𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗦𝗘⚔️

What does the acronym "MAGA" stand for?
a) Make All Great Actions
b) Make America Great Again
c) Modern America Gains Advantage
d) Make Americans Grateful Again
Answer: b) Make America Great Again

Which U.S. President originally used the slogan "Let's Make America Great Again"?
a) Donald Trump
b) Ronald Reagan
c) George W. Bush
d) Bill Clinton
Answer: b) Ronald Reagan

In what years did Donald Trump use the slogan "Make America Great Again" during his campaigns?
a) 2012 and 2016
b) 2016 and 2024
c) 2020 and 2024
d) 2008 and 2016
Answer: b) 2016 and 2024

Critics of the "MAGA" slogan often describe it as:
a) An inclusive and unifying phrase
b) A form of coded language or dog-whistle politics
c) A reflection of bipartisan cooperation
d) A purely economic slogan
Answer: b) A form of coded language or dog-whistle politics

What is the name of the Super PAC associated with Donald Trump and the "MAGA" slogan?
a) MAGA United
b) Make America Proud
c) Make America Great Again Inc.
d) Trump's PAC for America
Answer: c) Make America Great Again Inc.

Ronald Reagan served as the 40th president of the United States during which years?
a) 1977–1985
b) 1981–1989
c) 1985–1993
d) 1980–1988
Answer: b) 1981–1989

What was Ronald Reagan's profession before entering politics?
a) Lawyer
b) Scientist
c) Actor
d) Businessman
Answer: c) Actor

What is the economic policy associated with Ronald Reagan's presidency commonly called?
a) Reagan Doctrine
b) Reaganomics
c) Supply-side Dynamics
d) Economic Freedom Plan
Answer: b) Reaganomics

As a politician, Reagan was a member of which political party?
a) Democratic Party
b) Libertarian Party
c) Republican Party
d) Independent Party
Answer: c) Republican Party

Why the changes in the names?
According to the “Purpose and Policy” of the executive order, “It is in the national interest to promote the extraordinary heritage of our Nation and ensure future generations of American citizens celebrate the legacy of our American heroes. The naming of our national treasures, including breathtaking natural wonders and historic works of art, should honor the contributions of visionary and patriotic Americans in our Nation’s rich past.”

Make America Great Again has been the heart of Trump’s politics since the time of his first presidential campaign in 2016. He has described his return to the White House as the beginning of “America’s golden age”.

The continent’s highest peak is in the Alaska Range, in the US state of Alaska, and stands 20,310 feet (6,190 m) above sea level.

The indigenous Koyukon people, who lived in the valleys of the Koyukuk and Yukon rivers, called the peak Denali in their Athabascan language. Between the 1730s and 1890s, however, as colonial powers laid claim to Alaska, the mountain came to be known by various other names.

In 1897, a gold prospector in Alaska is said to have given the name McKinley to the peak in honour of the then newly-elected President.

Two decades later, in 1917, the federal government formally adopted the name and President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill to create Mount McKinley National Park, which had the mountain at its heart.

Then, in 1980, Mount McKinley National Park was combined with what was known as Denali National Monument to create the Denali National Park and Preserve.

At that time, the government of Alaska had changed the name of the mountain from Mount McKinley to Denali, but the US Board on Geographic Names, a federal body whose purpose is to establish and maintain uniform usage of geographic names in the country, did not recognise the change.

In August 2015, the Obama administration renamed the mountain Denali, the name given to it by the original people of the land.

Recently, the US President signed an executive order renaming Denali to Mount McKinley.
About Mount McKinley: Mount McKinley:
It is the highest peak in North America.
Location: It is located near the centre of the Alaska Range, with two summits rising above the Denali Fault, in south-central Alaska, U.S.
The mountain is essentially a giant block of granite that was lifted above Earth’s crust during a period of tectonic activity that began about 60 million years ago.
It rises abruptly some 18,000 feet (5,500 metres) from Denali Fault at its base to the higher, more southerly of its two summits.
The upper half of the mountain is covered with permanent snowfields that feed many glaciers like Kahiltna Glacier, the Muldrow Glacier, the Peters Glacier, the Ruth Glacier, and the Traleika Glacier.
It forms the central feature of the Denali National Park and Preserve.

I deboarded the train in 2023

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-birthright-citizenship-indian-american-lawmakers-oppose-president-donald-trumps-executive-order/article69126376.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/the-impact-of-h-1b-visas-on-the-tech-industry-in-us/article69115958.ece

What is the annual cap on H-1B visas, excluding additional slots for advanced degree holders?
a) 20,000
b) 65,000
c) 85,000
d) 1,95,000

Answer: b) 65,000
Explanation: The H-1B visa program has an annual base cap of 65,000 visas, with an additional 20,000 slots for advanced degree holders.

Which economic sector has benefited the most from the H-1B visa program?
a) Traditional manufacturing
b) Retail
c) Technology
d) Agriculture

Answer: c) Technology
Explanation: The tech sector has seen the most significant impact, with H-1B workers contributing to innovation, productivity, and patenting new technologies.

What reform is suggested to improve the H-1B visa program?
a) Eliminating the program entirely.
b) Prioritizing applicants based on skills and educational background.
c) Reducing the number of visas issued annually.
d) Increasing the number of visas for IT services firms.

Answer: b) Prioritizing applicants based on skills and educational background.
Explanation: Proposed reforms focus on ensuring the program prioritizes highly skilled individuals rather than serving corporate profit motives.

When was the H-1B visa program introduced?
A) 1980
B) 1990
C) 2000
D) 2010

Answer: B) 1990
Explanation: The H-1B visa program was introduced in 1990 to help US employers address skill shortages by hiring foreign workers for specialized roles.


What percentage of all approved H-1B petitions annually since 2015 has been granted to people born in India?
A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Answer: C) 70%
Explanation: People born in India have consistently accounted for more than 70% of all approved H-1B petitions annually since 2015, making them the largest beneficiaries.

Which US industry heavily relies on Indian H-1B visa holders?
A) Healthcare
B) IT and technology
C) Manufacturing
D) Tourism

Answer: B) IT and technology
Explanation: The IT and technology sector in the US heavily depends on skilled professionals from India, who form a large portion of H-1B visa holders.

How long can an individual hold an H-1B visa before needing to leave the US or apply for permanent residence?
A) 3 years
B) 6 years
C) 10 years
D) Unlimited duration

Answer: B) 6 years
Explanation: An H-1B visa is valid for a maximum of six years. After this period, the visa holder must either leave the US for 12 months before reapplying or apply for permanent residence (a Green Card). During the dot-com boom, what was the cap on H-1B visas?
a) 65,000
b) 85,000
c) 1,95,000
d) 2,00,000

Answer: c) 1,95,000
Explanation: During the dot-com boom, the cap on H-1B visas was temporarily raised to 1,95,000 to meet the demand for skilled foreign workers in the tech sector. Between 1990 and 2019, approximately how many H-1B visas were issued?
a) 3.5 million
b) 4.5 million
c) 5 million
d) 6 million

Answer: b) 4.5 million
Explanation: Roughly 4.5 million H-1B visas were issued between 1990 and 2019, reflecting the program's widespread utilization over nearly three decades.

Which year marked the first formal BRIC Summit, before it became BRICS with the inclusion of South Africa?
a) 2006
b) 2008
c) 2009
d) 2010

Answer: c) 2009
Explanation: The first formal BRIC Summit was held in Russia in 2009, before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010, which made it BRICS.

What is the primary theme of the Kazan Declaration adopted at the 16th BRICS Summit?
a) Economic growth and trade liberalization
b) Strengthening multilateralism for global development and security
c) Military and defense cooperation
d) Cultural exchange and tourism

Answer: b) Strengthening multilateralism for global development and security
Explanation: The Kazan Declaration focused on "Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security," emphasizing cooperation for equitable global progress.

What action did President Donald Trump threaten to take if BRICS nations replace the U.S. dollar in global trade?
a) Ban trade with BRICS nations
b) Impose 100% tariffs on trade with BRICS nations
c) Reduce imports from BRICS nations by 50%
d) Increase diplomatic engagement with BRICS nations

Answer: b) Impose 100% tariffs on trade with BRICS nations
Explanation: Trump specifically warned of imposing 100% tariffs on BRICS nations if they attempt to reduce the use of the U.S. dollar or introduce a new currency.

Which of the following countries is not a part of the BRICS bloc?
a) India
b) Egypt
c) Japan
d) South Africa

Answer: c) Japan
Explanation: Japan is not a member of the BRICS bloc, which includes Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran, and the UAE.

What stance did Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar take on de-dollarisation?
a) India fully supports de-dollarisation.
b) India is neutral on the issue.
c) India opposes de-dollarisation and has no plans for a BRICS currency.
d) India has proposed an alternative currency for global trade.

Answer: c) India opposes de-dollarisation and has no plans for a BRICS currency.
Explanation: S. Jaishankar clarified that India does not support de-dollarisation and that there was no proposal for a BRICS currency.

Which country hosted the 16th BRICS Summit, the first with expanded BRICS membership?
a) Brazil
b) Russia
c) India
d) South Africa

Answer: b) Russia
Explanation: The 16th BRICS Summit was held in Kazan, Russia, and it was the first summit with expanded BRICS membership, including BRICS+ nations.

What percentage of the world’s GDP is represented by the BRICS group, including its new members?
a) 14.5%
b) 29.3%
c) 37.3%
d) 45%

Answer: c) 37.3%
Explanation: The BRICS nations, including the five new members, represent 37.3% of the world’s GDP, highlighting their significant contribution to the global economy.

Which declaration was adopted at the 16th BRICS Summit held in Kazan, Russia?
a) Moscow Declaration
b) Kazan Declaration
c) Durban Declaration
d) Beijing Declaration

Answer: b) Kazan Declaration
Explanation: The "Kazan Declaration: Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security" was adopted at the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia.

Which countries were added as new members of BRICS at the 16th Summit, forming BRICS+?
a) Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE
b) Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Argentina, and Mexico
c) Turkey, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Nigeria
d) Indonesia, Egypt, UAE, Iran, and Turkey

Answer: a) Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE
Explanation: The BRICS group expanded to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE as new members at the 16th BRICS Summit, forming BRICS+.

When did BRICS officially become BRICS with the inclusion of South Africa?
a) 2006
b) 2009
c) 2010
d) 2011

Answer: c) 2010
Explanation: South Africa joined the BRIC group in 2010, making it BRICS, representing five major emerging economies.

What percentage of the world's population is represented by the BRICS group, including its new members?
a) 25%
b) 37.3%
c) 45%
d) 50%

Answer: c) 45%
Explanation: BRICS, including its new members, represents 45% of the world’s population, highlighting its demographic significance.

What are the three pillars of cooperation within the BRICS group?
a) Economic and Financial Cooperation, Military Cooperation, Trade Agreements
b) Political and Security Cooperation, Economic and Financial Cooperation, Cultural and People-to-People Cooperation
c) Cultural Exchange, Financial Stability, Security Alliances
d) Political Cooperation, Scientific Development, Economic Reforms

Answer: b) Political and Security Cooperation, Economic and Financial Cooperation, Cultural and People-to-People Cooperation
Explanation: The BRICS framework is built on three pillars of cooperation: Political and Security Cooperation, Economic and Financial Cooperation, and Cultural and People-to-People Cooperation.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-president-donald-trump-declares-end-to-birthright-citizenship/article69124661.ece

https://youtube.com/shorts/2LidTIRuIos?si=YcirHWkKi9hyWqDj

Russia's Oil Empire Under Attack: What It Means For India
https://youtube.com/shorts/l4KcZvJD6Zc?feature=share

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/trump-signs-executive-order-withdrawing-us-from-the-world-health-organization/article69122110.ece

What is the primary objective of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)?
a. To compete with the United Nations
b. To establish a global military alliance
c. To enhance trade connectivity and economic integration
d. To replace the Belt and Road Initiative entirely

Answer: c. To enhance trade connectivity and economic integration

Which year was the IMEC initiative announced?
a. 2019
b. 2021
c. 2023
d. 2025

Answer: c. 2023

What does the IMEC aim to include in its infrastructure?
a. Military bases
b. Railways, energy pipelines, and digital communication cables
c. Tourism hubs and amusement parks
d. None of the above

Answer: b. Railways, energy pipelines, and digital communication cables

Which country is emerging as a global leader in green hydrogen development?
a. United States
b. India
c. Saudi Arabia
d. France

Answer: b. India

What does IMEC provide as an alternative to?
a. The United Nations Charter
b. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
c. The European Union’s trade policy
d. The ASEAN economic model

Answer: b. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)


What are the primary challenges facing the IMEC project?
a. Lack of interest among participating countries
b. Substantial infrastructure investment, private sector engagement, and coordination among nations
c. Environmental concerns and opposition from the United Nations
d. Over-reliance on fossil fuels and outdated technologies

Answer:
b. Substantial infrastructure investment, private sector engagement, and coordination among nations
Explanation: The project requires significant financial resources, private sector involvement, and effective coordination among diverse stakeholders for successful implementation.

Why is IMEC considered significant for the U.S.-India strategic partnership?
a. It allows both nations to compete militarily with China.
b. It strengthens their collaboration on shared economic and environmental goals, aligning with democratic values.
c. It promotes cultural exchanges between the Middle East and Europe.
d. It reduces the United States' dependence on the United Nations.

Answer:
b. It strengthens their collaboration on shared economic and environmental goals, aligning with democratic values.
Explanation: The IMEC fosters economic growth and regional security, aligning with U.S.-India strategic interests, and promotes an alternative to China's BRI.
Which ports in India are part of the IMEC project?
a. Cochin, Chennai, and Kolkata
b. Mundra, Kandla, and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
c. Vishakhapatnam, Mormugao, and Paradip
d. None of the above

Answer: b. Mundra, Kandla, and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust

Which country’s port is directly connected to the Haifa port in Israel via the IMEC railway line?
a. Greece
b. Jordan
c. UAE
d. Italy

Answer: c. UAE

What is a major challenge associated with the IMEC project?
a. Lack of support from India
b. Logistical and connectivity challenges due to multiple modes of transportation
c. Exclusion of European countries from the project
d. Overreliance on air routes

Answer: b. Logistical and connectivity challenges due to multiple modes of transportation

Passage for CLAT UG
India's fight against online financial fraud took a major leap forward with the launch of the National Cybercrime Suspect Registry on September 10, 2024. Spearheaded by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) and inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, the registry consolidates data on 1.4 million cybercriminals involved in financial fraud and other cybercrimes. It is accessible to states, union territories, and central investigation agencies.

In the three months since its inception, the registry has blocked 6 lakh fraudulent transactions, saving Rs 1,800 crore. The initiative also resulted in the freezing of 8.67 lakh mule accounts, the blocking of 7 lakh SIM cards, and the deactivation of 1.4 lakh mobile phones. Developed in collaboration with banks and telecom operators, the initiative aims to enhance the country's fraud risk management capabilities and ensure a secure financial system.

The Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) works alongside the registry to enable immediate action and seamless cooperation between financial institutions, telecom providers, and law enforcement agencies. To further strengthen the initiative, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has mandated all banks to integrate their systems with the registry. This proactive approach highlights India's commitment to safeguarding its digital economy and preventing online financial fraud.

When was the National Cybercrime Suspect Registry launched?
a) January 26, 2024
b) September 10, 2024
c) October 2, 2024
d) November 14, 2024

Answer: b) September 10, 2024

Which organization developed the National Cybercrime Suspect Registry?
a) National Investigation Agency (NIA)
b) Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)
c) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
d) Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)

Answer: b) Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

What is the main purpose of the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP)?
a) To monitor internet traffic
b) To report and address cybercrime complaints
c) To regulate social media content
d) To provide cybersecurity training

Answer: b) To report and address cybercrime complaints

How many cybercriminals' data are currently stored in the National Cybercrime Suspect Registry?
a) 6 lakh
b) 1 million
c) 1.4 million
d) 2 million

Answer: c) 1.4 million

Under which ministry does the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) function?
a) Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
b) Ministry of Home Affairs
c) Ministry of Defence
d) Ministry of Finance

Answer: b) Ministry of Home Affairs

Which key feature was introduced alongside the National Cybercrime Suspect Registry in September 2024?
a) Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC)
b) Cyber Safety Awareness Program
c) Cyber Education and Training Centre
d) Advanced Digital Surveillance Network

Answer: a) Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC)

What is the role of the Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC)?
a) To provide financial aid to cybercrime victims
b) To enhance collaboration between banks, telecom providers, and law enforcement for fraud prevention
c) To oversee the development of cybersecurity technologies
d) To conduct cybersecurity training programs

Answer: b) To enhance collaboration between banks, telecom providers, and law enforcement for fraud prevention

Which policy framework guides India’s cybersecurity efforts?
a) National Cyber Security Policy, 2013
b) National Cyber Safety Initiative, 2015
c) National Digital India Framework, 2016
d) National IT Policy, 2021

Answer: a) National Cyber Security Policy, 2013

What is a key focus of the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013?
a) To mandate internet usage monitoring
b) To create a secure cyberspace and protect critical information infrastructure
c) To develop AI-based cybersecurity tools
d) To monitor social media activities

Answer: b) To create a secure cyberspace and protect critical information infrastructure

What directive has the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued to banks regarding the National Cybercrime Suspect Registry?
a) To integrate their systems with the registry for fraud detection
b) To report all transactions above Rs 10 lakh
c) To train staff on cybercrime investigation
d) To reduce transaction fees for online payments
Answer: a) To integrate their systems with the registry for fraud detection

Cyber Shield: India Blocks Rs 1,800 Crore Online Fraud in 90 Days
India has made significant strides in combating online fraud with the launch of a suspect registry on September 10, 2024. Developed by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), this centralized database consolidates information on 1.4 million cybercriminals linked to financial fraud and cybercrimes.

Key Achievements:
Fraud Prevention:

6 lakh fraudulent transactions declined, saving Rs 1,800 crore in three months (until December 1, 2024).
8.67 lakh mule accounts frozen, 7 lakh SIM cards, and 1.4 lakh mobile phones blocked to curb financial crimes.
Collaborative Efforts:

The registry was developed in partnership with banks, financial institutions, and telecom providers.
The Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) ensures seamless cooperation between banks, telecom operators, and law enforcement for immediate action.
Widespread Integration:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has directed all banks to adopt the registry for fraud prevention.
Access is available to state/UT authorities and central investigation agencies for enhanced fraud risk management.
Impact:
This initiative marks a significant step toward safeguarding India's financial ecosystem through real-time fraud detection and cooperative federalism in law enforcement.

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyber-shield-india-blocked-online-fraud-90-days-9776101/

H-1B Policy Changes 2025: Context and Controversy
The Current Debate:
The H-1B visa program remains a contentious issue in American politics. It allows US employers to hire foreign professionals for specialized roles when qualified domestic workers are unavailable.
The recent uproar was triggered by Sriram Krishnan’s nomination as a senior AI advisor to Donald Trump, with MAGA factions, led by Laura Loomer, framing it as a symbol of "third-world invasion."
While extreme MAGA voices criticize the visa program for allegedly undermining American labor, Trump has surprisingly sided with the tech community this time, hinting at a shift in his stance.
Three Key Issues Surrounding the H-1B Program:
Structural Problems with the H-1B System:

Critics argue it is often used to hire cheaper foreign labor rather than nurturing the domestic workforce.
The visa's dependency on a sponsoring employer leaves many workers vulnerable to exploitation.
While the intent is to fill skill gaps, concerns persist about its misuse and its impact on American workers and wages.
Populist Rhetoric and Policy Risks:

Populist arguments claim the program discourages Americans from pursuing STEM careers and weakens the education system by enabling reliance on foreign talent.
Historically, Trump had oscillated on the issue, once imposing a temporary ban on H-1B visas in his first term, later overturned by courts.
Geopolitical and Racial Undertones:

Indians form the majority of H-1B holders, becoming a lightning rod for anti-immigrant sentiments.
Comments like Loomer's underscore the racial and cultural biases fueling much of the criticism, further polarizing the debate.
Implications of the Recent Developments:
Tech Industry Support: Trump’s alignment with the tech community suggests a temporary reprieve for the H-1B program, reflecting his administration's reliance on Silicon Valley's innovation and influence.
Long-term Uncertainty: While the visa program is currently safe, Trump's unpredictable stance and populist pressure could lead to sudden changes, creating instability for workers and employers alike.
Final Thoughts:
The H-1B program sits at the intersection of economic needs, social tensions, and political agendas. Any reforms must balance the legitimate concerns of domestic labor with the necessity of maintaining America’s competitive edge in a globalized, tech-driven world. As the debate continues, Indians, who dominate the program, remain in the eye of the storm — navigating both opportunity and prejudice.

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/h-1b-visa-debate-shows-america-has-invaded-itself-9775398/?ref=hometop_hp

Context
Union Carbide Disaster: The 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy was one of the world's worst industrial disasters. It left thousands dead and affected many more with long-term health issues. The waste from the factory remains a contentious issue even decades later.
Current Plan: The Madhya Pradesh government is attempting to dispose of 337 tonnes of toxic waste from the Union Carbide factory by incineration at a facility in Pithampur, 30 km from Indore.
Protests: Various organisations and activists have raised concerns about the environmental and health risks associated with incinerating the waste in an industrial area that hosts many factories and workers, including migrants.
Key Concerns Raised by Protesters
Health Hazards: Burning toxic waste may release harmful pollutants, posing risks to people in Pithampur and nearby Indore.
Environmental Impact: There are fears of contamination affecting the air, soil, and water in the region.
Choice of Location: Protesters question why the waste is not being disposed of in Bhopal, where the disaster occurred, or in isolated locations like Pokhran.
Economic Risks: The industrial town of Pithampur houses about 1,250 units employing thousands, and any adverse environmental impact could affect industries and livelihoods.
Government's Stance
The state government argues that the waste is non-poisonous and claims that safety measures will be adhered to. The Madhya Pradesh High Court has also directed the government to take necessary steps to dispose of the waste safely.

Challenges
Balancing Safety and Urgency: The waste has been stored for decades, and its disposal is necessary to prevent further risks of leakage or mishandling.
Restoring Public Trust: The government's claims of safety are met with skepticism, especially given the region's tragic history.
Finding Alternatives: Suggestions to dispose of the waste in isolated regions like Pokhran are logistically and politically challenging.
Broader Implications.
Accountability: The lingering waste symbolizes the unresolved justice and responsibility issues tied to the 1984 disaster.
Public Health Policies: Ensuring transparency and scientific backing for decisions on hazardous waste disposal is crucial for building trust.
Environmental Safeguards: This case underscores the need for robust protocols and infrastructure to handle toxic waste safely.
This situation requires transparent dialogue between the government, experts, and protesters to address safety concerns while finding a scientifically sound solution.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/protest-in-indore-over-union-carbide-waste-disposal-plan-in-neighbouring-dhar-district/article69080164.ece

http://youtube.com/post/UgkxSczU5DLp2aEDCBKdg4pSGf8ZZ-bLtBlw?si=EI8rZ36iStT-sI9Y

“Why the Indian Rupee Is Hitting Record Lows: Explained!”
https://youtube.com/shorts/SePoNos8wTY?feature=share

The Indian Rupee's sharp decline to a record low of 85.81 against the US Dollar is driven by multiple interconnected factors. Here's a concise breakdown:

Key Drivers of the Decline:
Strengthening US Dollar:

The Dollar Index rose to 107.99, reflecting the Dollar's global strength.
This increase is supported by expectations around policies of the Trump administration and the Federal Reserve's hawkish stance on interest rates.
Increased Dollar Demand in India:

Indian importers, especially in the oil sector, are increasing demand for dollars to meet higher import bills, further pressuring the rupee.
RBI's Policy Shift:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) appears to be letting the rupee adjust more freely.
The November RBI bulletin indicated the rupee was overvalued by 8%, potentially leading the central bank to reduce its market interventions.
As RBI's Non-Deliverable Forward (NDF) positions settle onshore, it adds to the rupee's decline.
Global Crude Oil Prices:

Crude oil prices are inversely proportional to the rupee's value.
Higher crude oil prices lead to increased import costs, depreciating the rupee.
However, current optimism around China's economic recovery has boosted Brent and WTI crude prices, complicating the scenario.

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/why-a-free-fall-in-the-rupee-seems-unlikely-9714015/

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/santa-ana-winds-climate-change-wildfires-southern-california-9767514/

Santa Ana Wind:
It is named after Southern California's Santa Ana Canyon.
Santa Ana winds are dry and warm (often hot) winds in the Southern California area that blow in from the desert -- which includes the Great Basin of the western United States.
Origin: Santa Ana winds blow when high pressure builds over the Great Basin — the area between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada (a mountain range in the Western United States) — and the pressure is low over California’s coast.
The difference in pressure triggers the movement of powerful winds from the Basin’s inland deserts, east and north of Southern California, over the mountains toward the Pacific Ocean.
As the wind comes down the mountains, it compresses and heats up. The wind’s humidity also drops, sometimes to less than 20% or even less than 10%. The extremely low moisture turns vegetation dry, making it ready to burn.
Winter weather patterns allow high pressure to build near the surface of the Great Basin, which then interacts with low-pressure air over the Pacific.
Santa Ana winds usually occur from October to January.

https://www.deccanherald.com/india/right-to-appeal-a-fundamental-right-particularly-in-cases-affecting-liberty-supreme-court-3346124

Case Analysis: Mahesh Singh Banzara v. State of Madhya Pradesh
The Supreme Court's decision in this case highlights the fundamental nature of the right to appeal, especially when it concerns personal liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Below is a detailed analysis of the case.

Background of the Case
Conviction:

Mahesh Singh Banzara was convicted by a trial court on July 23, 2015, under two sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC):
Section 366 IPC: 7 years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of ₹10,000.
Section 376(2)(n) IPC: 10 years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of ₹50,000.
High Court Dismissal:

Banzara filed a criminal appeal in the Madhya Pradesh High Court after a delay of 1,637 days.
Reasons cited for the delay:
Lack of financial resources.
Livelihood-related travel.
The High Court dismissed:
The application for condonation of delay, interpreting the reasons as absconding behavior.
The criminal appeal, making the conviction final.
Supreme Court Challenge:

Banzara filed a Special Leave Petition (SLP) in the Supreme Court, challenging the High Court’s dismissal.
Supreme Court’s Observations
Right to Appeal as a Statutory and Fundamental Right:

Statutory Right:
Guaranteed under Section 374 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, allowing appeals against convictions.
Fundamental Right:
Linked to Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty), emphasizing that liberty cannot be curtailed without due process.
Citing the Dilip S. Dahanukar case, the Court reiterated that the right to appeal is critical for upholding justice and procedural fairness.
Delay in Filing the Appeal:

The Supreme Court noted that:
Financial constraints and livelihood issues were plausible reasons for the delay.
Dismissal of the appeal solely due to delay, without examining substantive reasons, was erroneous.
Precedents Cited:

Rajendra Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh:
Appeals should not be dismissed as time-barred without examining reasons for the delay.
The Court criticized the High Court for dismissing the case on technicalities, rather than assessing the appellant's genuine challenges.
Court’s Decision:

The Supreme Court condoned the 1,637-day delay and directed the High Court to hear the appeal on its merits.
Right to Appeal: Legal and Constitutional Context
Overview:

The right to appeal allows a party to challenge a lower court’s decision in a higher forum.
It is statutory, meaning it exists only where laws specifically grant it.
It is tied to Article 21, ensuring fair access to justice, especially in criminal cases.
Characteristics:

Substantive Right:
Vests from the beginning of the case but is exercised only after an unfavorable judgment.
Conditional Exercise:
Statutes can impose conditions like filing timelines or procedural requirements.
Historical Influence:
Derived from ancient Indian dharma systems, formalized under British rule with the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898, and now the CrPC, 1973.
Key Takeaways from the Judgment
Appeal Rights Cannot Be Denied on Technicalities:

The Court reaffirmed that technicalities, such as procedural delays, must not override substantive justice.
Equity for the Economically Disadvantaged:

The judgment underscores the need to consider genuine constraints, such as financial hardship, in procedural compliance.
Judicial Accountability:

The decision criticized the Madhya Pradesh High Court for failing to uphold the principles of justice by dismissing the appeal prematurely.
Strengthening Access to Justice:

By protecting the right to appeal, the judgment strengthens the judiciary’s role in safeguarding liberty and ensuring fair trials.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s ruling in Mahesh Singh Banzara v. State of Madhya Pradesh is a landmark reaffirmation of the right to appeal as a fundamental and statutory right. By condoning the delay and emphasizing substantive justice over procedural rigidity, the Court reinforced the principle that access to justice must remain inclusive and equitable, irrespective of financial or logistical challenges. This judgment sets a significant precedent for courts to prioritize liberty and fairness over technical dismissals.

One Nation One Election: Political Masterstroke or Fraud on Democracy Explained!
https://youtu.be/mZI6IINQm9E

https://www.instagram.com/reel/DEXrG6NTfo9/?igsh=b2U1cTI3YzcxZTk=

हम भी दरिया हैं हमें अपना हुनर मालूम है
जिस तरफ़ भी चल पड़ेंगे रास्ता हो जाएगा

Why Tawang Could Be China’s Secret Target Over Taiwan
https://youtube.com/shorts/tq5oloH8RUw?feature=share

*Join the Exclusive Session on Legal Careers in Government – Register Now!*

Dear Students,

I hope this message finds you well.

We are excited to invite you to an impactful open session *on 4th January, 2 PM - 4 PM*, titled:
*"From Courts to Corridors of Power: Legal Careers in Government."*

This session is designed to guide passionate students like you in exploring exciting opportunities in *judiciary, civil services, intelligence, and public administration.* With over a decade of experience mentoring aspirants, I aim to share insights on cracking government exams, building successful careers, and making a difference in governance.

📌 Session Details:
📅 Date: 4th January
🕑 Time: 2 PM - 4 PM
📍 Mode: Online

🔗 Registration Link:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScy2uaG9qU8zun2VQqD99GyW5-Y2_g_O0BJobe7bac6u5oB0w/viewform

Please fill out the form to secure your spot. Once registered, we will share further details with you.

Looking forward to seeing you at the session!

Warm regards,

चिराग मेरे देखकर मचल रही है हवा, कई दिनो से तेज चल रही है हवा, बना रहे थे जो किस्से मेरी तबाही के, उन्हे खबर ही नही कि रूख बदल रही है हवा।

Dear Judiciary and Civil Services Aspirants,

Legal Discourse is delighted to invite you to an exclusive session by Swapnil Raman Sir, scheduled to be held on 4th January 2025.

This insightful session will provide profound knowledge and guidance, helping you excel in your judiciary and civil services journey.

Seats are limited, so register at the earliest to secure your spot!

We eagerly look forward to your participation.

Warm regards,
Legal Discourse

युद्ध के भाषी लोगों को तू क्यों शांति का पाठ पढ़ाए,

लहू की प्यासी धरती को क्यों तू नीर से सींचे,

होने दे कुरुक्षेत्र चल उठ दुर्योधन तुझे तेरा कर्म पुकारे,

शांति नहीं अब सर्वनाश होगा ये बात दिलाता हूं याद तुझे,

आखिरी वाणी है मेरी अब सर्वनाश होगा,
खून से कांपेगी धरती हर जगह मृतकों का अंबार होगा,

चल उठ कृष्ण अब तुझे तेरा कर्म पुकारे।

"Dear candidates, those who have studied under my guidance, I kindly request you to share this message as widely as possible. Your support means a lot. Thank you!"

𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗦𝗘⚔️ pinned «📢 Important Announcement! 🚀 Launching January 2025 🚀 2-Year Comprehensive Online Batch for Civil Services & Judiciary Aspirants ✨ Guidance by the Renowned Swapnil Sir 🌟 Who Can Join? Beginners: Those starting their preparation journey for Civil Services…»

📢 Important Announcement!

🚀 Launching January 2025 🚀

2-Year Comprehensive Online Batch for Civil Services & Judiciary Aspirants

✨ Guidance by the Renowned Swapnil Sir

🌟 Who Can Join?

Beginners: Those starting their preparation journey for Civil Services or Judiciary right from scratch.
Advanced Aspirants: Those in their 4th or 5th year of graduation, or already at an advanced stage of preparation, looking for focused and strategic guidance.
🌟 Why This Batch is Unique?

Lifetime Offer: Students in this inaugural batch can stay enrolled until they achieve their goal – whether it’s clearing Civil Services or Judiciary exams.
Limited to the Inaugural Batch Only!
📍 Mode: 100% Online
🕒 Batch Starts: January 2025

💡 What to Expect?

Live Interactive Classes
Comprehensive Coverage of Civil Services (GS & Current Affairs)
All-inclusive Judiciary Preparation
📧 For More Details: [email protected]
📞 Contact: 9926738942
📺 YouTube Channel: Swapnil Raman
📸 Instagram Profile: Swapnil Raman

🔔 Seats are Limited! Join this transformational batch and achieve your dreams.

Your Journey to Success Starts Here – Don’t Miss Out!

𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗦𝗘⚔️ pinned «📢 Important Announcement! 🚀 Launching January 2025 🚀 2-Year Comprehensive Online Batch for Civil Services & Judiciary Aspirants ✨ Guidance by the Renowned Swapnil Sir The detailed notification will be rolled out soon, with complete information about the…»

📢 Important Announcement!

🚀 Launching January 2025 🚀

2-Year Comprehensive Online Batch for Civil Services & Judiciary Aspirants

✨ Guidance by the Renowned Swapnil Sir

The detailed notification will be rolled out soon, with complete information about the program structure, features, and enrollment process.

📍 Mode: 100% Online
🕒 Batch Starts: January 2025

💡 What to Expect?

Live Interactive Classes
Comprehensive Coverage of Civil Services (GS & Current Affairs)
All-inclusive Judiciary Preparation
📧 For More Details: [email protected]
📞 Contact: 9926738942
📺 YouTube Channel: Swapnil Raman
📸 Instagram Profile: Swapnil Raman

🔔 Seats are Limited! Stay tuned and get ready to secure your spot.

Your Path to Success Starts Here!

Why Tawang Could Be China’s Secret Target Over Taiwan
https://youtube.com/shorts/tq5oloH8RUw?feature=share

https://www.instagram.com/stories/swapnil_raman/3533680298573059815?utm_source=ig_story_item_share&igsh=YmM0M243Nmhpb2sx

What's your choice a face or a faceless organization? we are making a long video on the education sector and we need such reactions.

Legal Discourse: Empowering Aspirants, Redefining Education

At Legal Discourse, we are committed to providing a transformative learning experience that goes beyond conventional education. We focus on empowering law and civil services aspirants with personalized mentorship, innovative content, and unmatched accessibility.

What Sets Us Apart?
Personalized Mentorship:

Learning isn’t one-size-fits-all. With Legal Discourse, students receive tailored guidance from industry experts and experienced mentors, including our founder, Swapnil Raman, whose decade-long experience and dedication have inspired thousands of aspirants to achieve their dreams.
Expert-Led Innovation:

We deliver cutting-edge, comprehensive content that blends traditional wisdom with modern learning methodologies. Our interactive resources, real-world case studies, and thought-provoking discussions ensure students are equipped with the knowledge and skills they need to excel.
Mission-Driven Education:

At Legal Discourse, education is a mission, not a business. We are driven by the goal of creating a force of young leaders who will shape the nation’s future, living by the motto "वीर भोग्या वसुंधरा."
Community-Centric Approach:

Students are at the heart of everything we do. Our platform fosters an inclusive and supportive community where aspirants can connect, collaborate, and grow together.
Accessibility and Affordability:

Quality education should be within everyone’s reach. We are committed to offering world-class resources and mentorship at affordable rates, ensuring that no student is left behind.
Proven Track Record:

With a legacy of mentoring thousands of students who have secured prestigious positions in law schools, civil services, and defense forces, Legal Discourse stands as a trusted and proven guide in your journey to success.
Join Legal Discourse and experience a platform that doesn’t just prepare you for exams—it prepares you for life as a leader, thinker, and change-maker.

कुछ बात है कि हस्ती, मिटती नहीं हमारी।

सदियों रहा है दुश्मन, दौर-ए-ज़माँ हमारा।।

http://youtube.com/post/UgkxRJvznmpUU7McOe0aC97Yf_ml3c6KVuFm?si=UspNOIUH1L25csgd

http://youtube.com/post/Ugkxya5hEyNBcdL9IBtZeqxsijVNmIPkGHX8?si=xwUXROsgePs4FhPu

𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗦𝗘⚔️ pinned «Future Legal Minds Batch 2026 (Current Affairs and Legal Reasoning) Unlock Your Legal Dreams with Confidence! For Droppers & FreshersStart preparing for CLAT, AILET, and OLET with a batch tailored for YOU! Batch Start Date: 6th Jan 2025Validity: Till CLAT…»

Future Legal Minds Batch 2026 (Current Affairs and Legal Reasoning)

Unlock Your Legal Dreams with Confidence!

For Droppers & FreshersStart preparing for CLAT, AILET, and OLET with a batch tailored for YOU!

Batch Start Date: 6th Jan 2025Validity: Till CLAT 2026

Why Choose Us?

🚀 Live Sessions: Monday to Friday, 9:30 AM - 11:00 AM on Zoom (Two-Way Interaction)

🎓 Personal Mentorship: One-on-one guidance with the renowned Swapnil Sir

🧠 Comprehensive Coverage: A 360-degree approach to all relevant topics

📰 Updated Modules: Monthly Current Affairs & Legal Knowledge for acing exams

🤝 Doubt Resolution: Instant support through Telegram/WhatsApp groups

Exclusive Features:

📚 500+ Hours of Learning

🗞 Daily & Monthly Current Affairs: Expertly curated content by Swapnil Sir

🎥 Recorded Sessions: Access anytime on a dedicated portal

📝 500+ Topics Covered: Detailed analysis to sharpen your skills

🌟 Real Results: Transform weaknesses into strengths

🚫 No Hype, Only Substance: A market-friendly program with zero distractions

Affordable & Flexible Fee Structure:

💰 Total Fee: ₹25,000 (₹2,500/month)

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Get in Touch Now!

📧 Email: [email protected]📞 Call/WhatsApp: 9926738942📢 Telegram: Drop us a message at SpecialForce01

Let’s make your preparation journey seamless and success-driven!

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/pan-2-0-reasons-for-the-upgrade-and-what-it-mean-for-users-9690715/

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/national-milk-day-verghese-kurien-9691448/

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/resolution-1701-israel-lebanon-ceasefire-9693450/

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-conversion-without-actual-belief-to-gain-employment-is-against-reservation-policy-and-a-fraud-on-constitution-sc-verdict/article68917590.ece

https://youtu.be/Du6t7zKZiI8

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https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-order-upholds-the-inclusion-of-socialist-secular-in-the-preamble-of-the-constitution/article68908762.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-murmu-on-four-day-visit-of-tamil-nadu-from-november-27-2024/article68915101.ece#cxrecs_s

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/crimes-against-humanity-key-un-committee-adopts-resolution-paving-way-for-first-ever-treaty/article68901276.ece?cx_testId=81&cx_testVariant=cx_1&cx_artPos=5&cx_experienceId=EXPO56ZDYSGX&cx_experienceActionId=showRecommendations7EV8PP8TM51R64#cxrecs_s

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/g7-ministers-throw-support-behind-israel-hezbollah-ceasefire-but-make-no-mention-of-icc-warrant/article68915993.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mace-in-ladakh-opens-its-one-of-a-kind-eye-to-cosmic-gamma-rays/article68908565.ece?cx_testId=81&cx_testVariant=cx_1&cx_artPos=1&cx_experienceId=EXPO56ZDYSGX&cx_experienceActionId=showRecommendations7EV8PP8TM51R64#cxrecs_s

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/what-is-the-one-nation-one-subscription-explained/article68909820.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/explained-what-is-sj%C3%B6grens-disease-how-is-it-treated/article68908930.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-rains-deep-depression-over-bay-of-bengal-may-intensify-into-cyclonic-storm-fengal-on-november-27/article68913271.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladeshi-hindu-protest-over-denial-of-bail-to-chinmoy-krishna-das-brahmachari/article68915324.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/business/world-bank-study-recommends-skill-based-training-to-enhance-jobs-in-multiple-sectors/article68899447.ece#cxrecs_s

https://www.thehindu.com/education/online-education-how-gen-z-and-millennials-can-leverage-it-for-career-growth/article68787646.ece

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Du6t7zKZiI8

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indias-undertrial-prisoners-9680578/?ref=newlist_hp

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/an-overturning-of-sri-lankas-old-political-order/article68890929.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-is-ready-to-work-with-new-us-administration-xi-tells-biden-in-apec-summit/article68877160.ece

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/pakistani-cargo-bangladesh-9671748/

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/trump-2-0s-most-powerful-woman-tulsi-gabbard-is-a-lord-krishna-devotee-took-oath-twice-on-bhagwat-gita/articleshow/115360640.cms?from=mdr

https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/infosys-founder-narayana-murthy-on-work-life-balance-and-five-day-work-week/article68875075.ece

Meet New Zealand's youngest MP whose Māori Haka dance in Parliament has gone viral:Hana-Rawhiti Kareariki Maipi-Clarke is a 22-year-old MP in New Zealand, representing Te Pati Maori in the Parliament. She is the youngest sitting MP in the House in nearly two hundred years. Maipi-Clarke initially made headlines after she was elected in 2023 elections in New Zealand, and performed the traditional Haka in Parliament during her maiden speech.

Maori Haka
New Zealand’s youngest MP, Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke, performed the ‘Maori haka’ to honour her indigenous people in Parliament recently.
Haka is a ceremonial dance in Maori culture.
It's a type of ancient war dance that's traditionally performed by both men and women for a variety of social functions.
It is a fierce display of a tribe's pride, strength, and unity. Haka is also known as a "war challenge" or "war cry" in Maori culture.

What is the Treaty Principles Bill?

The Treaty Principles Bill aims to reinterpret the foundational 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, which established the relationship between the British Crown and Maori tribes. While the treaty promised Maori the right to retain their lands and protect their interests, the bill seeks to extend these rights to all New Zealanders, a move critics argue undermines Maori sovereignty and risks racial discord.Although the bill passed its first reading on Thursday, it has scant public support and faces significant backlash. Thousands of protesters are marching across the country, culminating in what is expected to be one of New Zealand’s largest demonstrations in Wellington next week.

https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/watch-maori-mp-rips-treaty-bill-performs-haka-in-nz-parliament-protest-124111500941_1.html

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/pakistan-pia-likely-to-be-sold-to-a-foreign-government-via-sifc/articleshow/115284113.cms?from=mdr

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-resounding-victory-on-the-sri-lankan-election-result/article68872482.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-needs-2500-universities-to-accommodate-50-students-niti-aayog-ceo/article68875429.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-rejects-vedanta-plea-to-review-thoothukudi-plant-order/article68875152.ece

https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-top-official-calls-for-removing-secular-from-constitution-citing-90-muslim-population-101731553955315-amp.html

https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/exploitative-work-conditions-in-saudi-arabias-neom-project/article68872342.ece?cx_testId=81&cx_testVariant=cx_1&cx_artPos=3&cx_experienceId=EXPO56ZDYSGX&cx_experienceActionId=showRecommendations7EV8PP8TM51R64#cxrecs_s

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sexual-intercourse-with-minor-wife-amounts-to-rape-says-bombay-hc/article68873177.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/brics-offered-partner-status-to-turkey-says-turkish-trade-minister-omer-bolat/article68867119.ece#cxrecs_s

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/universities-are-different-from-religious-institutions/article68873247.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/senior-police-officers-in-jiribam-as-search-continues-for-six-missing-persons-in-manipur/article68871100.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/what-trumps-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-pick-means-to-the-us-government/article68871585.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/un-cop16-nature-summit-creates-permanent-body-for-indigenous-peoples/article68821989.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/india-saw-92-lakh-foreign-tourist-arrivals-in-2023-economic-survey/article68433380.ece/amp/

https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/foreign-tourist-arrivals-in-india-remain-below-pre-pandemic-levels/article68573023.ece/amp/

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/foreign-tourist-arrivals-up-still-below-pre-pandemic-levels/article67650921.ece/amp/

https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/2024-olympics-world-t20-and-more-the-rise-of-sports-tourism-in-india/article68409196.ece/amp/

The United Nations recently declared 2024 the International Year of Camelids.
About Camelids
• A Camelid refers to any of the even-toed ungulates of the family Camelidae. E.g. camels, llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicuñas. 
• They are known for their remarkable adaptations to arid and high-altitude environments. 
• These ungulates can be classified into two major groups: the Old World and the New World. 
• The Old World Camelids, found in northern Africa and central Asia are the true camels, such as the dromedary camels (one-humped camel) and the Bactrian camels (two-humped camel), characterized by
◦ their humps on their backs and
◦ the dulla, which is an organ found on the throat of male camels and is believed to be associated with the display of dominance among males and for attracting females. 
• The South American Camelids (New World Camelids) include the modern llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicuñas. Wild populations of South American Camelids, such as vicuñas, inhabit the high-altitude regions of the Andes Mountains.
• General features of Camelids:
◦ They are even-toed ungulates. These mammals are characterized by having soft-padded, snowshoe-like feet where each foot has two toes.
◦ They have long necks and slender legs.
◦ Their upper lips are split into two independent mobile protrusions.
◦ These animals are herbivorous, primarily feeding on vegetation, and have a unique digestive system that allows them to extract nutrients from fibrous plant material.
◦ They are ruminants, but, unlike other ruminants, the Camelids have true canine teeth. Their stomachs have three chambers, in contrast to other ruminants that have four.
◦ One of their most recognizable traits is their ability to form herds.

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/us-sanctions-4-indian-firms-why-and-what-are-sanctions-9647482/

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https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/what-are-melanistic-tigers-explained/article68814037.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/post-diwali-smog-pushes-delhi-air-quality-to-very-poor-other-cities-also-affected/article68818238.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/economist-bibek-debroy-chairman-pms-economic-advisory-council-death-age-69-nov-1/article68818464.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/spain-searches-for-bodies-after-unprecedented-flooding-claims-more-than-150-lives/article68818197.ece

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https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/justice-sanjiv-khanna-to-be-next-cji-how-are-chief-justices-of-india-appointed-9640090/

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mangroves-cyclone-danas-9640247/

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/belarus-admitted-as-the-10th-member-of-sco-summit-adopts-document-on-counter-terrorism/articleshow/111486811.cms?from=mdr

https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/actor-vijay-rally-tamilaga-vettri-kazhagam-tvk-conference-villupuram-tamil-nadu-2624073-2024-10-27