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CPC Lecture Notes 2.pdf

नई दिल्ली: सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने हाल ही में “सामूहिक सजा” के खिलाफ महत्वपूर्ण टिप्पणियाँ की हैं, विशेष रूप से जब राज्य द्वारा अपराधियों के घरों को नष्ट किया जाता है। न्यायमूर्ति बी.आर. गवई की अध्यक्षता वाली पीठ ने इसे कानून के शासन और मानवाधिकारों के खिलाफ करार दिया। उन्होंने कहा कि इस प्रकार की सजा निर्दोष लोगों को परेशान करती है, जो किसी अपराध में शामिल नहीं होते।

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AIBE-XIX Answer Key.pdf

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AIBE-19 (D) Answer key.pdf
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AIBE-19 (B) Answer key.pdf
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AIBE-19 (A) Answer Key.pdf
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AIBE 19 (C) ANSWER KEY.pdf
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AIBE-19 Admit Card release ✨

case laws aibe ques (2).pdf

AIBE-18-SET-B-with-Answer-Key.pdf
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one liner ipc question (1).pdf

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J_and_K_Civil_Service_Judicial_Preliminary_Examination_2023_Provisional.pdf

🔥MP Civil Judge Exam 2023

👉 Supreme Court direction with regards to the amendment of service rules of MP HC for the post of Civil Judge.
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Unnatural Sex By A Man With Wife Not Rape, Absence Of Woman's Consent Immaterial: MP High Court

the only exception to this position of law is Section 376-B of IPC, where the sexual act with his own wife during the separate living on account of judicial separation or otherwise would be rape.

*Referring to Exception 2 of Section 375, the Court noted that sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, will not amount to rape.*

The Court made these observations while quashing an FIR lodged against one Manish Sahu by his wife alleging, inter alia, a commission of unnatural offence as per Section 377 of IPC.

here's a guide on how to approach reading the Indian Penal Code (IPC)

1. Structure and Chapters: IPC ko samajhne ke liye sabse pehle uska structure samajhna zaroori hai. IPC ke chapters aur sections ka arrangement kaise hai, yeh fundamental hai.

2. Basic Concepts: IPC ke basic concepts jaise ki crimes, punishments, definitions of various legal terms, etc., ko samajhna shuru karein.

3. Reading: IPC ko padhte waqt dhyan se har section ko padhein. Har section ka heading, definition, aur uss crime ke elements ko samajhne ki koshish karein.

4. Case Laws: IPC ko samajhne ka ek important tarika hai case laws padhna. Courts ke judgements aur unke interpretations IPC ke sections par aapko deeper understanding provide karte hain.

5. Annotations: Agar aapko IPC ki commentary ya annotations mil jaaye toh, yeh bhi bahut helpful ho sakta hai. Isse aapko legal experts ki insights milengi jo sections ko aur clear bana sakte hain.

6. Practical Examples: IPC ke sections ke saath practical examples padhna. Isse aapko samajh mein aayega ki law kaise apply hota hai real-life situations mein.

7. Revision: IPC ko padhte waqt regular revision karna na bhulein. Legal language ko samajhna thoda challenging ho sakta hai, isliye regular revision se concepts clear honge.

8. Guidance: Agar possible ho toh, legal expert ya law teacher se guidance lena bhi beneficial ho sakta hai, especially for complex sections.

IPC padhne ka tarika thoda technical hai, lekin systematic approach se aur patience ke saath aap ise acche se samajh sakte hain. Kabhi bhi kisi bhi legal term ya concept ko samajhne mein problem ho, toh uske meanings aur interpretations ko research karein ya kisi se puchein.

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Judicial views on “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b)

State of Karnataka v Shri Ranganatha Reddy (1977)
Majority Opinion: Private properties do not fall within the scope of “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b).
Minority Opinion by Justice Krishna Iyer: Stated that private properties should be considered community resources, aiming to facilitate redistribution in a socialist manner.

Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company v Bharat Coking Coal (1983)
Court Ruling: Confirmed the government’s right to nationalize coal mines by treating them as community resources under Article 39(b), aligning with Justice Iyer’s interpretation.
Judicial View: Extended the application of Article 39(b) to include the transformation of private property into public ownership.

Mafatlal Industries Ltd v Union of India (1996)
Opinion by Justice Paripoornan: Supported the broad interpretation of “material resources” in Article 39(b) to encompass both natural and man-made, as well as private and public properties.

Status of women in the higher judiciary: 

✅Out of 268 judges ever appointed in the Supreme Court since independence, only 11 have been women

✅Justice Fathina Beevi the first woman judge appointed to the Supreme Court in 1989.

✅According to The India Justice Report 2022 women make up
35% of judges in subordinate courts but only 13% in High Courts.
Additionally, only 15% of practising lawyers are women.

Legal status of accessibility in the entertainment industry

There are four legislative policy and judicial interventions in 2016, 2019 and 2023 which aims to ensure accessible entertainment space to disabled.

1) The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 empowers every person to have the right to entertainment.

2) Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Accessibility Standards (AS, 2019) for TV mandates that half the entertainment content on TV should be accessible to disabled.

3) The Delhi High Court ordered Yash Raj Films in 2023 to deposit AD and SLC files of their blockbuster film, Pathaan, with the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC).

4) The Delhi High Court recently ordered the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) to designate a special officer to deal with accessibility features on specific films.

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#Judiciaryupdates
📍 Nagaland Civil Judge Exam Official Notification 2024

👉 Vacancies: 12

👉 Application Form Begins From: 08/05/2024

👉 Last Date of Application Form : 26/05/2024
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Difference between Article 32 and Article 226 of the Indian Constitution:

1. Jurisdiction:
   - Article 32: Pertains to the Supreme Court and grants the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
   - Article 226: Pertains to High Courts and provides the power to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights as well as for any other purpose.

2. Scope:
   - Article 32: Primarily focused on the enforcement of fundamental rights.
   - Article 226: Encompasses not only the enforcement of fundamental rights but also a broader range of issues, including contractual disputes, service matters, etc.

3. Exclusive Remedy:
   - Article 32: Provides an exclusive remedy for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
   - Article 226: Offers a concurrent remedy along with the remedy available under Article 32.

4. Applicability:
   - Article 32: Applicable only against the State (Government).
   - Article 226: Applicable against the State as well as any person or authority.

5. Power of Judicial Review:
   - Article 32: Guarantees the power of judicial review to protect fundamental rights.
   - Article 226: Provides the power of judicial review for a wider range of issues beyond fundamental rights.

6. Limitation on High Courts:
   - Article 32: No limitation imposed on the Supreme Court in terms of the nature of cases it can entertain for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
   - Article 226: High Courts can only entertain cases related to fundamental rights if the petitioner has exhausted other available remedies.

7. Enforcement Authority:
   - Article 32: Enforcement by the Supreme Court itself.
   - Article 226: Enforcement by the High Court itself and any court or tribunal subordinate to it.

These points outline the key distinctions between Article 32 and Article 226, highlighting their jurisdiction, scope, and powers.

नाटो(NATO) क्या है?

💐 नाटो अथवा उत्तरी अटलांटिक संधि संगठन एक राजनीतिक तथा सैन्य गठबंधन है जिसमें 31 देश शामिल है।
(32वां देश स्वीड़न )

💐 इसका गठन वर्ष 1949 में संबंध सदस्यों के बीच आपसी रक्षा एवं सामूहिक सुरक्षा को बढ़ावा देने के लिए किया गया था।

💐 वर्ष 1949 में कि गठबंधन के 12 संस्थापक सदस्य देश थे :- बेल्जियम, कनाडा, डेनमार्क, फ्रांस, आइसलैंड,इटली, लक्जमबर्ग,नीदरलैंड, नॉर्वे, पुर्तगाल,ब्रिटेन, एवं संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका।

💐NATO संधि का अनुच्छेद 5 एक प्रमुख प्रावधान करता है जिसके तहत सदस्य देश के किसी एक देश पर हमला सभी सदस्य देशों पर हमला माना जाएगा।

👍👍Note -आंतरिक अशांति और गृह युद्ध के तहत नहीं माना जायेगा।

🔆चार्टर अधिनियम 1853

✅शक्तियों का पृथक्करण:-अधिनियम ने गवर्नर-जनरल की परिषद के विधायी और कार्यकारी कार्यों को अलग कर दिया।

✅सिविल सेवा के लिए खुली प्रतियोगिता:- अधिनियम ने चयन और भर्ती की एक खुली प्रतियोगिता प्रणाली शुरू की
सिविल सेवक।

✅स्थानीय प्रतिनिधित्व:- पहली बार भारतीय (केंद्रीय) विधान परिषद में स्थानीय प्रतिनिधित्व की शुरुआत की गई।

✅महत्व:-विधान बनाना सरकार का एक विशेष कार्य माना जाता था, जिसके लिए विशेष मशीनरी और विशेष प्रक्रिया की आवश्यकता होती थी।
✅ सिविल सेवा भारतीयों के लिए खोल दी गई, जिससे 1854 में मैकाले समिति की स्थापना हुई।


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UPPSC RO / ARO New Important Notice
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🛡President's pardoning powers in India:

Presidential Pardon Powers

The President of India has the authority to grant pardons and reprieves in certain criminal cases as per the powers vested in the Constitution. These powers are outlined as follows:

1. Commutation: Commutation involves changing the nature of a sentence, such as converting a death penalty into life imprisonment with rigorous labor.

2. Remission: Remission involves reducing the duration of a sentence. For example, changing a two-year rigorous imprisonment term into one year.

3. Respite: Respite involves reducing a sentence due to special circumstances. This can include physical disability or pregnancy in the case of women.

4. Reprieve: Reprieve is the temporary postponement of the execution of a sentence for a specific period. For example, postponing a death penalty for a certain duration.

5. Pardon: Pardon is the complete forgiveness of an offense. It implies that the crime is considered never to have occurred.

6. Article 161 of the Constitution: Article 161 of the Indian Constitution extends the power of pardon to the Governors of states.

7. Governor's Pardon Power: Governors can also exercise the power of pardon in cases involving offenses against state laws.

It is important to note that the President does not have the authority to pardon death penalties. However, the President can grant clemency, commute the sentence, reduce the period of imprisonment, or change the nature of the sentence in cases where it is deemed necessary or just..

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