Priyesh sir (geography)

Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar appointed as Chief Election Commissioner.

Potash mining in India

Surveys conducted by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) have identified potash reserves in Rajasthan, presenting an opportunity to decrease India’s dependence on imports.

What is Potash?
Potash refers to potassium-bearing minerals, mainly used in fertilizers (90% usage).

Applications: 

One of the three primary nutrients in NPK fertilizers (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium).
Potash alum helps remove water hardness and has antibacterial properties.
Used in production of glass ceramics, soaps and detergents, and explosives.
Types of Potash Fertilizers:
Sulphate of Potash (SOP): Premium, chloride-free, used for fruits and vegetables.
Muriate of Potash (MOP): Contains chloride, used for carbohydrate crops like wheat.

Potash Reserves in India

Punjab and Rajasthan identified as key states with significant reserves.
Punjab: Potash reserves in Fazilka and Sri Muktsar Sahib districts.
Rajasthan: Nagaur-Ganganagar basin, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Churu, and Bikaner districts. Rajasthan alone contributes 89%.

Why is Potash Mining Important for India?

Reducing Import Dependence: India currently imports 50 lakh tonnes of potash annually.
Boosting Domestic Fertilizer Industry: Will enhance agricultural self-reliance. 
Economic Benefits: Employment generation and regional economic development.

Challenges and Concerns
Environmental and Land Issues: 

Potash deposits in Punjab are 450 meters below the surface.
Farmers fear land acquisition and loss of livelihoods.

The government claims mining will use an advanced drilling system with zero land impact.
An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment is being conducted.

Government Policy and Classification
Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS): Provides subsidies based on actual nutrient content (N, P, K).
Critical Mineral Status: Recognized under the Mines & Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment (MMDR) Act, 2023 to boost domestic production and reduce import dependency

Green Milestone: India Surpasses 100 GW Installed Solar Power Capacity

RISING TENSIONS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION

Context: Days after the capture of Goma, M23 rebels and allied Rawandan forces have launched a new offensive in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Background:
The ongoing insurgency in the DRC, which is the continuation of protracted turmoil and insecurity that has plagued the region for generations, is intertwined with the region’s geography and resources.

Key takeaways
The Great Lakes Region of Africa
The Great Lakes Region of Africa, located in East and Central Africa, is a series of lakes in and around the East African Rift Valley. 

This network of large freshwater lakes in the heart of Africa is endowed with various natural resources, which give the East African Rift Valley a unique ecology and socioeconomic significance. 

These lakes include Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi, Lake Albert, Lake Kivu and Lake Edward. They are surrounded by ten riparian states that include Burundi, the DRC, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. 

Most of them have a traumatic past, while violent conflict is endemic in the region.

The resource curse—whereby abundant natural wealth spurs conflict and corruption—is a recurring theme.

MARINE HEATWAVES (MHWs)

Context: The marine heatwaves (MHWs) linked to the death of more than 30,000 fish off the coastal Western Australia in January were made up to 100 times more likely to occur due to climate change.

Background: –
The MHWs began in September 2024 and are still ongoing in the region.

The current MHWs are the second-worst in Western Australia’s recorded history. The region saw its most intense MHWs during the 2010–11 summer, when temperatures soared to 5 degrees Celsius above average.

Key takeaways

A marine heatwave occurs when the surface temperature of a particular region of the sea rises to 3 or 4 degrees Celsius above the average temperature for at least five days. 
MHWs can last for weeks, months or even years.

A 2021 report by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) said MHWs have increased by 50% over the past decade and now last longer and are more severe. MHWs have been recorded in surface and deep waters, across all latitudes, and in all types of marine ecosystems, the report said.

Why have marine heatwaves intensified?

The primary reason is the climate crisis. As global temperatures have soared to 1.3 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial levels, 90% of the extra heat has been absorbed by the ocean. 

Global mean SST increased close to 0.9 degrees Celsius since 1850, and the rise over the last four decades is around 0.6 degrees Celsius.

As a result, MHWs have become more frequent, long-lasting, and severe.
Impact Of Marine Heatwaves
MHWs can be devastating for marine life. For example, the 2010-11 MHWs in Western Australia caused large-scale fish kills. It also destroyed klep forests and fundamentally altered the ecosystem of the coast. Kelps usually grow in cooler waters, providing habitat and food for many marine animals.

These heatwaves contribute to coral bleaching, which reduces the reproductivity of corals and makes them more vulnerable. Thousands of marine animals depend on coral reefs for survival and damage to corals could, in turn, threaten their existence.

POST-QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

Context: The timeline for quantum computing’s impact remains debated, with estimates ranging from imminent to 15 years away. Regardless, its rapid computational power poses a major cybersecurity threat, as it can break traditional encryption. This underscores the need for post-quantum cryptography (PQC).

Background: –
Quantum computers use qubits, which can represent 0, 1, or a combination of both simultaneously, allowing them to process data much faster than traditional computers. This capability makes them a potential tool for mounting lethal cyberattacks if security layers are not prepared.

Key takeaways
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) refers to cryptographic algorithms designed to be secure against attacks from quantum computers. 
As quantum computers advance, they pose a threat to traditional cryptographic systems such as RSA, ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), and DH (Diffie-Hellman), which rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers or solving discrete logarithm problems—both of which quantum computers can efficiently solve using Shor’s algorithm.

Threats Posed by Quantum Computing

Store Now, Decrypt Later (SNDL) Attack
In this attack, adversaries intercept and store encrypted data today with the intention of decrypting it later when quantum computers become powerful enough to break existing cryptographic systems.
This is a major concern for long-lived sensitive data (e.g., government communications, financial transactions, military secrets).
Even if quantum computers are not yet available, encrypted data stolen today could be compromised in the future.

Breaking Public-Key Cryptography
Quantum computers can use Shor’s Algorithm to efficiently factor large numbers and solve discrete logarithms, making widely used encryption protocols like RSA, ECC, and Diffie-Hellman obsolete.
This threatens secure communications, digital signatures, and online authentication systems.

Attacks on Symmetric Cryptography
Grover’s Algorithm allows quantum computers to search databases and brute-force encryption keys much faster than classical computers.
While symmetric encryption remains relatively secure, its key sizes need to double to maintain the same level of security.

Quantum-Enhanced Cyberattacks
Quantum computing could enhance AI-driven cyberattacks, allowing faster exploitation of vulnerabilities in software and networks.
Quantum machine learning algorithms might optimize phishing, password cracking, or intrusion detection evasion.

Quantum Threats to Blockchain and Digital Signatures
Cryptographic signatures securing blockchains and cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to quantum attacks.
A sufficiently powerful quantum computer could forge digital signatures, allowing an attacker to steal funds or manipulate transactions

4 new wetlands added into India': 85+4= 89 wetlands declared as a ramsar sites in India.

How to Easily Identify National Highways in India
To wrap up, understanding the numbers on National Highways is quite simple once you know the pattern:
• One or two-digit numbers are major highways.
• Even numbers (NH-2, NH-4) run North to South and increase from East to West.
• Odd numbers (NH-5, NH-7) run East to West and increase from North to South.
• Three-digit numbers are subsidiary highways branching off main ones, and their first digit indicates their direction.
• Letters (A, B, C, D) further specify sections of subsidiary highways.

http://iaspriyeshsirstudents.blogspot.com/2018/09/shale-gas-prospect-and-challenge-for.html

Important topic this week in geography:

Interlinking of river, Ken -Betwa link canal
Siachen glacier
Mission monsoon
Tungbhadra river
Hydroclimatic whiplash
Forest fires
Groundwater authorities and its report on groundwater pollution and over exploitation

WHY LITHIUM AUCTION FAILED IN INDIA ?

LITHIUM

GRAPHITE

AFANASY NIKITIN SEAMOUNT

COBALT

About Mission Mausam

The mission aims to upgrade the capabilities of India’s weather department in forecasting, modelling, and dissemination.

The primary objectives of Mission Mausam are: 

To enhance India’s capability in weather forecasting across various scales—short-term, medium-term, extended-range, and seasonal.

To develop high-resolution models for improved accuracy in predicting monsoon behaviour.

To strengthen observational networks with advanced radars, satellites, and automated weather stations.

To provide actionable advisories for agriculture, water resources, energy, health, and disaster management sectors.

To build capacity through research collaborations with national and international institutions.
Mission Mausam will have a budget of Rs 2,000 crore for the first two years of its implementation.
Mission Mausam adopts a multi-pronged approach to achieve its objectives:

Infrastructure Development: Installation of Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs), Automatic Weather Stations (AWS), and rain gauges across the country.

Supercomputing Power: Leveraging high-performance computing systems like Pratyush and Mihir for advanced climate modelling.

Collaborative Research:
 Partnerships with global organizations like the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to enhance forecasting techniques.

Public Outreach: Dissemination of user-friendly advisories through mobileapps (e.g., Mausam app), SMS services, and media channels.

The mission will also ‘manage’ certain weather events, and on-demand, enhance or suppress rainfall, hail, fog and, later, lightning strikes.

For effective weather modification, one of the most important areas is cloud physics. Towards this end, India is establishing a first-of-its-kind cloud chamber at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.

A cloud chamber resembles a closed cylindrical or tubular drum, inside which water vapour, aerosols, etc. are injected. Under the desired humidity and temperature inside this chamber, a cloud can develop.
With Mission Mausam, India will build a cloud chamber with convection properties, as required to study Indian monsoon clouds

Q2.) Hydroclimate whiplash is characterized by which of the following?

1) Rapid transitions between very wet and very dry conditions.

2) Stable level of atmospheric pressure.

3) Enhanced stability in water resource management.

Select the correct answer using the codes below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Q1.) With reference to Diego Garcia, consider the following statements:

1) Diego Garcia is a coral atoll located in the Atlantic Ocean.

2) It serves as a strategic military base jointly operated by the United Kingdom and the United States.

3) The sovereignty of Diego Garcia has been a subject of international dispute involving Mauritius.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

HYDROCLIMATE WHIPLASH

Context: The wildfires that have devastated large parts of the Los Angeles city and surrounding areas in the United States since January 7 occurred due to rare meteorological conditions enhanced by global warming and consequent climate change, mainly due to a ‘hydroclimate whiplash’. 

Background: –
The blazes have already killed 24 people and burnt 12,000 structures to the ground over an area of 155 square kilometres as of January 13 and may intensify further due to fierce winds in the coming days.

Key takeaways 

Hydroclimate whiplash refers to rapid and extreme transitions between very wet and very dry conditions in a region. This phenomenon is becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change, leading to significant environmental and societal impacts.

Causes of Hydroclimate Whiplash:

A primary driver is the increasing capacity of a warmer atmosphere to hold moisture. For every degree Celsius of warming, the atmosphere can hold about 7% more water vapor. This “expanding atmospheric sponge” effect results in:
Intensified Precipitation: When the saturated atmosphere releases moisture, it leads to heavier and more intense rainfall events.

Enhanced Evaporation: A warmer atmosphere also increases evaporative demand, drawing more moisture from soils and vegetation, which exacerbates drought conditions during dry periods.
These dynamics contribute to more pronounced swings between wet and dry periods, characteristic of hydroclimate whiplash.

Impacts of Hydroclimate Whiplash:

Wildfires: Periods of heavy rainfall promote vegetation growth, which, during subsequent droughts, becomes dry fuel, increasing wildfire risk. This sequence has been observed in regions like California, where wet winters followed by dry summers have led to severe wildfires. 

Flooding and Landslides: Intense rainfall can lead to flash floods and landslides, especially when occurring after prolonged dry spells that compromise soil stability.

Agricultural Disruption: Crops may suffer from alternating flooding and drought conditions, affecting food production and security.

Water Resource Management
Challenges: The unpredictability of water availability complicates the management of reservoirs and water supplies, impacting both human consumption and ecological needs.

Sea level rise in India

Context
Kerala’s coastline has transformed dramatically over the past three decades, shrinking under the relentless forces of coastal erosion, rising sea levels, and human interventions. 

Over 55% of Kerala’s coastline is now classified as vulnerable, threatening the livelihoods of over 9.3 million people across nine coastal districts.

Rising Sea Level Across India
Earlier, the report titled “Sea Level Rise Scenarios and Inundation Maps for Selected Indian Coastal Cities”, published by the Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP), provides critical insights into the projected impacts of sea level rise (SLR) on 15 Indian coastal cities.

The report highlights that sea levels in Indian coastal cities have risen significantly, with Mumbai witnessing the highest increase, followed by Haldia and Visakhapatnam. 

By 2040, over 10% of land in Mumbai, Yanam, and Thoothukudi is projected to be submerged, while Panaji and Chennai may see 5%-10% inundation. 

Other cities like Kochi, Mangaluru, and Puri face 1%-5% submergence. This emphasizes the urgent need for localized adaptation and resilience strategies to mitigate the impact of rising sea levels.

Reasons for the Rise of Sea Level

Rising Temperatures:  Climate change brought on by fossil-fuel burning and greenhouse gas emissions has led to a steady increase in global temperatures. 

Melting Glaciers and Ice Caps: As global temperatures rise, ice melts, contributing more water to the oceans.

Thermal Expansion: As seawater warms, it expands, taking up more space and raising sea levels.

Challenges Associated with the Rise in Sea Level

Key sectors that will be impacted include water, agriculture, forest and biodiversity, and health.
Coastal Flooding: Increased flooding of low-lying coastal areas, displacing communities and damaging infrastructure.

Agriculture Impact: Saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources, affecting crop production.

Displacement of People: Threatens millions living in coastal regions, increasing migration and pressure on inland areas.

Economic Losses: Damage to ports, tourism, and fishing industries, affecting livelihoods and the economy.

India’s Efforts to Combat Climate Change

Renewable Energy Expansion: India has set ambitious targets for renewable energy generation, aiming to increase its capacity significantly. 
International Commitments: India is a signatory to the Paris Agreement and has announced its aim to meet 50% of its electricity demands from renewable energy sources by 2030.

Afforestation and Forest Conservation: There are programs to increase forest cover, restore degraded lands, and promote sustainable forest management practices.

Clean Transportation: India is promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and has set a target of 30% EV market share by 2030. 
Climate Resilience: This includes the development of climate-resilient crop varieties, water conservation techniques, and disaster preparedness measures.

International Cooperation: Engaging in initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.

In News
Jaisalmer witnessed a unique natural event when artesian water began gushing to the surface, providing a striking example of artesian conditions.

What is Artesian Condition?
An artesian condition occurs when groundwater is confined under pressure between layers of impermeable rocks, creating what is known as an artesian aquifer.

Factors Leading to Artesian Condition

Confined Aquifer: Water is trapped between layers of impermeable rock, making it difficult for water to escape.
Pressure Gradient: The natural geological pressure from the weight of overlying rock layers creates the internal pressure within the aquifer.
Rupture or Drilling: When the confining layer is punctured, such as through drilling, the built-up pressure is released, forcing the water upward.

How does it work?
Once the top impermeable layer is breached, artesian water flows naturally to the surface, propelled by the internal pressure of the aquifer. The water can gush forcefully, depending on the depth and pressure within the aquifer.

Global Examples
Artois, France: Artesian wells in this region were among the first to be documented during the Middle Ages.
Australia: Artesian wells are common in the dry central areas, helping support agriculture in otherwise dry regions.
Africa: Certain regions of Africa, especially in desert areas, rely on artesian wells to access groundwater.

Significance
Water Source in Arid Regions: Artesian wells are particularly significant in desert and arid regions, where water is scarce. The natural flow of artesian water can provide a reliable water source without the need for energy-intensive pumps.
Agricultural Utility: Artesian wells enable irrigation in places with limited access to surface water, allowing crops to be watered without the need for machinery.
Geological Insight: Artesian conditions help scientists study subsurface water distribution, hydrology, and the overall geological makeup of a region

Here's to a fresh start, a new chapter and new opportunities.... wishing you and your family good health, happiness and prosperity.....a bright 2025 🙏

India: Why a nation of 1.45 billion wants more children - BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce9088men9xo

May the beauty of Diwali fill your heart with endless joy and the year ahead with abundant success. Happy Diwali 🙏🙏🙏

Happy diwali to all

India’s concern over Beijing trade policies:

Context : India has questioned several moves by China at the WTO, turning the heat on non-transparent subsidies that lead to influx of low priced , poor quality goods into the country, harming its local industries.

Cause : India’s trade deficit with China is $85.08 billion in FY24.
1) market access to many products is restricted such as bovine meat, shrimp health certificate , etc.
2) China led plurilateral investment facilitation development (IFD) agreement at the WTO, India opposed this emphasis transparency of investment measures, streamlining and speeding up investment related authorisation.
3) export control measures on critical minerals and non tariff barriers that adversely impact pharmaceutical export.

Generations of Ethanol/Biofuels:
1. First-Generation Ethanol
• Feedstocks: Produced from food crops such as sugarcane, corn, and wheat.
• Process: Involves the fermentation of sugars from these crops to produce ethanol.
• Characteristics: Uses edible parts of crops; raises concerns over food vs. fuel debates and land use.
2. Second-Generation Ethanol (2G Ethanol)
• Feedstocks: Produced from non-food biomass, including agricultural residues (e.g., rice straw, corn
stover), wood chips, and dedicated energy crops.
• Process: Involves breaking down cellulose and hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass into
fermentable sugars, which are then fermented to produce ethanol.
• Characteristics: Utilizes waste and non-edible parts of plants; addresses food vs. fuel concerns and aims
for higher sustainability.
3. Third-Generation Ethanol (3G Ethanol)
• Feedstocks: Produced from algae and other microorganisms.
• Process: Involves cultivating algae, which can be converted into ethanol through various biochemical
processes.
• Characteristics: Potential for high yield and efficiency; reduces competition with food crops and can
utilize non-arable land.
4. Fourth-Generation Ethanol (4G Ethanol)
• Feedstocks: Focuses on integrating carbon capture technologies with algae or other advanced feedstocks.
• Process: Incorporates carbon capture and utilization (CCU) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
during ethanol production.
• Characteristics: Aims to further reduce environmental impact and enhance sustainability through
innovative technologies.

Carbon Types in Stores, Sinks, and Sources:
Sinks (Storage):

Green Carbon: Stored in forests, grasslands, and soils.
Blue Carbon: Stored in coastal ecosystems (mangroves, salt marshes, seagrasses).
Teal Carbon: Stored in freshwater ecosystems (peatlands, wetlands, lakes, rivers).
Soil Organic Carbon: Stored in healthy soils, especially under sustainable land management.
Geological Carbon: Stored underground in fossil fuels and through carbon capture and storage (CCS).
Sources (Release):

Fossil Carbon: Released from burning fossil fuels for energy and industry.
Red Carbon: Released from deforestation and land-use changes.
Black Carbon: Released from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.
Grey Carbon: Released from industrial processes and energy production.
Methane (CH₄): Released from agriculture, landfills, and fossil fuel extraction.
Soil Carbon Emissions: Released from disturbed or degraded soils.
Peat Carbon: Released from drained or degraded peatlands.
By understanding the different types of carbon sinks and sources, strategies can be developed to protect natural carbon stores and reduce carbon emissions to combat climate change.

atmospheric rivers are shifting poleward

Atmospheric rivers are shifting poleward from last 4 decades :

Atmospheric rivers are long narrow bands of water vapour in the sky that brings heavy rainfall and storms mainly west coast of USA and Europe are shifting towards higher lati and that’s changing weather patterns around the world.

This shifting is worsening droughts in some regions , intensifying flooding in others, and putting water resources of many communities at risk. When atmospheric rivers reaches in arctic can also melt the sea ice, affecting the global climate.

New study published in university of California shown that atmospheric rivers have shifted about 6-10 degrees towards the poles over the past 4 decades.

Areas affected by atmospheric rivers in the world:

They form in many parts of the world and provide over half of the mean annual rainfall and runoff in these regions, including the US south east coast and west coast, Southeast Asia, New Zealand, northern Spain, Portugal, UK and South central chile.

They are commonly seen in extra tropics a region between 30-50 degrees in both north and south hemisphere.

Atmospheric rivers get the water vapours from tropics atmospheric instability of the jet streams allows them to curve poleward.

Our study shows that the atmospheric rivers have been shifted poleward over the past four decades. In both hemispheres, activity has increased along 50 degrees and decreased along 30 degrees since 1979.

Cause for poleward shifting of atmospheric rivers :

One main reason for this shift in sea surface temperatures in eastern tropical Pacific. Since 2000, waters in the eastern tropical Pacific have had a cooling tendency, which affects atmospheric circulation worldwide. This cooling , often associated with La Niña conditions, pushes atmospheric rivers towards the poles.

The poleward shifting of atmospheric rivers can be explained as a chain of interconnected processes.

- during La Niña condwhen sea surface temperatures cools in the eastern tropical Pacific, the walker circulation get stronger causing the tropical rainband to expand. The expanded tropical rainfall, combined with changes in atmospheric eddy patterns , results in high pressure anomalies and wind patterns that steer atmospheric rivers poleward.

—-conversely during the ElNino conditions, with warmer sea surface temperatures, the mechanism operates in the opposite direction, walker circulation get weaker, shifting the atmospheric rivers less away from equator

Why does this poleward shift of atmospheric rivers matters?

It can affect the local climate.

— in the subtropics, where atmospheric rivers are becoming less common, the results into longer droughts and lesser water. That leads to water crisis, rivers and lakes dried up, agriculture get adversely affected, creating farmer crisis and food shortages due to water shortages.
—- in higher latitudes, atmospheric rivers moving poleward could leads to more extreme rainfall, flooding, landslides, storms and snowfall
—- in Arctic, more atmospheric rivers could speed up sea ice melting, adding global warming and affecting animals of polar regions, 36% increase in summer rainfall
—- due to global warming the frequency and intensity of atmospheric rivers increased because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture
—- predicting and forecasting weather conditions remains more uncertain and difficult.

A recent study confirms that canine distemper virus (CDV) is circulating among common leopards (Panthera pardus) in Nepal, causing fatalities; this is the first documentation of live CDV in leopards, establishing a direct link to their deaths.  

WWF 2024 living planet report:

Context: The living planet report 2024, released a biennial assessment by conservation organisation the world wildlife fund (WWF) revealed that the average size of wildlife population has decreased by 73% since 1970.

The WWF uses living planet index to track the average trend in wildlife population they say
—— between 1970-2020, freshwater species decline by 85%, terrestrial species decline by 69%, and marine population decline by 56%.
——- at regional level steepest declines in Latin America and Caribbean by 95%, followed by Africa 76%, Asia Pacific region decline by 60%, North American by 39% and Central Asia by 35%


Causes for decline in wildlife population:

1) Habitat loss and degradation
2) over exploitation of resources
3) pest and invasive species
4) climate change and pollution
5) replacing hardwood with softwood
6) hunting and illegal trade
7) forest fires
8) global temperature rise triggering multiple tipping points
9) agricultural use of 40% of available land, 10 major crops cover 83% of all harvest food.
10) failed commitment for climate change, NDC targets, SDG targets

Impacts of wildlife loss

— food insecurity
— overfishing
— coral bleaching and coral reef degradation by 75% in world
— positive feedback loops will accelerate the global warming due to more release of carbon and methane, reduce carbon sink
—- species endangered are forest elephants, etc
—- economic loss by 10-15 trillion dollar annually, 12% of global GDP fall
—- indigenous peoples and local communities lost their livelihoods

Solution lies in protecting and conserving wildlife by implementing sustainable development goals, CBD targets, climate change mitigation, clean and green technologies, sustainable agriculture, financial and institutional support at all levels and involving all stakeholders.