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🎲 Quiz 'HYDROCARBONS'
🖊 5 questions · ⏱ 30 sec

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS PYQs🔥

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Morphology of Flowering Plants ☘️🌵

Modern Physics - One Shot JEE MAIN & ADVANCED ✅

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Topic: Distance between lines

Similar Questions asked year :-2022, 2020, 2019

Mind Maps

Chapter - Current Electricity

🎲 Quiz 'Mole concept'
🖊 10 questions · ⏱ 2 min

Human Body Notes 📄 most important ✅🔥

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Mind maps

Chapter - Waves

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Headline:
"Understanding Gamete Formation and Cell Division in Heterogametic Species"

Key Points:

Types of Gametes: Gametes are of two types - male and female - in all heterogametic species.
Haploid Nature: Gametes are always haploid, regardless of whether the parent plant is haploid or diploid.
Haploid Parent Process: Haploid parent organisms produce gametes through mitotic division.
Organism Classification: Organisms like monera, fungi, algae, and bryophytes have a haploid plant body, while pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, and most animals, including humans, are diploid.
Meiotic Division in Diploids: Diploid organisms possess meiocytes (gamete mother cells) which undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes.
Result of Meiosis: Meiosis ensures each gamete has one set of chromosomes, maintaining genetic stability in species.

1. Algae
Reproduction varies from vegetative (fragmentation) to asexual (spores) and sexual (gametes).
Used as a source of food (e.g., Spirulina), and in industries (agar extraction from red algae).
2. Bryophytes
Known for absorbing water through the entire surface, as they lack vascular tissue.
Often serve as pioneer species in soil formation and prevent soil erosion.
3. Pteridophytes
First plants to develop vascular tissue, allowing effective nutrient and water transport.
Commonly found in ornamental gardening (e.g., ferns) due to aesthetic appearance.
4. Gymnosperms
Includes economically important plants like pine and cedar, often used for timber and resins.
Seeds are often dispersed by wind due to their lightweight structure.
5. Angiosperms
Exhibit the greatest diversity among plants, dominating most terrestrial ecosystems.
Crucial for human life as they provide food, medicines, fibers, and other resources.

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

- Mendelism refers to the principles of inheritance based on the genetic experiments conducted by Gregor Mendel.
- Mendel described the mechanisms of hereditary processes through his formulated principles, known as the Laws of Inheritance.

Mendel’s Experiments on Garden Pea (Pisum sativum)
- Mendel conducted hybridization experiments on the garden pea plant over seven years (1856–1863).
- His groundbreaking work on inheritance principles was published by the Natural History Society of Brünn in a paper titled "Experiments in Plant Hybridisation".

Methodology: Artificial Pollination in True-Breeding Lines
- Mendel performed artificial pollination (cross-pollination) experiments using various true-breeding pea lines.
- A true-breeding line is one that has undergone continuous self-pollination for multiple generations, ensuring genetic consistency.
- He selected 14 true-breeding pea plant varieties that were identical except for one character with contrasting traits.

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🎲 Quiz '5 Questions About Carbon And Its compound'
🖊 5 questions · ⏱ 45 sec

→ TETRAPODS ←

► Overview
Tetrapods are vertebrate animals with four limbs, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. They represent a significant evolutionary step from aquatic to terrestrial life.

► Evolutionary Significance
- Originated ~360 million years ago during the Devonian period.
- Adapted limbs for movement on land, a key evolutionary milestone.

► Key Characteristics
1. Four Limbs: Essential for diverse modes of movement.
2. Lungs for Respiration: Enables breathing in terrestrial environments.
3. Strengthened Vertebral Column: Supports body weight on land.
4. Advanced Sense Organs: Suited for terrestrial life.
5. Amniotic Egg (in Reptiles, Birds, Mammals): Supports land-based reproduction.

► Classification of Tetrapods
- Amphibians: Frogs, salamanders – require water for reproduction.
- Reptiles: Snakes, lizards – scaly skin, land-based egg-laying.
- Aves (Birds): Feathers, adapted for flight, lay hard-shelled eggs.
- Mammals: Hair, mammary glands, internal fertilization.

► Significance
- Ecological Diversity: Found in various habitats.
- Evolutionary Link: Transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments.
- Human Classification: Humans belong to the tetrapod group (mammals).

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Important NEET PYQs

Chapter - Plant Kingdom

Join Sudhanshu Sir today at 12:00 pm noon🔥Aur karo SEEDHI BAAT 🤩 Ask your doubts and get them resolved!!

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Short Notes

Chapter - Waves

Summary of Human Body Facts 🔥

#### Skeletal System
1. Number of Bones: 206
2. Number of Bones in Newborn Baby: 306 (fuse to 206)
3. Number of Bones in Skull: 22
4. Number of Bones in Face: 14
5. Number of Ribs: 24 (12 pairs)
6. Number of Bones in Chest: 25
7. Number of Bones in Arms: 6
8. Number of Bones in Human Foot: 33
9. Number of Bones in Each Wrist: 8
10. Number of Bones in Middle Ear: 6
11. Number of Vertebrae in Spine: 33
12. Number of Vertebrae in Neck: 7
13. Smallest Bone: Stapes
14. Largest & Strongest Bone: Femur

#### Muscular System
15. Number of Muscles: 639
16. Number of Muscles in Human Arm: 72
17. Smallest Muscle: Stapedius (Middle Ear)

#### Circulatory System
18. Number of Heart Chambers: 4
19. Pumps in Heart: 2
20. Largest Artery: Aorta
21. Normal Blood Pressure: 120/80 mmHg
22. Pulse Rate in One Minute: 60-100 beats
23. Average Blood Volume: 4 to 5 liters
24. Viscosity of Blood: 4.5 to 5.5
25. Fluid Part of Blood: Plasma

#### Respiratory System
- pH of Blood: 7.35-7.45

#### Digestive System
26. Average Length of Small Intestine: 7 meters
27. Average Length of Large Intestine: 1.5 meters

#### Endocrine and Lymphatic Systems
28. Largest Organ: Skin
29. Largest Gland: Liver
30. Largest Endocrine Gland: Thyroid
31. Largest Lymphatic Organ: Spleen

#### Nervous System
32. Largest Part of Brain: Cerebrum

#### Cellular Facts
33. Number of Chromosomes: 46 (23 pairs)
34. Biggest Cell: Female Ovum
35. Smallest Cell: Male Sperm
36. Largest WBC: Monocyte
37. Smallest WBC: Lymphocyte
38. Non-Nucleated Blood Cell: RBC

#### Blood Facts
39. Life Span of RBC: 120 days
40. Life Span of WBC: 10 to 15 days
41. Universal Donor Blood Group: O negative
42. Universal Recipient Blood Group: AB
43. Blood Bank in the Body: Spleen
44. Increase in RBC Count: Polycythemia
45. Normal Blood Cholesterol Level: 250 mg/dL

#### Reproductive System
46. Pregnancy Period: 280 days (40 weeks)

#### Miscellaneous
47. Average Weight of Newborn Baby: 2.6 kg
48. Normal Body Temperature: 37°C (98.4°F)
49. River of Life: Blood
50. RBC Produced In: Bone Marrow

MOST IMPORTANT JEE PYQs

Organic Chemistry-Some Basic
Principles and Techniques

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Alternate Current Notes 📄

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Which is the correct option?

A) 0.025 N/m
B) 0.0125 N/m
C)0.1 N/m
D) 0.05 N/m

The Different Types of Intermolecular Forces 🌌

1. Dipole-Dipole Interaction 🔄
Dipole-dipole interactions occur in polar compounds where their dipole moments are constant. The molecule attracts both the positive and negative poles.

Example:
In the HCl molecule, chlorine is more electronegative than hydrogen. As a result, the hydrogen atom gains a positive charge while the chlorine atom gains a negative charge, leading to dipole-dipole interactions between them.

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2. Ion-Dipole Interaction ⚡️
Ion-dipole interaction refers to the attraction between a cation, anion, and a polar molecule.

Example:
When NaCl dissolves in water, the polar water molecules are attracted to the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions.

---

3. Ion-Induced Dipole Interaction 🧲
Ion-induced dipole interaction occurs between non-polar molecules when a polarized ion is introduced nearby.

Example:
The presence of a nitrate ion can cause an iodine molecule, which is non-polar, to become polar.

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4. Dipole-Induced Dipole Interaction 🌠
Dipole-induced dipole interaction happens when a polarized dipole is introduced close to non-polar molecules.

Example:
Noble gases can become polarized when in the presence of polar molecules.

---

5. London Forces (Dispersion Forces) 🌪
London dispersion forces arise when the electron cloud of a molecule is deformed, creating an instantaneous dipole.

Mechanism:
When one component of a molecule becomes more negatively charged, a temporary dipole is created. This transient dipole can induce a dipole in another molecule, resulting in attractive forces between the briefly generated dipoles.

→ Summary of Intermolecular Forces:
1. Dipole-Dipole: Polar attraction between permanent dipoles.
2. Ion-Dipole: Attraction between ions and polar molecules.
3. Ion-Induced Dipole: Polarization of non-polar molecules by ions.
4. Dipole-Induced Dipole: Polarization of non-polar molecules by dipoles.
5. London Forces: Temporary dipoles causing attraction in all molecules.

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🎲 Quiz 'Morphology of Flowering Plants'
11th NEET (2024)
🖊 4 questions · ⏱ 15 sec

SHORT NOTES of THE SOLID STATE  ✅

Equilibrium Formulas 🔥

Mind map / Formula sheet

Topic - Limit Continuity and Differentiability

Short Notes of Structural Organisation in Animals

📌 📌 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 📌 📌

– Male Reproductive System:
- Composed of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and urethra.
- Testes produce sperms and the hormone testosterone.
- Epididymis stores and matures sperm.
- Seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm (forming semen).
- Penis facilitates the transfer of sperm into the female reproductive tract.

– Female Reproductive System:
- Consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
- Ovaries produce ova (eggs) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
- Fallopian tubes are where fertilization occurs.
- Uterus is where the embryo implants and develops into a fetus.
- Cervix is the lower part of the uterus, and the vagina serves as the birth canal and the site for sperm deposition during intercourse.

– Gametogenesis:
- The process of gamete formation. In males, it is called spermatogenesis (formation of sperm). In females, it is oogenesis (formation of ova).
- Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, producing millions of sperm each day.
- Oogenesis takes place in the ovaries, where one mature ovum is produced in each ovarian cycle.

– Menstrual Cycle:
- A 28-day cycle that prepares the female body for pregnancy.
- Divided into phases: menstrual phase, follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.
- Ovulation occurs around day 14, releasing a mature egg.
- If fertilization doesn’t occur, the uterine lining sheds (menstruation).

– Fertilization:
- Occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube.
- This forms a zygote, which undergoes cell division to form an embryo.
- The embryo implants in the uterine wall, marking the beginning of pregnancy.

– Pregnancy and Embryonic Development:
- The embryo develops into a fetus over 9 months.
- The placenta forms, providing nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood to the fetus and removing waste.

– Reproductive Health:
- Refers to the well-being of the reproductive system in all aspects of its functions.
- Contraceptive methods (barrier, hormonal, IUDs, sterilization) help in family planning and prevent STDs.

### Wave Characteristics

1. Direction of Particle Motion:
- Transverse Waves: Particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Example: Ripples on a pond, segments of a string.
- Longitudinal Waves: Particles move parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Example: Compressing and stretching a spring.

2. Dimensionality of Wave Propagation:
- One-Dimensional Waves: Travel in a straight line (e.g., waves on a string).
- Two-Dimensional Waves: Propagate over a surface (e.g., drum vibrations).
- Three-Dimensional Waves: Propagate in all directions (e.g., sound waves).

3. Particle Behavior Over Time:
- Wave Pulse: A single disturbance that moves through a medium. Particles move from equilibrium to a displaced position and back to equilibrium.
- Wave Train: Continuous sequence of pulses or periodic motions. Can be sinusoidal or any repeating pattern of disturbance.

🎲 Quiz 'Chemical Coordination & Integration'
Dropper NEET (2024)
🖊 4 questions · ⏱ 15 sec

🎲 Quiz 'Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Nomenclature'
🖊 4 questions · ⏱ 15 sec

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We have a Bundle Of PYQs Questions for you of Ch : Probability 📚

📌 Tetrapods are vertebrates with four limbs or limb-like appendages, evolved from aquatic ancestors.

- Evolution: They evolved from lobe-finned fishes around 360 million years ago during the Devonian period, enabling them to transition from water to land.

- Major Groups:
- Amphibians (e.g., frogs, salamanders)
- Reptiles (e.g., lizards, snakes, turtles)
- Birds (descendants of dinosaurs)
- Mammals (e.g., humans, whales, dogs)

- Characteristics:
- Four limbs (in most species, adapted for walking, swimming, or flying)
- Lungs for breathing air
- Amniotic egg (in reptiles, birds, and mammals)

- Significance: Tetrapods played a crucial role in the colonization of land and the diversification of land-dwelling organisms.

- Adaptations:
- Locomotion: Limbs for movement on land.
- Respiration: Shift from gills to lungs.
- Sensory Systems: Developed adaptations like advanced vision and hearing for terrestrial environments.

Is Time Travel Possible? 🤔

Yes, we all travel through time at 1 second per second! According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, time and space are interlinked. The faster you travel through space, the slower time moves for you.

Key Concept: Time Dilation ⏳
- Formula: \( E = mc^2 \)
- E = Energy
- m = Mass
- c = Speed of light (\( \approx 299,792,458 \}

Einstein demonstrated this with two clocks: one on Earth and one on a fast airplane. The airplane's clock ticks slower due to its speed, illustrating time dilation.

Practical Example: GPS 🛰
GPS satellites orbit Earth at 14,000 km/h. Because they’re further from Earth's gravity, their clocks run slightly faster than those on the ground. If not corrected, a 38 microsecond lag could lead to a 10 km positioning error!

Future vs. Past 🚫
While we can theoretically glimpse the future through time dilation, traveling to the past remains elusive. 🌌✨