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AIBE-18-SET-B-with-Answer-Key.pdf
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one liner ipc question (1).pdf

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J_and_K_Civil_Service_Judicial_Preliminary_Examination_2023_Provisional.pdf

🔥MP Civil Judge Exam 2023

👉 Supreme Court direction with regards to the amendment of service rules of MP HC for the post of Civil Judge.
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Unnatural Sex By A Man With Wife Not Rape, Absence Of Woman's Consent Immaterial: MP High Court

the only exception to this position of law is Section 376-B of IPC, where the sexual act with his own wife during the separate living on account of judicial separation or otherwise would be rape.

*Referring to Exception 2 of Section 375, the Court noted that sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, will not amount to rape.*

The Court made these observations while quashing an FIR lodged against one Manish Sahu by his wife alleging, inter alia, a commission of unnatural offence as per Section 377 of IPC.

here's a guide on how to approach reading the Indian Penal Code (IPC)

1. Structure and Chapters: IPC ko samajhne ke liye sabse pehle uska structure samajhna zaroori hai. IPC ke chapters aur sections ka arrangement kaise hai, yeh fundamental hai.

2. Basic Concepts: IPC ke basic concepts jaise ki crimes, punishments, definitions of various legal terms, etc., ko samajhna shuru karein.

3. Reading: IPC ko padhte waqt dhyan se har section ko padhein. Har section ka heading, definition, aur uss crime ke elements ko samajhne ki koshish karein.

4. Case Laws: IPC ko samajhne ka ek important tarika hai case laws padhna. Courts ke judgements aur unke interpretations IPC ke sections par aapko deeper understanding provide karte hain.

5. Annotations: Agar aapko IPC ki commentary ya annotations mil jaaye toh, yeh bhi bahut helpful ho sakta hai. Isse aapko legal experts ki insights milengi jo sections ko aur clear bana sakte hain.

6. Practical Examples: IPC ke sections ke saath practical examples padhna. Isse aapko samajh mein aayega ki law kaise apply hota hai real-life situations mein.

7. Revision: IPC ko padhte waqt regular revision karna na bhulein. Legal language ko samajhna thoda challenging ho sakta hai, isliye regular revision se concepts clear honge.

8. Guidance: Agar possible ho toh, legal expert ya law teacher se guidance lena bhi beneficial ho sakta hai, especially for complex sections.

IPC padhne ka tarika thoda technical hai, lekin systematic approach se aur patience ke saath aap ise acche se samajh sakte hain. Kabhi bhi kisi bhi legal term ya concept ko samajhne mein problem ho, toh uske meanings aur interpretations ko research karein ya kisi se puchein.

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Judicial views on “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b)

State of Karnataka v Shri Ranganatha Reddy (1977)
Majority Opinion: Private properties do not fall within the scope of “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b).
Minority Opinion by Justice Krishna Iyer: Stated that private properties should be considered community resources, aiming to facilitate redistribution in a socialist manner.

Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company v Bharat Coking Coal (1983)
Court Ruling: Confirmed the government’s right to nationalize coal mines by treating them as community resources under Article 39(b), aligning with Justice Iyer’s interpretation.
Judicial View: Extended the application of Article 39(b) to include the transformation of private property into public ownership.

Mafatlal Industries Ltd v Union of India (1996)
Opinion by Justice Paripoornan: Supported the broad interpretation of “material resources” in Article 39(b) to encompass both natural and man-made, as well as private and public properties.

Status of women in the higher judiciary: 

✅Out of 268 judges ever appointed in the Supreme Court since independence, only 11 have been women

✅Justice Fathina Beevi the first woman judge appointed to the Supreme Court in 1989.

✅According to The India Justice Report 2022 women make up
35% of judges in subordinate courts but only 13% in High Courts.
Additionally, only 15% of practising lawyers are women.