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Top 10 Power BI Interview Questions with Answers

What is Power BI, and what are its main components?
Power BI is a business analytics tool by Microsoft. Its main components include Power Query, Power Pivot, Power View, and Power Map.

How do you import data into Power BI?
Data can be imported into Power BI through various sources like Excel files, databases, web services, or by using Power Query to transform and load data.

What is a Power BI Desktop and how does it differ from Power BI Service?
Power BI Desktop is used for creating reports and dashboards, while Power BI Service is a cloud-based platform for publishing, sharing, and collaborating on reports created in Power BI Desktop.

Explain the difference between a measure and a calculated column in Power BI.
A measure is a calculation performed on the fly, often used in visualizations. A calculated column is a column added to a table with a calculated formula and is precomputed during data load.

What is the purpose of DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) in Power BI?
DAX is a formula language used for creating custom calculations, aggregations, and calculated columns in Power BI. It is essential for building complex calculations.

How can you create relationships between tables in Power BI, and why is it important?
Relationships are established by linking common fields between tables. They are crucial for enabling data integration and accurate calculations in Power BI reports.

What are the differences between a slicer and a filter in Power BI?
Slicers are visual elements that allow users to make selections, affecting visuals on a report page. Filters, on the other hand, affect the entire report by restricting data based on certain criteria.

Explain the difference between a calculated column and a measure in Power BI.
A calculated column is computed at the row level and can be used in visuals like any other column. Measures are computed at the aggregate level and are used in calculations.

What is the role of Power Query in Power BI, and how does it help in data transformation?
Power Query is used for data transformation and cleaning. It helps import, transform, and load data into Power BI by shaping and structuring it for analysis.

How can you share Power BI reports with others, and what are the sharing options available?
You can share Power BI reports by publishing them to the Power BI Service, sharing them with specific users, or embedding them in websites and applications. Sharing options can be controlled via workspace permissions.

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Common Power BI Interview Questions

Power Query Editor (built-in ETL)

1. What you done your project and what is your roles & responsibilities?
2. What are the transformations used in your project?
3. What are the different sources you have used in your project?
4. What is difference between Import Mode and Direct Query?
5. What is Fact table and Dimension table?
6. Difference between Star Schema and Snowflake Schema?
7. What is Merge and Append in power query editor?
8. What are the building blocks of Power BI?
9. What is Query Folding in Power Query?
10. What is Power BI Q&A?
11. What are the components of Power BI?
12. What is Conditional Formatting in Power BI?
13. How do you handle errors in Power Query?
14. Three processes to replace replaces null values?
15. Difference between referencing and duplicating a query in Power Query.
16. What is the M language, and how does it relate to Power Query?
17. How do you schedule data refreshes in Power Query?
18. What are custom columns in Power Query, and how do you create them?
19. What is the 'Group By' function in Power Query, and how is it used?
20. Explain how to remove duplicates from a dataset in Power Query.

Power View / Power BI Desktop

1. What are the charts you have used in your project?
2. Any Custom Charts have you used?
3. What is difference between Filters and Slicers?
4. What is Bookmarks in Power BI?
5. How can you make your reports dynamic?
6. Types of relationship in Power BI?
7. What are Drillthrough and Drilldown in Power BI?
8. How do you optimize the performance of a Power BI report?
9. How do you handle large datasets in Power BI Desktop?
10. Difference between Tile vs Report vs Dashboard ?
11. Difference between Drill down vs Drill Through?

DAX

1. What is difference between Measures and Calculated Column?
2. What are DAX functions you have used in your project?
3. What is difference between SUM and SUMX?
4. What is use case of SUMMARIZE function?
5. What is ALL and ALLEXCEPT function?
6. What is the need of Data Master Table?
7. Can you explain use case of SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR?
8. What is Row Context in DAX?
9. What do you mean by MTD , QTD & YTD?
10. Difference between Sum vs SumX?

Power BI Services

1. Which Power BI License you have used in your project?
2. What is Difference between MyWorkspace and Workspace?
3. What are the roles available in workspace?
4. What is RLS?
5. What is Gateway? How many types?
6. Difference between Report and Dashboard?
7. How can you refresh data in Power BI?
8. Explain the concept of Scheduled Refresh and Incremental Refresh?
9. What is Dataflow?
10. How do you share Power BI reports with external users?
11. How do you schedule automatic data refresh in Power BI Service?
12. Types of roles in Power BI Service?
13. How do you set up incremental refresh in Power BI Service?

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In Power BI interviews, companies often ask scenario-based questions to test your practical knowledge. Below, I am sharing a list of some top real-world Power BI scenario-based interview questions. These will help you understand what to expect and prepare effectively for your next Power BI interview:

1. How would you visualize the relationship between 'Customer Age' and 'Purchase Amount'? What type of chart would you use and why?

2. When would you prefer a measure over a calculated column in Power BI? Provide a real-world example.

3. For a dataset containing monthly sales and marketing spend, which type of chart would best illustrate their correlation, and why?

4. How would you create a hierarchical filter for Region → Country → City in Power BI?

5. How would you allow users to interactively filter sales data by regions and product categories in a Power BI dashboard?

6. How would you enable users to toggle dynamically between different metrics (e.g., Sales, Profit, Expenses) in a single Power BI visual?

7. If a Power BI report with millions of rows is slow, what steps would you take to optimize its performance?

8. How would you display key performance indicators (KPIs) such as Total Revenue and Profit Margin in Power BI?

9. How can you build a real-time dashboard in Power BI to track order statuses or IoT sensor data?

10. How would you handle missing or null values in Power BI to ensure accurate reporting?

11. How would you visualize sales trends over time and forecast future values in Power BI?

12. How would you restrict users' access to data so they can only view the sales data for their specific region?

13. How would you highlight low-profit products in Power BI using conditional formatting?

14. How would you create a drillthrough page in Power BI to analyze customer-specific details?

15. How would you clean and transform messy data with duplicate rows and inconsistent formats in Power BI?

16. How would you create a dynamic filter to display data for the last 7 days in a Power BI report?

17. How would you compare target vs. actual sales and visualize the variance in Power BI?

18. How can you set up real-time alerts in Power BI for specific KPIs (e.g., profit margin falling below 10%)?

19. How would you calculate and display a weighted average in Power BI?

20. How would you handle matching customer addresses with slight variations (e.g., abbreviations) in Power BI?

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Complete structured Power BI syllabus for data analysts


1. Introduction to Power BI
Overview of Power BI Desktop, Service, and licensing. Power BI workflow: data import, transform, model, visualize, and publish.

2. Connecting to Data Sources
Connecting to Excel, CSV, SQL Server, and others. Import vs. Direct Query, data refresh, and scheduling.

3. Power Query Editor (ETL)
Data transformation: removing duplicates, filtering, changing data types. Merging and appending queries, introduction to the M Language.

4. Data Modeling
Creating relationships between tables, star schema design, calculated columns/tables. Understanding cardinality, cross-filtering, and data categorization.

5. DAX (Data Analysis Expressions)
Basic DAX syntax, measures, and calculated columns. Aggregation, logical, and filter functions (SUM, IF, CALCULATE). Time intelligence functions for dynamic calculations (YTD, MTD).

6. Visualizations
Building visuals (bar, line, pie, etc.), custom visuals. Formatting and interactions (drill-down, cross-filtering). Maps and geographical visualizations, hierarchies.

7. Filters and Slicers
Using filters at different levels (report, page, visual). Slicers and drill-through filters for report interaction.

8. Publishing and Sharing
Publishing reports, creating dashboards, sharing reports. Workspaces, embedding reports, Power BI Apps.

9. Row-Level Security (RLS)
Implementing RLS to manage user access to data.

10. Power BI Mobile
Optimizing reports for mobile view.

11. Dataflows and Datasets
Creating reusable dataflows, linking datasets, and composite models.

12. Bookmarks and Buttons
Using bookmarks for report storytelling, buttons for navigation.

13. AI Capabilities
AI visuals (Decomposition Tree, Key Influencers), integrating Azure AI.

14. Paginated Reports
Creating pixel-perfect paginated reports for detailed data representation.

15. Data Refresh
Scheduled/manual refresh, data gateways for on-premises data.

16. Power BI and SQL
Direct connection to SQL, using stored procedures with Power BI.

17. Performance Optimization
Best practices for optimizing performance and report load times.

18. Real-Time Dashboards
Streaming datasets, live dashboards with APIs, and real-time data integration.

19. Case Studies and Projects
Building industry-specific dashboards (finance, sales, marketing), real-world scenarios.

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16 Power BI Interview Questions with Answers for you

1. How do you improve the performance of a Power BI report?
Optimize data models, use aggregations, limit visuals on a report page, apply filters to reduce data load, and enable query folding.

2. What type of data sources did you use in your previous project?
Depending on the project requirements, common sources include SQL Server, Azure, Excel, and APIs.

3. What is the difference between Star Schema and Snowflake Schema?
A Star Schema has a central fact table connected to dimension tables, while Snowflake Schema normalizes dimension tables into sub-tables.

4. What is the CALCULATED function in Power BI?
CALCULATED modifies the context of a calculation and returns the result based on the new filters.

5. Tell me about complex DAX functions you used.
I have used functions like CALCULATE, FILTER, and RANKX to create complex calculations for performance metrics.

6. How do you install the Data Gateway in Power BI?
Download the Gateway from Power BI service, install it, and configure it with the on-premises data source.

7. What is the difference between Data Query and Data Flow?
Data Query refers to queries in Power Query Editor, while Data Flow is used to transform and reuse data in multiple datasets.

8. What is the difference between Calculated Columns and Measures?
Calculated columns are static and stored in the model, while measures are dynamic and calculated during report interaction.

9. What is Query Folding in Power BI?
A: Query folding optimizes queries by delegating transformations back to the data source to improve performance.

10. What is the difference between RANK and DENSE RANK in SQL?
A: RANK skips numbers for ties, whereas DENSE RANK assigns consecutive ranks even with ties.

11. What are the types of Context in Power BI?
There are three types: Row Context, Filter Context, and Query Context, used to manage how data is filtered and displayed.

12. Give an example of INNER JOIN in SQL.
SELECT * FROM Orders o INNER JOIN Customers c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID;
returns rows where the condition is met.

13. What is the difference between Filter and Slicer in Power BI?
Filters are applied in the backend, while slicers are visual controls for users to filter data interactively on the report.

14. What are the fundamentals of Power BI?
Power BI fundamentals include data modeling, DAX calculations, data visualization, and report sharing through the Power BI Service.

15. What is Row Level Security in Power BI?
It defines rules to control which data users can view in Power BI reports, based on their roles.

16. What are the different types of subscriptions in Power BI Report Server?
Subscriptions include email-based report delivery, SharePoint delivery, and Power BI Service for scheduled data refresh.

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