism. The Constitution is drafted not just by the consent of women but also by their will.”

👀 2. Christine Keating in her Framing the Postcolonial Sexual Contract: Democracy, Fraternalism, and State Authority in India(2007) demonstrated how the ‘founding fathers’ constitutionally subjugated the woman: “The Constituent Assembly struggled to reconcile their commitment to an egalitarian polity with their e•orts to build consent for the political authority of the new Indian state...the assembly settled on a compromise, what I call the postcolonial sexual contract, to resolve that dilemma: they established equality in the public sphere as a fundamental right for women yet sanctioned discriminatory personal laws that maintained women’s subordination in the family in order to secure fraternal acquiescence to the centralized rule.”
The Government of India’s official report, ‘Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India’ (1974), concluded that the Indian Republic had failed to achieve equality for its women folk even after two decades of the promise made in the Preamble.

Solution - UCC ✔️
1. Hansa Mehta and Amrit Kaur demanded that a Uniform Civil Code capable of arresting the aggrandising social-patriarchal power must be included in the Fundamental Rights.

2. In the Sub Committee on Fundamental Rights, Hansa Mehta tried to limit the right to religion as she believed that it would curtail women’s right to equality and social reforms such as the abolition of child marriage. Hansa Mehta and Amrit Kaur demanded the term ‘free practice of religion’ be replaced by ‘freedom of religious worship’ as a constitutional carte blanche for religion would impede Indian women’s emancipation.

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Relevance- Accountability and Control- Arbitrariness

Use - #Example

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Why BR Ambedkar was not in favour of incorporating these words EXPLICITLY?

👀 1. Ambedkar said - Constitution is merely a mechanism for the purpose of regulating the work of the various organs of the state. It is a mechanism whereby particular members or particular parties are installed in office. What should be the policy of the state, how the society should be organised in its social and economic side, are matters which must be decided by the people themselves according to time and circumstances. It cannot be laid down in the Constitution itself, because that is destroying democracy altogether. If you state in the Constitution that the social organisation of the state shall take a particular form, you are, in my judgment, taking away the liberty of the people to decide what should be the social organisation in which they wish to live. It is perfectly possible today for the majority people to hold that the socialist organisation of society is better than the capitalist organisation of society. But it would be perfectly possible for thinking people to devise some other form of social organisation which might be better than the socialist organisation of today or of tomorrow. I do not see therefore why the Constitution should tie down the people to live in a particular form and not leave it to the people to decide it for themselves. This is one reason why the amendment should be opposed.

👀 2. Directive Principles of State Policy are already embodied in our Constitution that provides the foundation for Socislist Democracy.

Relevance- Philosophical Framework

Use - #Issue

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❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️(Most Important)

Relevance-
Women and Development (Paper 1)
Philosophical Framework (Paper 2)

Use - #Issue - Indian Feminist Constitutionalism

👀 1. Achyut Chetan writes in his Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic: Gender Politics of the Framing of the Constitution(2022): “It is through the dynamics of will, consent, and, frequently enough, dissent, that women members carried the feminist movement through and beyond the Constituent Assembly. Each article of the Constitution, therefore, is a point of diffraction in the history of Indian feminism. The Constitution is drafted not just by the consent of women but also by their will.”

👀 2. Christine Keating in her Framing the Postcolonial Sexual Contract: Democracy, Fraternalism, and State Authority in India(2007) demonstrated how the ‘founding fathers’ constitutionally subjugated the woman: “The Constituent Assembly struggled to reconcile their commitment to an egalitarian polity with their e•orts to build consent for the political authority of the new Indian state...the assembly settled on a compromise, what I call the postcolonial sexual contract, to resolve that dilemma: they established equality in the public sphere as a fundamental right for women yet sanctioned discriminatory personal laws that maintained women’s subordination in the family in order to secure fraternal acquiescence to the centralized rule.”
The Government of India’s official report, ‘Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India’ (1974), concluded that the Indian Republic had failed to achieve equality for its women folk even after two decades of the promise made in the Preamble.

Solution - UCC ✔️
1. Hansa Mehta and Amrit Kaur demanded that a Uniform Civil Code capable of arresting the aggrandising social-patriarchal power must be included in the Fundamental Rights.

2. In the Sub Committee on Fundamental Rights, Hansa Mehta tried to limit the right to religion as she believed that it would curtail women’s right to equality and social reforms such as the abolition of child marriage. Hansa Mehta and Amrit Kaur demanded the term ‘free practice of religion’ be replaced by ‘freedom of religious worship’ as a constitutional carte blanche for religion would impede Indian women’s emancipation.

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Relevance- Philosophical Framework of Constitution

Use - #Quotes

1. “however good a Constitution may be, it is sure to turn out bad because those who are called to work it, happen to be a bad lot. However bad a Constitution may be, it may turn out to be good if those who are called to work it, happen to be a good lot.”

2. he declared, “we are going to enter into a life of contradictions. In politics we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality. In politics we will be recognizing the principle of one man one vote and one vote one value. In our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions? How long shall we continue to deny equality in our social and economic life?”

3. “Without equality,” he pointed out, “liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many. Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative. Without fraternity, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many. Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things. It would require a constable to enforce them.”

4.“Independence,” Dr. Ambedkar said in concluding his memorable speech, “is no doubt a matter of joy. But let us not forget that this independence has thrown on us great responsibilities. By independence, we have lost the excuse of blaming the British for anything going wrong. If hereafter things go wrong, we will have nobody to blame except ourselves.”

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Social media has emerged as a central platform for communication, but whether it enhances or threatens democracy is a complex and contentious issue. The article presents arguments for both sides of this debate, providing valuable insights from experts like Alan Rusbridger and Pratik Sinha, along with examples like The Guardian’s decision to stop posting on X (formerly Twitter), highlighting the increasing concerns over the influence of social media on political discourse.

Arguments For Social Media and Democracy:
Access to Information and Mobilization: Social media platforms allow for the rapid dissemination of information and the ability for citizens to organize. This can be beneficial for democracy, as people can share news, mobilize for causes, and challenge power structures. For instance, social media has been instrumental in bringing global attention to issues like the Palestinian conflict, which might not have received as much focus in the traditional media landscape.

Empowering Voices: Platforms like Facebook and X (Twitter) have given ordinary citizens a voice, enabling them to participate in public discourse and influence political outcomes. Alan Rusbridger mentions that social media, at its best, is "marvellous" because it allows billions of people to publish and connect with each other, fostering political and social engagement. This democratization of communication is crucial in building an informed and active citizenry.

Alternative Views and Decentralization: Pratik Sinha advocates for decentralized systems, such as Mastodon and Bluesky, which provide alternatives to the more centralized platforms controlled by a few monopolistic companies. These decentralized platforms could allow for a healthier information ecosystem, free from excessive control or political manipulation by corporate owners like Elon Musk.

Arguments Against Social Media and Democracy:
Monopolistic Control and Censorship: One of the central critiques is the monopolistic control that a few tech giants (e.g., Meta, Twitter, and Google) have over public discourse. As highlighted by Pratik Sinha, the centralization of information makes it easier for governments or corporations to censor content or influence the narrative. If governments build relationships with these platforms, they can easily manipulate or suppress the information that reaches citizens, which undermines the democratic ideal of free speech.

Toxicity and Misinformation: Alan Rusbridger and Pratik Sinha both point to the toxicity of platforms like X (formerly Twitter), especially after Elon Musk’s ownership, which has led to algorithm changes that amplify his personal posts and weaken the platform’s editorial standards. Social media has also been criticized for spreading misinformation and hate speech. For example, during riots in Sri Lanka, Facebook had no moderators in the country, which allowed harmful content to spread without intervention. This has been further exacerbated by the lack of investment in local language moderators, especially in countries like India.

Manipulation and Polarization: The article illustrates how social media platforms can be used as tools for political manipulation. Musk’s control over X is an example of how a single individual can shape the political discourse by promoting his own agenda and undermining trust in traditional media. This creates a "filter bubble" effect, where people are only exposed to information that aligns with their views, leading to increased polarization and political division.

Lack of Effective Content Moderation: The absence of proper content moderation on platforms like X is a serious concern. Rusbridger mentions how Musk’s disregard for content moderation allows dangerous content to thrive, including posts that can incite violence, as seen in the Southport riots in the UK. Without adequate moderation, social media platforms can become breeding grounds for harmful ideologies and illegal activities, undermining the safety and trust required for democratic engagement.

Conclusion:
Social media, when used responsibly and ethically, can be a powerful tool for democracy, fostering open dialogue, political participation, and social activism. However, as the article outlines, its growing centralization, lack of accountability, and manipulation by powerful figures like Elon Musk present significant risks to democratic values. Platforms like X, under Musk’s ownership, have become vectors for misinformation, censorship, and political influence, raising valid concerns about their role in shaping political discourse.

To mitigate these threats, it is essential for platforms to invest in proper moderation systems, support decentralization, and ensure that their algorithms are transparent and accountable. Moreover, public literacy in media and information is crucial to help users critically evaluate the content they encounter on social media. While social media can empower democratic engagement, unchecked, it poses a substantial challenge to the integrity and functioning of democratic societies.

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Use - #Example - No Tehsildar post in UPPCS 2023 followed by Lateral Entry for the said post shows overall trend of NPM based Governance in Uttar Pradesh✔️

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Use - #Example

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Use - #Issue

Problem - Overcrowding due 131% Occupancy Rate (Large number of Undertrials)

Solution- Prison Tag = Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023, contains a provision that says “prisoners may be granted prison leave on the condition of their willingness to wear electronic tracking devices” so that their movement and activities may be monitored.

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Relevance- Significant Issues in Indian Administration- Disaster - Twin Negligence

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Relevance- Philosophical Framework- Democracy

Use - #Example - Add this with Surat Constituency MPs unopposed election in 18th Lok Sabha

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Relevance- Personnel Administration and Civil Services

Use - #Examples- Grave Indiscipline and Undermining Public Image of Administrative Machinery

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Use - #Fact - What is Germany’s debt brake rule?

Germany’s debt brake rule limits the EU country’s borrowing to 0.35% of its GDP. This limit, written into Basic Law (German Constitution), e•ectively means that the government has to try to balance its books every •scal year, that is, it can only spend what it makes via taxes and levies. This rule was written into the law in 2009 after the 2008 economic crisis to bring public •nances back under the control of the government. The debt brake limits indiscriminate government borrowing which would later translate to huge interest and fall as a burden on future generations.

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Relevance - Government and Administration

Use - Issue

Major problems in Judgement-
1. Questions about redress and compensation for past acts, now ruled to be illegal. In its judgment, while the Court held that state o•cials responsible for illegal demolitions would be held personally liable for compensation and redress, it failed to clarify how its judgment would apply to all the demolitions that had taken place so far, and how it would aid the victims of such demolitions, who have been rendered homeless.

2. Court used the language of hypotheticals rather than addressing the material reality before it. The judgment, thus, reads like an indirect approach to the actual problem at hand, and re•ects a hesitation on the part of the Court to identify the problem in clear terms.

3. Implementation needs to be seen.

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Relevance - Government and Administration

Linkages -
Taylorian SOP Violates✔️
Waldovian Administrative State✔️
Dicey Rule of Law✔️
Follett Right Approach and Law of Situation and Principles of Giving Orders not followed ✔️
Shelter is Maslow Security Need and it's demolition leave people shattered (Motivation Angle)✔️
Weberian Bureaucracy - Punishment Centric (Alvin Gouldner) ✔️

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Use -
#Issue - DOGE ✔️
#Keywords - Schedule F Initiative ✔️
#Commission - Grace 1982, Simpson-Bowles 2010, New Jersy Red Tape Review Commission ✔️

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Must READ Article

Relevance- Communication + Soft Skill Training

Use - #Example - Communication as antidote to Entropy in Organisation

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Relevance- Philosophical Framework of Constitution- FR

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Relevance-Law and Order Administration

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Relevance- Philosophical Framework- Reservations

Use - #Issue + #Facts - Study of PB, AP, TN and BR

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Thinkers - Management
LPG challenge

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Relevance- CPA

Use - #Examples

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Relevance- Personnel Administration and Civil Services

Use - #Examples

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Relevance- Public Policy

Use -

#Examples - Why is it that the world’s largest democracy has yet to produce a world-class public policy institution?
The United States and Europe boast of institutions such as the John F. Kennedy School of Government (Harvard Kennedy School) and the London School of Economics which train leaders who shape not only national but global governance.

#Issue - we must design an institution suited to our political reality — where power is informal, personalised, and heavily dependent on executive control. Such an institution must serve dual purposes: first, equipping students with both traditional policy expertise and an understanding of India’s unique power dynamics; and second, facilitating a more stable policy ecosystem.

Unlike western policy schools that focus on formal institutions and assume straightforward paths to influence, an Indian institution must teach students to navigate a complex web of informal networks, regional power structures, and social dynamics. The curriculum must go beyond traditional policy education to map how power actually works — through relationships, caste hierarchies, regional elites, and grassroots movements. Students need to learn not just policy theory but also how to be e•ective in a system where power is opaque

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Relvance -
Accountability and Control- CSO
Policy Deliberation

Use - Note the example- AIPC

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Data&Fact - Budget in Parliament

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Unfortunate Data&Fact - Criminalization of Politics

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💡💡💡 Impact of Globalisation on Public Administration

(IGNOU+ MOHIT BHATTACHARYA) for IGNOU+ UPSC

Value Addition Points for UPSC covered in this video-
1. GM Paradigm
2. SRME PARADIGM
3. Reform Replacement by Edward Jennings (NPM(
4. Embedded Autonomy by Peter Evans (CSO)
4. Globalization by Anthony Giddens, Ali Farazmand and OECD
5. McMurthy Value Questions
6. Invisible Hand - From Strangulation to Regulation

https://youtu.be/WpDRL--AHfU

Data & Facts - World TB Report

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Poor Planning !!

Relevance Plans and Priorities

Use - #Example

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Relevance - Value Premise

Use - #CASE

Relevance - State Government and Administration

Use - #Fact

Data&Facts - #Monsoon and #ClimateChange

Keep this data for potential question in UPSC.

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https://youtu.be/OSnTwn2-wCc

Relevance - Philosophical Framework of Constitution and Govt

Use - #Keywords

✔️Zoya Hasan’s new book, Democracy on Trial: Majoritarianism and Dissent in India

✔️Its opening sentences read, “India is a thriving democracy when it comes to elections but a diminishing democracy when it comes to equality and freedoms.

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Relevance - Organisation (Regulation), Administrative Behavior (Communication), Introduction(NPM)

Use- #Issue

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(Back2Basics) Concept of Good Governance - IGNOU MPA011✨

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Relevance - Judicial Administration, Development Administration- WAD

USE-
✔️#Fact - The Supreme Court of India’s “State of the Judiciary” report (2023) showed 36.3% of women in the district judiciary, which is heartening. In 14 States, more than 50% of candidates successfully recruited into the civil judge (junior) division were women. However, at the higher levels, the representation of women in the judiciary falls short. As of January 2024, only 13.4% of judges in the High Court and 9.3% judges in the Supreme Court are women

✔️#CaseStudy- This is a classic problem of the ever-widening public-private divide espoused by Carole Pateman in her theory wherein she points out that as women increasingly entered the public sphere traditionally occupied by men, there was a lag in the laws as well. She further elaborates that this public-private divide is the main reason why the public sphere does not cater to the speci•c needs of women upon their transition from the private sphere to the public. This theory can be extended to the design and regulation of the public sphere as well, which is usually not a conducive environment for women to thrive and feel safe.

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Relevance- Personnel Administration and Civil Services - Training - Case Study Approach

Use -
✔️#CaseStudy
✔️#Keyword- Administrative Siberias, Administrative Cocoons

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Relevance- Philosophical Framework + UG and Administration

Thinkers - Taylor SMT
Use -

✔️#Examples - MCC guidelines violation

✔️#Keywords - Governance Holiday - AACHAR SANHITA LAAGO HAI as excuse

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Relevance- LPG

Role of private sector in policy = 93% buses in private sector!!

Use - #Example

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Relevance Gulick - Coordination by Committee

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Relevance- Right of Regulation, Judicial Interpretation

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As far as the rules of the victims’ register experiment are concerned, victims and their families need to be given a bene•t of doubt when they tell their stories, as many versions cannot be cross-checked in a tangible manner. The ground rules of the exercise shall have to be based on trust. The said measure shall be an impactful confidence-building measure and is bound to expand the support base of the state against the Maoists.

Relevance-
✔️Development Administration- Trust based Model
✔️Thinkers - Conflict Resolution through identification

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Relevance- Development Administration
Source - IE

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Relevance- Administrative Law - Effectiveness of Tribunal

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Relevance- Development Administration

This topic is one of the most important contemporary development in public administration.

✔️AJR’s most cited paper, with more than 18,715 citations, is “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation”.

✔️AJR expanded on this argument in Why Nations Fail(2012), suggesting that inclusive institutions are necessary for sustained economic growth, while extractive institutions keep nations in poverty.

✔️Yuen Yuen Ang’s critique of AJR presents a challenge to their deterministic, teleological model. In her book, How China Escaped the Poverty Trap, Ang refutes AJR’s assertion that inclusive institutions are an ex-ante requirement for economic growth. Instead, she introduces the concept of “directed improvisation”, a decentralised mechanism of institutional adaptation driven by iterative experimentation at subnational levels. This process allows institutions to co-evolve with emergent economic conditions, directly contesting AJR’s static binary classi•cation of institutions as either inclusive or extractive. Ang’s model highlights the endogenous, path-dependent nature of institutional evolution, aligning with Douglass North’s concept of “adaptive efficiency”.

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This was colloquially referred to as “Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram”, a phrase that originated from an incident in Haryana in the 1960s, where alegislator, Gaya Lal, switched parties multiple times in a single day. Such incidents underscored the need for a law to curb this practice.

The Government of India must also explore various suggestions made by the Dinesh Goswami committee report (1990), the Hashim Abdul Halim committee report (1994), the 170th report of the Law Commission of India (1999), the Report of the National Commission to review the working of the Constitution of India (2002), the Hashim Abdul Halim committee report (2003) and the 255th report of the Law Commission of India (2015) for strengthening of the anti-defection law.

Relevance- Philosophical Framework- Democracy - ADL

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Personnel Administration and Civil Services - Performance Appraisal
NPM Model - Neo Taylorism

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Relevance- Philosophical Framework of Constitution and Govt- Constitutional Governance

#ESSAY After Independence, the last British commander in chief of the Indian Army, General Claude Auchinleck had observed, “The Sikhs may try to set up a separate regime. I think they probably will and that will be only a start of a general decentralization and break-up of the idea that India is a country, whereas it is a subcontinent as varied as Europe. The Punjabi is as di•erent from a Madrassi as a Scot is from an Italian. The British tried to consolidate it but achieved nothing permanent. No one can make a nation out of a continent of many nations.” We proved many people wrong in not only forging a national identity of a nation that is built on constitutional ideals but we have also made the Constitution an instrument of galvanising social conscience and political consciousness.

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Relevance- Philosophical Framework of Constitution and Govt

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Relvance-
Post NPM Model - E Governance
System Approach

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Public Administration Current Affairs - 17th October 2024


https://youtu.be/fIbtjKc3Tfk

💡💡💡

Day 3 of Data&Facts #Landslide

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Relevance- Personnel Administration and Civil Services- Training

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Relevance - Law and Order- Security

Note the keyword

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Relevance - Policy - Institutional model

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Relevance- Significant Issues- Disaster Management

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Relevance - Philosophical Framework- Value Premise- FR - Article 32

Use - #Example

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Relevance - State Government and Administration

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July 2024 - PubAdPedia Explained!

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Day 2 of Data&Facts #ClimateChange

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Relevance- CPA

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Relevance - Organization _ Regulation

Relvance- Public Policy

Use -
#Issue
#Model - Desirability and Feasibility

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Relvance- Law and Order

Use - #Keyword > LOC

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Relvance- Philosophical Framework- Value Premise- Preambular Value of Fraternity

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Expectations kill happiness!

Well, Not always!! Read ROSENTHAL EFFECT

For #GS4 #Essay = @upsclogy ✔️