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CUET PG 2025 COURSES

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NOTE-

Pomology : Fruit cultivation (includes viticulture- grapes)
Olericulture : Vegetables
Floriculture : Flowers
Arboriculture : Trees and shrubs

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What are WETLANDS?

Wetlands are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is covered by shallow water.

Wetlands must have one or more of the following three attributes:

1) at least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes;

2) the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil; and

3) the substrate is saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year.

Types of Wetlands

• There are many different types of wetlands, each determined by its hydrology, water chemistry, soils, and the plant species found there.

• Wetlands may be characterized as dominated by trees, shrubs, or herbaceous vegetation.

• They may be fed by precipitation, runoff, or groundwater, with water chemistry ranging from very acidic to alkaline.

CUET PG 2025 MA GEOGRAPHY TEST SERIES PROGRAM

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🔆 Red Sea

✅It (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

✅The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden.

✅To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal).

✅Bordering countries are:
Eastern shore: Saudi Arabia, Yemen Western shore: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti.

Tricks - DESSEY

✅D: Djibouti
✅E: Eritrea
✅S: Sudan
✅S: Saudi Arabia
✅E: Egypt
✅Y: Yemen

In News-
🔆Saraswati River

✅The river is mentioned over 80 times in the Rigveda and is believed to have dried up more than 5,000 years ago due to climatic and tectonic shifts.
✅It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan, North Gujarat, and Pakistan before reaching the Gulf at the Western Sea, spanning approximately 4,000 km.
✅The river had two branches—western and eastern—that joined at Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala.
✅The western branch, represented by the ancient Satluj, flowed through the channels of the present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets.
🔸The eastern branch, supported by the Markanda and Sarsuti rivers, is now known as the Tons-Yamuna rivers.

📍Indian Research station in Antarctica
✅Gangotri
✅Maitri
✅Bharti

📍Arctic
✅Himadri

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CUET PG 2025

An alpha world city is a city that is categorized as such by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). The GaWC is a think tank that categorizes cities into "Alpha", "Beta", and "Gamma" tiers based on their international connectedness. Some examples of alpha world cities include:

Mumbai
The capital of Maharashtra, India, and the most populated city in the country. It was named an alpha world city in 2009.

New York City
Along with London, New York City is ranked in the Alpha ++ category by the GaWC.

Los Angeles
A global alpha city that is a cultural, technological, and commercial hub.

Hong Kong
Has the world's largest skyline, with skyscrapers spread across the city.

Kilauea Volcano

✅Why in news: Kilauea, one of the most active volcanoes in the world, started erupting again.

✅Location: Situated on the southeastern part of the Hawaii’s Big Island, as a part of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
✅Volcano Type: It is an active shield volcano, formed by the eruption of highly fluid lava.

✅Kilauea has covered around 90% of its surface in lava flows within the last 1,000 years.
✅It is an elongated dome built of lava eruptions from the central crater and features long, shallow slopes.
✅It has two rift zones stretching to the east and southwest.

📍Volcanoes in India:

✅Barren Island (Andaman Islands): India's only active volcano.
✅Narcondam (Andaman Islands): Dormant volcano.
✅Baratang (Andaman Islands): Known for mud volcanoes.
✅Deccan Traps (Maharashtra): Vast volcanic plateau formed by ancient eruptions.
✅Dhinodhar Hills (Gujarat): Extinct volcano.
✅Dhosi Hill (Haryana): Ancient volcanic site with historical significance.

🔆The Types of Mountain

📍Based on Mode of Origin: 

✅Volcanic Mountains: Formed by the eruption of magma from the Earth's crust, creating peaks like those in Hawaii and Fiji. 
✅Fold Mountains: Created by the collision and folding of tectonic plates, such as the Himalayas and the Andes. 
✅Block Mountains: Formed by faulting and the movement of large blocks of the Earth's crust, leading to raised or dropped sections, like the Sierra Nevada. 
✅Dome Mountains: Created by magma pushing the Earth's crust upward, forming a dome-like structure, often exposed after erosion like Black Hills (US). 
✅Plateau Mountains: These mountains resemble dome mountains but are formed by colliding tectonic plates pushing up the land, shaped by weathering and erosion. 

📍Based on Period of Origin: 

✅Precambrian Mountains: Precambrian mountains are ancient ranges formed during the Precambrian era (4.6 billion to 541 million years ago).   
They have experienced extensive erosion and metamorphism over billions of years, leaving behind residual formations (e.g., Aravallis in India). 
✅Caledonian Mountains: Formed around 430 million years ago (e.g., Appalachians).
✅Hercynian Mountains: These mountains originated from the Carboniferous to Permian Period (approximately 340 million years and 225 million years) (e.g., Ural Mountains).
✅Alpine Mountains: The youngest mountain systems formed during the Tertiary period(66 million years ago) (e.g., Himalayas, Alps).

🔆Fault Lines

✅A fault line is the visible intersection of a geological fault with the Earth's surface. It refers to a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock caused by stresses generated by tectonic plate movements.

📍Characteristics of Faults:
✅Faults are closely associated with the movement of Earth's tectonic plates.
✅The largest faults are found along plate boundaries.
✅Movement along faults can occur rapidly, resulting in earthquakes, or gradually, in the form of creep.
✅Faults vary in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers, such as the San Andreas Fault in California or the Anatolian Fault in Turkey.
✅Fault surfaces can be horizontal, vertical, or inclined at various angles.
✅Earth scientists classify faults based on the angle of the fault relative to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of movement along the fault.

📍Types of Faults:

✅Strike-Slip Faults: These faults occur when tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, with little to no vertical movement.
🔰These faults are commonly found in regions where lateral stress dominates.
🔰A well-known example is the San Andreas Fault in California, which has caused several powerful earthquakes.

✅Normal Faults: These faults occur when one block of rock slides downward, pulling away from the adjacent block.
🔰These faults create space by stretching the Earth's crust, often leading to the formation of valleys.
🔰Examples of normal faults include the Basin and Range Province in North America and the East African Rift Zone.

✅Reverse Faults (Thrust Faults):  These faults occur when one block of crust moves upward and overlaps the other.
🔰This process is associated with compression and often leads to the formation of mountain ranges.
🔰Examples include the Himalayas, formed due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, and the Rock Mountains in North America.

Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages (CRCFV)

• 100 coastal villages identified for development.
Focus on infrastructure development (fish drying platforms, markets, ice plants, cold storages) and sustainable livelihood opportunities (seaweed farming, ornamental fish farming).

• Funding: State/UT-wise project details, funds released, and expenditure incurred are provided in Annexure-I.

• CRCFV List: State/UT-wise list of identified villages is in Annexure-II.

Empowering India's Migrant Workforce

• Migration in India is a dynamic process and the 2011 Census reported over 41 million interstate migrants.

• According to the 2020-21 Migration report, the overall migration rate is 28.9%, with 26.5% from rural areas.

• Around 10.8% migrate mainly for employment.

• The government is committed to making their journey smoother through various initiatives.

💠 eShram portal

Welfare Schemes for the Migrant Labourers

Employment schemes are designed to improve the lives of workers by providing access to opportunities for skill development, financial assistance, and social security. Such as:

💠PM Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi)

💠Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana (PMSYM)

💠Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya

💠Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY)

SMART CITIES MISSION

🔹 Smart Cities Mission (SCM) aims to enhance the quality of life in India's cities through smart, sustainable solutions

🔹 Aims to create cities that are economically vibrant, inclusive and environment friendly.

🔹 SCM aims to improve quality of life in 100 cities by providing efficient services, robust infrastructure, and sustainable solutions

Key initiatives and milestones achieved:

🔹 All 100 Smart Cities have operational Integrated Command and Control Centres, improving city operations using AI, IoT, and Data Analytics

🔹 84,000+ CCTV surveillance cameras installed in 100 Smart Cities

🔹 17,026+ km of water supply system is monitored through SCADA

🔹 66+ cities use RFID-enabled Vehicles and advanced tech for efficient solid waste management

🔹 1,740+ km of smart roads, 713 km of cycle tracks

🔹 9,433 smart classrooms, 41 digital libraries, 172 e-health centers & clinics (without dedicated beds) developed and 152 health ATMs installed

🌳 India State of Forest Report 2023 🌳

Union Minister Bhupender Yadav launched the ISFR 2023 in Dehradun, prepared by the Forest Survey of India (FSI).

Key highlights:

📊 Forest & Tree Cover:

• Total: 8,27,357 sq km (25.17%) of India’s geographical area.
• Forest Cover: 7,15,343 sq km (21.76%)
• Tree Cover: 1,12,014 sq km (3.41%)
Increase since 2021: 1,445 sq km

🌟 Top Contributors:

Forest Cover Increase:
- Mizoram (+242 sq km)
- Gujarat (+180 sq km)
- Odisha (+152 sq km)

Largest Forest Areas:
- Madhya Pradesh (77,073 sq km)
- Arunachal Pradesh (65,882 sq km)
- Chhattisgarh (55,812 sq km)

Percentage-Wise:
- Lakshadweep (91.33%)
- Mizoram (85.34%)
- A&N Islands (81.62%)

📌 Other Key Findings:

• Mangrove Cover: 4,992 sq km.
• Bamboo Area: Increased to 1,54,670 sq km (+5,227 sq km since 2021).
• Carbon Stock: Increased to 7,285.5 million tonnes (+81.5 million tonnes since 2021).

🌱 India is progressing towards its NDC target of 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO₂ sequestration by 2030.

public_notice_for_schedule_of_ugc_net_december_2024_hrvplurnzjd.pdf

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Read the instructions on the first page.

GEOGRAPHER'S POINT
@mageographyentrance2022_JNU_DU

Regarding this, make a well informed decision. If you feel confident enough and have prepared for a long time, then you must give the exam. But if you are a newbie in this, then re-consider your decision. You can complete the entire syllabus and revise comfortably and then give the next year's attempt. The decision rests with you. Because if you are not well prepared but you decide to give the exam, then you might get demotivated with the results. As well as you will have to fast track your efforts in order to be ready for the exam in January. Also if you fail and you get demotivated, then it will become very difficult for you to maintain the current pace at which you are preparing for the next year's attempt. and to overcome from the failure, it might take a month or two, which will be a sheer waste of time.

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UGC NET DEC 2024
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🎉🌟💥 Attention all aspiring geographers! 💪

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3. Match the following;

1. Loess. A. Fluvial deposit

2. Morains. B. Glacial deposit

3. Gravels. C. Aeolian deposit

4. Silt. D. Marine deposit

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