Mohit Bhasin

https://youtu.be/9gsu-n17Tps?si=Oekc3NfEiSGK9Uk3

AMU

BUNDLES OF QUESTIONS ✅Question 1: What is the basic unit of inheritance?

a) Protein
b) Gene
c) Chromosome
d) Allele

Answer: b) Gene

✅Question 2: In humans, how many chromosomes are present in a normal somatic cell?

a) 23
b) 46
c) 22
d) 44

Answer: b) 46

✅Question 3: What is the name of the scientist who discovered the structure of DNA?

a) Watson
b) Crick
c) Franklin
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

✅Question 4: In a dihybrid cross, how many different combinations of alleles can be produced in the offspring?

a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16

Answer: c) 8

✅Question 5: A genotype that has two identical alleles for a particular gene is called:

a) Homozygous
b) Heterozygous
c) Dominant
d) Recessive

Answer: a) Homozygous

✅Question 6: Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a missing or incomplete X chromosome and is more common in females?

a) Hemophilia
b) Down syndrome
c) Turner syndrome
d) Cystic fibrosis

Answer: c) Turner syndrome

✅Question 7: In a DNA molecule, adenine (A) pairs with:

a) Thymine (T)
b) Cytosine (C)
c) Guanine (G)
d) Uracil (U)

Answer: a) Thymine (T)

✅Question 8: What is the purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in genetics?

a) To replicate DNA
b) To transcribe RNA
c) To translate proteins
d) To mutate genes

Answer: a) To replicate DNA

✅Question 9: What is the probability of having a boy in a family with two children if the first child is a girl?

a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 100%

Answer: b) 50%

✅Question 10: Which of the following is not a type of RNA?

a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) DNA

Answer: d) DNA


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Key Points of
Evolution
Chapter for NEET 📚🌱

#### 1. Origin of Life 🌍
- Big Bang Theory 💥: Universe formed ~20 billion years ago.
- Primitive Earth 🌋: Hot, reducing atmosphere, no oxygen.
- Miller-Urey Experiment 🧪: Amino acids were formed, proving life’s chemical origin.

#### 2. Theories of Evolution 🔍
- Lamarckism 🦒: Inheritance of acquired traits (e.g., giraffe's long neck).
- Darwinism 🌿: Natural selection, "Survival of the fittest."
- Neo-Darwinism 🧬: Modern synthesis = genetics + mutation + selection.

#### 3. Evidence of Evolution 🔬
- Fossils 🦴: Archaeopteryx (link between reptiles and birds).
- Homologous Organs ✋🦅🐳: Same structure, different function (e.g., forelimbs).
- Vestigial Organs 🦷: Appendix, wisdom teeth.
- Molecular Evidence 🧪: Similar DNA and proteins.

#### 4. Mechanisms of Evolution 🔄
- Genetic Drift 🎲: Random change in gene frequency.
- Mutation ⚡: Sudden changes in DNA.
- Natural Selection 🦁: Best-adapted organisms survive.

#### 5. Speciation 🐦
- Formation of new species due to isolation 🏞️ and evolution 🌀.

#### 6. Hardy-Weinberg Principle 📊
- Genetic equilibrium 🧬: \(p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1\). Disturbed by factors like migration, mutation, and selection.

#### 7. Human Evolution 🧑‍🔬
- Common Ancestor 🦍: Shared with chimpanzees (~6 MYA).
- Evolution: Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens 🧑‍🏫.

This concise summary is perfect for revision! 💡✨

╔════════════════╗
🟪 ★★CLASS ‐REPTILIA★★ 🟪
╚════════════════╝

💜 creeping or crawling mode of locomotion
💜 dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes
💜 poikilotherms
💜do not have external ear openings. tympanum – ear
💜 heart- 3 chambered, crocodiles 4 chambered heart
💜 Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast.

🟪 EXAMPLES
☆ Chelone (Turtle)
☆Testudo (Tortoise)
☆Chameleon (Tree lizard)
☆ Calotes (Garden lizard)
☆ Crocodilus (Crocodile)
☆ Alligator (Alligator)
☆Hemidactylus (Wall lizard)

■Poisonous snakes
☆Naja (Cobra)
☆Bangarus (Krait)
☆Vipera (Viper).

⚜️🟫⚜🟨⚜️🟦⚜️🟩⚜️🟥⚜️🟪⚜️⬛

Formula Sheet♥️♥️

╔════════════════╗
▒ 📕📕★GYMNOSPERMS★ 📕📕
╚════════════════╝

● ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall

●seeds are naked post fertilisation

●include medium-sized trees or tall trees and shrubs

● generally, roots are tap roots

● fungal association – mycorrhiza

● coralloid roots are associated with N2 - fixing cyanobacteria

● leaves are well-adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind .

● conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the surface area.

● Heterosporous
★ produced within sporangia that are borne on sporophylls which are arranged spirally along an axis to form lax or compact strobili or cones

●microspores highly reduced and is confined to only a limited number of cells.

● reduced gametophyte - pollen grain

●megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the nucellus

● nucellus is protected by envelopes

● the composite structure is called an ovule.

●megaspore mother cell divides
meiotically to form four megaspores

●One of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into a multicellular female gametophyte, bears two or more archegonia

● gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence, retained on sporophyte

■EXAMPLES ■

★Mycorrhiza- Pinus

★Nitrogen fixing bacteria – Cycas

★stems are unbranched – Cycas

★branched – Pinus, Cedrus

★pinnate leave – Cycas

★male or female cones or strobili
borne on the same tree – Pinus

★borne on different trees – Cycas

■EXAMPLES – Pinus, Cycas, Cedrus, Gingko

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