Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS) @dhrumilshahds Channel on Telegram

Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

@dhrumilshahds

Useful for Govt Exams like various state PSC, UPSC, SSC JE, RRB JE, Etc. Technical (Civil) for practice, old questions solution.
The channel is also useful for Diploma and Degree Civil Engineering students for all universities.

Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS) (English)

Welcome to the Civil Engineering World Telegram channel, managed by Dhrumil Shah (DS)! If you are passionate about civil engineering or looking to learn more about this fascinating field, then this channel is the perfect place for you. Dhrumil Shah, a dedicated civil engineer, shares valuable insights, updates, and resources related to civil engineering to keep you informed and inspired. From construction projects to infrastructure developments, from innovative technologies to expert tips, this channel covers it all. Whether you are a student, a professional, or simply interested in the world of civil engineering, you will find something valuable here. Join the growing community of civil engineering enthusiasts on Telegram and stay connected with Dhrumil Shah (DS) for all the latest updates and discussions. Don't miss out on this opportunity to expand your knowledge and connect with like-minded individuals in the Civil Engineering World!

Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

06 Dec, 14:12

PSC Interview Question:

◆What is Thixotropy?
~It is regain of loss in strength of soil with passage of time.

~During pile driving in clayey soil, frictional reresistanc by soil increases due to property of thixotrophy.

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85
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

06 Dec, 14:00

【Soil Mechanics / Foundation Engineering】

◆Determination of Unit Weight of soil◆
1. Core Cutter Method:
~It is a field method suitable for soft, fine grained and clayey soil.

~It is not suitable for stoney, gravelly soil and dry soil.

2. Sand Replacement method:
~It is a field method.

~It is used for gravelly, sandy and dry soil.

3. Water displacement method:
~It is Suitable for cohesion soils only and paraffin wax is used in it.

4. Water Ballon method:
~In it, volume of the pit is measured by covering the pit with plastic sheet and then filling it with water.

~Thus weight of water calculated is equal to volume of soil excavated.

5. Radiation method:
~It is quick and convenient.

~It ia used for bulk density of in - situ soil.

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87
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

05 Dec, 15:09

【Building Materials】

◆Pigments◆
~It is used to hide the surface imperfections and to impart the desired colour.

●Name of pigment and colour imparted:
1. Zinc oxide - White
2. Copper Sulphate - Green
3. Burnt siena - Brown
4. Indigo - Blue
5. Ivory black - Black
6. Red lead - Red

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

05 Dec, 14:05

【Building Material】

◆Basic Terminology◆
1. Lithology:
It is the study of the general physical characteristics of rocks.

2. Mineralogy:
It is the systematic study that extensively covers crystallography physical, chemical, mineral study etc.

3. Petrology:
It is the study of rocks and the conditions under which they form.

4. Rockology:
It is introduction to geology at basic level.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

05 Dec, 13:00

【Concrete Technology】

◆Diameter, length and shape of Vicat apparatus for different test◆
1.
~Type of test: Initial setting time
~Diameter or size: 1 mm of square needle or 1.13 mm circular
~Shape: Square needle

2.
~Type of test: Final setting time
~Diameter or size: 5 mm
~Shape: Annular ring

3.
~Type of test:  Consistency
~Diameter or size: 10 mm
~Shape: Solid circular

Note:
Length of above apparatus lie in the range 40 to 50 mm.

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86
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

04 Dec, 14:32

【Design of Steel Structures】

◆Fundamental conditions for plastic analysis◆
1. Conditions of static equilibrium

2. Plastic moment condition. i.e. the plastic moment must not be exceeded anywhere.

3. Mechanism condition - there must be just enough plastic hinges that a mechanism is obtained.

~ A solution satisfying the three conditions will be a unique solution of the problem.

~For statical or equilibrium method of analysis equation of equilibrium and plastic moment condition are satisfied.

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112
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

04 Dec, 14:25

【Design of Steel Structures】

◆Impact factor for a gantry girder for various types of loads◆
1. Vertical forces transferred to the rails:
i. for electric overhead cranes additional load 25% of maximum static wheel loads
ii. for hand operated crane additional load 10% of maximum static wheel load

2. Horizontal force transverse to rails
i. for electric overhead train additional load 10% of weight of crab and the weight lifted to the crane.
ii. for hand operated cranes additional load 5% of weight of crab and the weight lifted on the crane.

3. Horizontal forces along the additional load 5% of the static wheel load rails.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

04 Dec, 13:41

【Concrete Technology】

◆Steam Curing◆
~This method is useful in cold weather or when early strength gain is important.

~There are two methods of curing:
1. Low pressure steam at atmospheric pressure
2. High pressure steam curing in autoclaves.

●High pressure steam:
~This method is used for small manufactured units.

~The curing is done in autoclaves at temperatures in the 325° F to 375° F range and pressures of 80 to 170 psi.

~This environment changes the chemistry of the hydration producing a concrete that has the following modified properties:
1. A 24 hours strength equal to 28-days strength under ambient curing.

2. Less creep and shrinkage.

3. Better sulfate resistance.

4. No efflorescence.

5. Lower moisture content after curing.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

23 Nov, 13:19

✅ MCQ insights With D S

📝 33. The shape factors of a triangle section and a diamond section are respectively (ESE 2014)
a. 2.343 and 2.0
b. 2.0 and 2.343
c. 1.343 and 2.0
d. 2.0 and 1.343

Correct Answer: 
a. 2.343 and 2.0

Explanation:
Shape factor for a section is the ratio of plastic moment (plastic section modulus) and the yield moment (elastic section modulus).

Shape                            Shape Factor
1. Rectangle or
Square                            1.5
2. Circle.                         1.7
3. Triangle.                    2.34
4. Diamond.                   2.0
5. I-section                     1.1 to 1.2

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293
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

23 Nov, 13:15

✅ MCQ insights With D S

📝 32. In the plastic analysis which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
Geometry of steel. Shape
Section. Factor
1. Rectangle. 2.0
2. Round. 1.7
3. Square. 1.0
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (ESE 1995)
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 2 alone
d. 1 and 3

Correct Answer: 
c. 2 alone

Explanation:
Shape factor for a section is the ratio of plastic moment (plastic section modulus) and the yield moment (elastic section modulus).

Shape Shape Factor
1. Rectangle or
Square 1.5
2. Circle. 1.7
3. Triangle. 2.34
4. Diamond. 2.0
5. I-section 1.1 to 1.2

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220
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

23 Nov, 13:06

✅ MCQ insights With D S

📝 31. The maximum longitudinal pitch allowed in bolted joints of tension members is (ESE 2010)
a. 16 times the diameter of the bolt
b. 32 times the diameter of the bolt
c. 16 times the thickness of the plate
d. 32 times the thickness of the plate

Correct Answer: 
c. 16 times the thickness of the plate

Explanation:
As per IS 800:2007, Clause No. 10.2.3.2, the limit on pitch in case of
1) Tension members:
16 times the thickness of plate subject to maximum spacing 200 mm.

2) Compression members:
12 times the thickness of plate subject to maximum spacing 200 mm.

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114
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

23 Nov, 12:56

✅ MCQ insights With D S

📝 30. Creep is the gradual increase of (ESE 2001)
a. plastic strain with time at constant load
b. elastic strain with time at constant load
c. plastic strain with time at varying load
d. elastic strain with time at varying load

Correct Answer: 
a. plastic strain with time at constant load

Explanation:
~Creep is the property by virtue of which a metal specimen undergoes additional deformation with the passage of time under sustained loading within elastic limit.

~It is permanent in nature and cannot be recovered after removal of load, hence is plastic in nature.

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100
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

23 Nov, 12:31

【Surveying】

◆Characteristics of Prismatic compass◆
1. Magnetic Needle:
The needle is of broad needle type.

2. Graduated Ring:
~The graduated ring is attached to the needle and does not rotate with line sight.

~The graduation have 0° at S, 90° at W, 270 at E and 180° at N. i.e. Whole Circle Bearing.

~The graduations are engraved inverted.

3. Reading System:
~Readings are taken with the help of a prism provided at the eye vane.

~Sighting and reading can be done simultaneously.

4. Tripod:
Compass can be used without a tripod.

5. Vanes:
The eye vane consists of a metal vane with a large slit.

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87
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

23 Nov, 12:20

【Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures】(Part 2)

◆Types of Concrete crack in beam◆
4. Corrosion Cracks:
~Corrosion cracks in RCC beams runs along the line of reinforcement.

~It is usually separate the concrete from the reinforcement.

~It is mostly manifested by discloloration of paint or strain of rust.

5. Shrinkage Cracks:
~Shrinkage cracks occurs in 2 stages i.e. in prehardening stage and the hardened stage.

~In prehardening stage these types of cracks are called plastic shrinkage cracks in hardened stage it is called drying shrinkage crack.

6. Sliding Cracks:
~The diagonal mode of failure by sliding along the critical cracks is known as failure by sliding and usually appears at the edges of the supports beams.

~This type of cracks appears if concrete gets disturbs in fresh state.

7. Tension Cracks:
~These types of crack occurs usually due to shrinkage temperature variations.

~Tension cracks usually appears in those member where restain is provided in the longitudinal direction and they propagate to the full length of the beam.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

23 Nov, 06:07

【Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures】 (Part 1)

◆Types of concrete crack in beam◆
1.Flexure cracks:
~Cracking in beams subjected to bending starts from tensile zone i.e. soffit of the beam.

~The width of flexure cracks in reinforced concrete beams for short term may stay narrow from the surface to the steel.

~In long term, under continuous loading, the width gets increased and become uniform across the member.

2. Shear Cracks:
~Shear crack occurs in hardened concrete beams and is usually caused by self weight loading or movement.

~These cracks are better illustrated as diagonal tension cracks due to combined effect of flexure and shearing action occurs when shear capacity of structure is inadequate or cross section or torsional reinforcement is insufficient.

3. Torsional Cracks:
~Pure tension in a beam is typified by a series of inclined cracks running roughly parallel throughout the length of the member.

~The cracks basically form a spiral, running up one face of the beam, across the top, down the other side and back across the bottom to connect with another crack on the first face.

~If only an isolated portion of the beam is accessible, a torsion crack may appear similar to a shear crack.

~In torsion, the crack on the far face will be at the opposite angle to that on the front face while in shear the cracks on both faces will be at the same angle.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

23 Nov, 05:34

【Building Materials】

◆Important Aggregates Tests◆
1. Crushing Test:
Resistance to crushing under gradually applied crushing load tells us about the strength of aggregates.

2. Impact Test:
To determine the toughness of aggregate.

3. Soundness Test:
To determine the resistance of aggregates to weathering action or to check durability.

4. Abrasion Test:
To determine the hardness of aggregate.

5. Shape Test:
Flaky Index, Elongation Index and Angularity number are determined.

6. Smith Test:
To find soluble matter in stone aggregates.

7. Stripping Value:
Adhesion of Bitumen with aggregates.

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89
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

22 Nov, 14:40

【Building Materials】

◆Asbestos◆
~Asbestos is a natural mineral, which consists of silicate of calcium and magnesium found in the form of very thin fibers.

●Characteristics of asbestos:
~They are light in weight and fire resistant.

~It has low water permeability hence less porous.

~It is brown, grey in color.

~It is resistant to alkali and acid.

~its specific gravity is 3.10.

~It has excellent heat and electric insulation.

~They do not require any protective paint.

~Asbestos cement is widely used in the manufacturing of roofing slates and tiles.

~These sheets are widely used in industries, factories, cinemas, auditorium etc.

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101
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

22 Nov, 14:29

【Soil Mechanics】

◆Order of Magnitude of Permeability◆
1. Gravel - 10 mm/sec
2. Coarse sand - (10 to 1) mm/sec
3. Medium sand - (1 to 0.1) mm/sec
4. Fine sand - (0.1 to 0.01) mm/sec
5. Silty sand - (0.01 to 0.001) mm/sec
6. Silt - 10^-4 mm/sec
7. Clay - (10^-6 to 10^-8) mm/sec

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102
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

22 Nov, 14:23

【Foundation Engineering】

◆Objectives of Consolidation Test◆
~The main objective of a consolidation test on soil is to determine its consolidation characteristics.

~The test helps to evaluate the soils compressibility, settlement behaviour and its ability to support structures without excessive deformation.

~By measuring the soils consolidation properties, engineers can assess its stability.

~It helps to determine the potential for settlement under different loading conditions, which is crucial for the design and construction of foundations and other geotechnical structures.

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22 Nov, 14:03

【Surveying】

◆Characteristics of Surveyor's compass◆
1. Magnetic Needle:
The needle is of edge bar type.

2. Graduated Ring:
~It is attached to the box and rotated along with the line of sight.

~The graduations have 0° at N and S while 90° at E and W. i.e. Qudrantal Bearing System.

~The graduations are engraved erect.

3. Reading System:
~Reading are taken directly by seeing through the top of the box glass.

~Sighting and reading cannot be done simultaneously.

4. Tripod:
Compass cannot be used without a tripod.

5. Vanes:
The eye vane consists of a small vane with a small slit and vertical hair.

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107
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22 Nov, 13:40

【Water and Waste Water Engineering】

◆Circular sewer◆
~The circular sewers are suitable for separate sewerage systems in which since sewers carry only dry weather flow, there is no large variation in discharge.

~It is the most economical section since it requires a minimum quantity of mineral for its construction.

~A circular section gives the least perimeter for a given area and therefore has the maximum hydraulic mean depth for running full and half-full conditions.

~The section has uniform curvature and hence prevents the possibility of deposits anywhere within the section.

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22 Nov, 12:06

GPSC

Gujarat Public Service Commission

Exam Syllabus (Prelim) of Advt No. 81/2024-25, Assistant Engineer (Civil), Class-2, Narmada Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department

GPSC

ગુજરાત જાહેર સેવા આયોગ

જાહેરાત નંબર 81/2024-25 નો પરીક્ષા અભ્યાસક્રમ (પ્રિલિમ), મદદનીશ ઈજનેર (સિવિલ), વર્ગ-2, નર્મદા જળ સંસાધન, પાણી પુરવઠા અને કલ્પસર વિભાગ

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116
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22 Nov, 12:06

GPSC

Gujarat Public Service Commission

Exam Syllabus (Prelim) of Advt No. 73/2024-25, Assistant Engineer (Civil), Class-2, Road and Building Department

GPSC

ગુજરાત જાહેર સેવા આયોગ

જાહેરાત નંબર 73/2024-25 નો પરીક્ષા અભ્યાસક્રમ (પ્રિલિમ), મદદનીશ ઈજનેર (સિવિલ), વર્ગ-2, માર્ગ અને મકાન વિભાગ

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112
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

21 Nov, 14:56

【Concrete Technology】

◆Maturity of concrete◆
~The maturity of concrete aims at accounting for the combined effects of time and temperature of curing on the strength development of concrete.

~Maturity is calculated by tracking changes in fresh concrete temperature over time.

~It is the summation of the product of time and temperature.

~ In this connection, the well known Nurse-Saul maturity function is given by
M = ∑(T - T0) x Δt
Where,
M = Maturity index
T = average concrete temperature during the time interval Δt
T0 = datum temperature

Note:
Its standard unit will be degree centigrade hours.

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135
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

21 Nov, 14:38

【Building Materials / Concrete Technology】

◆Flakiness Index and Elongation Index◆
(As per IS 2386 (part 1) : 1963)
●Flakiness Index:
~The flakiness index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles in it whose least dimension is less than 0.60 times their mean dimension.

~It is measured by a thickness gauge.

●Elongation Index:
~The elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles in it whose greatest dimension is more than 1.80 times their mean dimension.

~It is measured by a length gauge.

Note:
A combined value of flakiness and elongation index is to be determined for a sample of aggregates.

The sequence of tests are conducted by the Flakiness index test followed by the elongation index test on the non-flaky aggregates.

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117
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

21 Nov, 14:16

【Building Materials】

◆Bullet-proof Glass◆
~This glass is made of several layers of plate glass and alternate layers consists of vinyl-resin plastic.

~The outer layer of plate glass are made thinner than the inner layers.

~The special care is to be taken for heating and cooling of layers during manufacture.

~The thickness of this type of glass may very from 15 mm to 75 mm or more.

~It will not allow bullets to pierce through it.

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95
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

21 Nov, 14:05

【Fluid Mechanics】

◆Cohesion and Adhesion◆
●Cohesion:
~Cohesion means intermolecular attraction between molecules of the same liquid.

~It enables the liquid to resist a small amount of tensile forces.

~Cohesion is a tendency of the liquid to remain as one assemblage of particles.

Note:
Surface tension is due to cohesion between particles at the free surface.

●Adhesion:
~Adhesion means attraction between the molecules of a liquid and the molecules of a solid boundary surface in contact with the liquid.

~The property enables a liquid to stick to another body.

Note:
Capillary action is due to both cohesion and adhesion.

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106
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

21 Nov, 13:39

【Structural Analysis】

◆Flexural-Torsional Buckling◆
~This type of failure is caused by a combination of flexural buckling and torsional buckling.

~The member bends and twists simultaneously.

~This type of failure can occur only with unsymmetrical cross sections, both those with one axis of symmetry such as channels, structural tees, double angle shapes and equal leg single angles and those with no axis of symmetry, such as unequal leg single angles.

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99
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 15:31

🎯 Self Assesment Test - 11

Date: 16/11/2024

Total Questions: 10

Time for each question: 30 seconds

Test Link: http://t.me/QuizBot?start=NqKGlJsC

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 12:54

💡👋Previous Year Questions - 114 (DDA JE)🔝

Example Solution✍

#SSC #GPSC #IES #JE #RRB #BPSC #Solution #PYQs #ESE #Civil #Engineering #APSC #UPPSC #UPSSSC #UKPSC #DDA #UPSC

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41
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 12:53

💡👋Previous Year Questions - 113 (DDA JE)🔝

Example Solution✍

#SSC #GPSC #IES #JE #RRB #BPSC #Solution #PYQs #ESE #Civil #Engineering #APSC #UPPSC #UPSSSC #UKPSC #DDA #UPSC

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42
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 12:41

#GPSC

#Gujarat_Public_Service_Commission

#Prelimary_Examination_Date

Important Notice Regarding Preliminary Examination Date

#GPSC

#ગુજરાત જાહેર સેવા આયોગ

#પ્રિલિમિનરી પરીક્ષાની તારીખ પ્રારંભિક પરીક્ષાની તારીખ અંગેની અગત્યની સૂચના

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37
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 10:45

【Highway Engineering】

◆Sight Distance◆
~Sight distance is the distance along a road at which a driver from a specified height above the carriageway has a viability of objects and can safely stop his vehicle or overtake another vehicle.

●Requirements of sight distance:
1. In the design of vertical curve

2. Set back distance of building

3. Any other obstruction adjacent to the carriageway on horizontal curve.

4. The minimum sight distance to ensure that road users can see and react to potential hazard in time.

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52
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 08:54

PSC Interview Question:

◆Why slabs are not designed for shear?◆

1. Slabs have much small depth than beams.

2. Most of slabs subjected to Udl loads because of this, shear stresses developed are less as compared to beams.

Note:
Shear reinforcements are provided in the form of bent up bars near the supports of slabs.

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60
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 08:48

【Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure】

◆Flat Slab◆
~Flat slab is a two way slab reinforced in two directions that usually to the supporting column.

~In case of flat slab loads are transfer by following action:
1. Plate action
2. Membrane action
3. Beam action
4. Vector action

●Drop Panel:
The drop panel is formed by increasing the thickness of the slab in the vicinity of the supporting column.

~Main purpose of providing drop panel is to reduce the shear stress around the column support.

~Drop panel is also help to reduce the steel requirement to resist the negative moments at the column supports.

~A slab width between lines that are one half slab or drop panel thickness.

●Recommendations as per IS 456:
A. Spacing: (Clause 31.7.1)
The spacing of bars in flat slab shall not exceed 2 time the slab thickness, except where a slab is of cellular or ribbed construction.

B. Area of reinforcement: (Clause 31.7.2)
When a drop panels are used, the thickness of drop panel for determination of area of reinforcement shall be lesser of the following:
I. Thickness of drop
II. Thickness of slab plus one quarter the distance between edge of drop and edge of capital.

C. Minimum length of reinforcement (Clause 31.7.3)
I. Reinforcement in flat slab shall have the minimum length.

II. Where adjacent spans are unequal, the extension of negative reinforcement beyond each free of the column shall be based on the longer span.

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50
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 08:00

【Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures】

◆Corner lifting effect◆
~When a two-way slab is subjected to torsional moments, the corner of the slab tend to lift or crack.

~This occurs because the torsional moments cause the slab to twist, resulting in differential movements at the corner.

~The corners experience unbalanced forces and moments, leading to cracking or lifting.

●Causes of torsional moments:
~There are several factors that can contribute to the generation of torsional moments in a two-way slab:
1. Eccentricity of applied loads
2. Irregular shape of the slab
3. Asymmetrical supports
4. Unbalanced reinforcement

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 07:49

【Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures】

◆Nodal Force in Slab◆
~Nodal Force arise at the corner of slab segments whenever a yield line intersects another yield line or a free edge.

~Some theorems that are required in solving simple problems using the equilibrium method are stated below:
1. At the junction of any number of yield lines irrespective of their sign the sum of nodal force is equal to zero.

2. At the junction of the yield line each of the nodal forces is zero if yield lines are either all negative or all positive.

The nodal force V at the intersection of a yield line with a free edge is computed as:

V = M cot α
Where, M = moment

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

16 Nov, 07:19

IS Code based Question:

◆IS 383-1970 (Table 7)
◆IS 383-2016 (Table 13)

Surface Characteristics of aggregates:

Group 1:
Surface Texture: Glassy
Example: Black flint

Group 2:
Surface Texture: Smooth
Example: Chert, slate, marble, some rhyolite

Group 3:
Surface Texture: Granular
Example: Sandstone iolite

Group 4:
Surface Texture: Crystalline
Example:
Fine: Basalt, trachyte, keratophyre
Medium: Dolerite, granophyres, granulites, microgranite, limestone.
Coarse: Gabbro, gneiss, granite, syenite.

Group 5:
Surface Texture: Honeycombed and Porous
Example: Scoriae, pumice, trass.

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43
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

05 Nov, 15:30

🎯 Self Assesment Test - 2

Date: 05/10/2024

Total Questions: 10

Time for each question: 30 seconds

Test Link: http://t.me/QuizBot?start=tsIx5qOx

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05 Nov, 14:14

💡👋Previous Year Questions - 102 (UPSSSC)🔝

Example Solution✍

#SSC #GPSC #IES #JE #RRB #BPSC #Solution #PYQs #ESE #Civil #Engineering #APSC #UPPSC #UPSSSC #UKPSC

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05 Nov, 14:14

💡👋Previous Year Questions - 101 (UPSSSC)🔝

Example Solution✍

#SSC #GPSC #IES #JE #RRB #BPSC #Solution #PYQs #ESE #Civil #Engineering #APSC #UPPSC #UPSSSC #UKPSC

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05 Nov, 14:12

💡👋Previous Year Questions - 100 (UPSSSC)🔝

Example Solution✍

#SSC #GPSC #IES #JE #RRB #BPSC #Solution #PYQs #ESE #Civil #Engineering #APSC #UPPSC #UPSSSC #UKPSC

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

05 Nov, 12:55

【Surveying】

◆Classification of Surveys based on the purpose◆
1. Control Survey:
To establish horizontal and vertical positions of control points.

2. Land Survey:
To determine boundaries and areas of parcels of land.

Also known as: Property survey, Boundary survey or cadastral survey.

3. Topographic Survey:
To prepare a plan / map of a region which includes natural as well as man-made features including elevation.

4. Engineering Survey:
To collect requisite data for planning, design and execution of engineering projects.

A. Reconnaissance Survey:
To explore site conditions and availability of infrastructures.

B. Preliminary Survey:
To collect adequate data to prepare plan/map of the area to be used for planning and design.

C. Location Survey:
To set out work on the ground for actual construction / execution of the project.

5. Route Survey:
To plan, designs and lay out routes such as highways, railways, canals, pipelines and other linear projects.

6. Construction Survey:
Surveys that required for the establishment of points, lines, grades and for staking out engineering works.

7. Astronomic survey:
To determine latitude and longitude and azimuth from astronomical observation.

8. Mine survey:
To carry out surveying specific for opencast and underground mining purposes.

9. Archeological Survey:
This is carried out to discover and map ancient / relies on antiquity.

10. Geological Survey:
Geological survey for determining different strata in earth crust.

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05 Nov, 12:34

【Soil Mechanics / Foundation Engineering】

◆Consolidation settlement◆
The total consolidation settlement of soil can be divided into the following:

1. Settlement due to primary consolidation:
~It occurs due to expulsion of pore water from a loaded saturated soil mass.

~The rate of consolidation is controlled by pore pressure, permeability and the compressibility of soil.

~It is the time taking phenomenon and is dependent on permeability, loading rate and length of drainage path.

2. Settlement due to Secondary consolidation:
~It starts after the completion of primary consolidation, if the load is constant and volume change is recorded with the passage of time without expulsion of water then volume change is due to secondary consolidation.

~It is due to the plastic readjustment of solids. It occurs at very slow rate and is negligible in granular soils.

~The rate of secondary consolidation is controlled by viscous adsorbed layer surrounding clay particles in the soul.

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05 Nov, 12:21

PSC Interview Question:

◆What is sublimation?◆
A substance can transfer straight from the solid to the gas phase skipping the intermediary liquid phase.

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47
Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

05 Nov, 12:19

【Water and Waste Water Engineering】

◆Water Purification◆
~Water Purification is the process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic and inorganic material and biological contaminants are removed from the water.

~The purification procedure reduces the concentration of contaminants such as suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses and fungi.

~Water purification takes place on scales from the large (entire city) to the small (individual household).

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

04 Nov, 15:30

🎯 Self Assesment Test - 1

Date: 04/10/2024

Total Questions: 10

Time for each question: 30 seconds

Test Link: http://t.me/QuizBot?start=W8z9dwD2

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04 Nov, 14:55

✅ MCQ insights With D S

📝 17. Creep of Concrete under compression is defined as the ____. (GATE)
a.     increase in the magnitude of strain under constant stress
b.     increase in the magnitude of stress under constant strain
c.     decrease in the magnitude of strain under constant stress
d.     decrease in the magnitude of stress under constant strain

Correct Answer: 
a. increase in the magnitude of strain under constant stress

Explanation: 
~Creep under compression is defined as an increase in the magnitude of strain under constant stress.

~The creep of concrete depends on stress in concrete, the age of loading and the loading duration but, the rate of creep rapidly decreases with time.

●Creep is generally attributed:
1.     Internal movement of adsorbed water
2.     Growth in micro-cracks
3.     Sliding between gel particles (C - S – H gel)
4.     Moisture loss 

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31 Oct, 12:33

【Concrete Technology】

◆Hot weather concreting◆
Hot weather concreting is defined by ACI as “one or a combination of the following conditions that tend to impair the quality of freshly mixed or hardened concrete by accelerating the rate of moisture loss and rate of cement hydration, or otherwise causing detrimental results

~High ambient temperature (more than 35℃)
~High concrete temperature
~Low relative humidity
~High wind speed

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

31 Oct, 12:30

【Concrete Technology】

◆Type of concrete mixer◆
1. Tilting drum mixer:
~Tilting drum mixer means the drum will discharge concrete by tilting downwards.

~It is a rapid discharge process and is used for larger projects.

~Rapid means it delivers concrete by gravity that is tilting the drum downwards because of this the concrete mix obtained will not be subjected to segregation.

~Low workable concrete containing large-sized aggregates greater than 7.5cm is mixed efficiently with this tilting type mixer.

2. Non-tilting drum mixer:
~It is also known as reversing drum mixture.

~It is a type of concrete mixer that produces concrete in single batches.

~The entire drum rotates around its axis as materials are loaded through a charge chute at one end of the drum and exit through a discharge chute at the opposite end of the drum.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

31 Oct, 12:03

【Soil Mechanics】

◆Types of soil deposit according to transportation agency and method of deposition◆
1. Lacustrine soil:
~Soil which is deposited from suspension in fresh still water of the lakes is known as Lacustrine soil.

2. Glacial deposit:
~It is the deposits that have been transported by ice.

~Drift is a general term used for the deposits made by glaciers directly or indirectly.

3. Aeoline Soil:
~Soil which is formed due to transportation by wind is known as Aeoline soil.

~It is also a transported soil. Loess is the wind deposited of uniform particles of silt.

4. Colluvial deposit:
~Soil transported under the action of gravity is called colluvial soil.

~Talus is the soil transported by gravity.

5. Marine soil:
~Soil which is deposited from the suspension in sea water is known as marine soil.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

31 Oct, 07:22

【Soil Mechanics / Foundation Engineering】

◆Angle of repose◆
~The angle of repose of a soil is the maximum angle that the outer face of the soil mass makes.

~The angle of repose or the critical angle of repose is the steepest angle of dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be pulled without slumping.

~At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding.

~The angle of repose can range from 0° to 90°.

~The morphology of the material affects the angle of repose.

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31 Oct, 06:55

【Soil Mechanics】

◆Soil classification using group symbols (As per IS Classification)◆

●Coarse Soil: (Group Symbol - Classification)

1. GW - Well-graded GRAVEL
2. GP - Poorly-graded GRAVEL
3. GM - Silty GRAVEL
4. GC - Clayey GRAVEL
5. SW - Well-graded SAND
6. SP - Poorly-graded SAND
7. SM - Silty SAND
8. SC - Clayey SAND

●Fine soils: (Group Symbol - Classification)
1. ML - SILT of low plasticity
2. MI - SILT of intermediate plasticity
3. MH - SILT of high plasticity
4. CL - CLAY of low plasticity
5. CI - CLAY of intermediate plasticity
6. CH - CLAY of high plasticity
7. OL - Organic soil of low plasticity
8. OI - Organic soil of intermediate plasticity
9. OH - Organic soil of high plasticity
10. Pt - Peat

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

31 Oct, 06:26

【Mechanics of Solid / Structural Analysis】

◆Types of Beam with their function◆
1. Reinforced Beam:
~It is a concrete beam reinforced by steel.
~Supports large vertical or transverse loads.
~Generally used in large buildings for longitudinal support.
~Add stability to a structure and used in areas, like floors and ceilings, to withstand large amounts of stress.

2. Composite Beam:
~Made of two materials with different properties.
~Constructed from more than one material to increase strength, stiffness and to reduce cost

Example of common Composite Beam i.e., I-beams where the web is plywood and the flanges are solid wood members

3. Simply Supported Beam:
~The beam that rests on two supports and moves freely in the horizontal direction and is subjected to bending and shearing. ~Typical practical applications of simply supported beams with point loadings include bridges, beams in buildings, and beds of machine tools.

4. Fixed Beam:
~The beam supported between two fixed ends is known as a fixed beam or restrained beam.
~The rotation and deflection at the ends is 0, So there is no degree of freedom at the ends.

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31 Oct, 02:11

【Concrete Technology】

◆Bogue’s Compounds◆
1. Tricalcium silicate (C3S):
~This is also called Alite.

~This is also responsible for the early strength of the concrete.

~The cement that has more C3S content is good for cold weather concreting.

~The heat of hydration is 500 J/Cal. Its proportion is 25 - 50%.

2. Dicalcium Silicate (C2S):
~This compound will undergo a reaction slowly.

~It is responsible for the ultimate strength of concrete.

~This is also called Belite.

~The heat of hydration is 260 J/Cal. Its proportion is 25 - 40%.

3. Tricalcium aluminate (C3A): ~Celite is the quickest one to react when water is added to the cement.

~It is responsible for the flash setting.

~The increase of this content will help in the manufacture of Quick Setting Cement.

~The heat of hydration is 865 J/Cal. Its proportion is 5 - 11%.

4. Tetra calcium Alumino ferrite (C4AF):
~This is called Felite.

~The heat of hydration is 420 J/Cal.
~It has the poorest cementing value but it is responsible for the long-term gain of strength of the cement.

~Its proportion is 8 - 14%.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

30 Oct, 15:52

IS Code based Question:

◆IS 456:2000
●Clause No.: 13.5.1

Period of curing of concrete:

~Curing should be continued for 7 days (with the temperature being maintained above 10-degree Celsius) for Ordinary Portland Cement.

~Curing should be continued for 10 days (with a recommendation to extend it to 14 days) where mineral admixtures or blended cement (such as fly-ash mixed) are used or when concrete is exposed to hot weather conditions.

~Curing should be continued at least for 14 days for mass concrete work, heavy footings, large piers.

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30 Oct, 15:43

IS Code based Question:

◆IS 456:2000
●Clause No.: 5.4

Potable water is considered satisfactory for mixing Concrete and the permissible limits for solids is shown as below: (Types of Solid - Max. Permissible limit)

1. Organic - 200 mg/l
2. Inorganic - 3000 mg/l
3. Sulphates - 400 mg/l
4. Chlorides (concrete) - 2000 mg/l
5. Chlorides (RCC) - 500 mg/l
6. Suspended matter - 2000 mg/l

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

30 Oct, 15:02

【Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure】

◆Working stress method◆
~This method is based upon linear elastic theory or depends on the classical elastic theory.

~This method ensured adequate safety by suitably restricting the stress in the materials induced by the expected working leads on the structures.

~The basic assumption of linear elastic behaviour is considered justifiable since the specified permissible stresses are kept well below the ultimate strength of the material.

~The ratio of the yield stress of the steel reinforcement or the concrete cube strength to the corresponding permissible or working stress value is usually called a factor of safety.

Note:
Structures like water tanks, chimneys and RC bridges, working stress method is generally adopted.

Working stress method is adopted as it does not account for the variation of loads and the design is mostly conservative. Water tanks are more vulnerable.

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30 Oct, 13:42

【Construction Technology / Soil Engineering】

◆Types of Rollers◆
1. Pneumatic tired roller:
~Pneumatic tired roller has a number of rubber tires at the front and at the rear end.

~A pneumatic tired roller can be used for highways, construction of dams, and for both fine-grained and non-cohesive soils.

2. Tamping roller/sheep foot roller:
~Sheep foot roller also named tamping roller.

~The front steel drum of the sheep foot roller consists of many rectangular-shaped boots of equal sizes fixed in a hexagonal pattern.

~In sheep foot, roller compaction is by static weight and kneading of the respective layer.

~Sheep-foot rollers are used for compacting fine grained soils such as heavy clays and silty clays.

3. Smooth wheel rollers:
~Smooth wheel roller and vibratory rollers are the same. Both have the same characteristics.

~Only the difference in both is vibratory equipment.

~The smooth wheel roller has no vibrator attached to the drum. This makes smooth wheel roller best suited for rolling of weaker aggregates, proof rolling of subgrades, and compacting asphalt pavements.

4. Vibratory Roller:
~Vibratory-type rollers have two smooth wheels/drums plus the vibrators.

|One is fixed at the front and the other one is on the rear side of the vibratory roller.

~Vibration is to reduce the air voids and to cause densification of granular soils.

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30 Oct, 12:44

【Construction Project Management】

◆Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)◆
~The PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) technique is used, when activity time estimates are stochastic in nature.

~For each activity. three values of time (optimistic, most likely, pessimistic) are estimated.

1. Optimistic time (to):
It estimate is the shortest possible time require for the completion of the activity

2. most likely time (tm):
~It estimate is the time required for the completion of activity under normal circumstances

3. Pessimistic time (tp):
~It estimate is the longest possible time required for the completion of the activity.

~ Each activity follows bita distribution.

~ Expected completion time of an activity
te = (to + 4tm + tp) / 6

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30 Oct, 12:26

【Fluid Mechanics】

◆Types of Fluids◆
1. Ideal Fluid:
~A fluid is said to be ideal when it is incompressible and non-viscous.

~It is an imaginary fluid that doesn't exist in reality.

2. Real Fluid:
~All the fluids are real as all the fluids possess viscosity.

3. Ideal Plastic Fluid:
~When the shear stress is proportional to the velocity gradient and shear stress is more than the yield value, it is known as ideal plastic fluid.

4. Newtonian Fluid:
~The fluid which obeys Newton's law of viscosity (shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain), is known as a Newtonian fluid.

5. Non- Newtonian Fluid:
~The fluid which doesn't obey Newton's law of viscosity is known as a Non-Newtonian fluid.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

30 Oct, 12:20

IS Code based Question:

◆IS 456:2000

●Clause No.: 38.1
The maximum compressive strain in concrete in bending compression is taken as 0.0035.

●Clause No.: 39.1
The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

30 Oct, 12:10

【Strength of Materials / Structural Analysis】

◆Mohr's Circle◆
~Mohr's circle is a graphical method of finding normal, tangential, and resultant stresses on an oblique plane.

●Mohr's circle will be drawn for the following cases:
1. A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal tensile stresses of unequal intensities.

2. A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stresses which are unequal and unlike (i.e., one is tensile and other is compressive ).

3. A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal tensile stresses accompanied by a simple shear stress.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

30 Oct, 12:02

【Estimating and Costing】

◆Lead◆
~It is the horizontal distance up to which the excavated earth will be carried or transported on the ground from the source to the place of spreading.

~The general lead considered is 50 m for a distance up to 500 m and shall be measured separately. It means that it is measured for distance per 50 m.

●Lead distance table: (Distance - Unit of lead)
1. 250 m ~ 50 m
2. 250 - 500 m ~ 50 m
3. 500 m - 5 km ~ 500 m
4. 5 km ~ 1 km

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30 Oct, 11:40

【Building Materials】

◆Metallizing◆
~Metallizing is a process that involves coating a surface with a thin layer of metal to protect it from corrosion, wear, and other forms of degradation.

~The process is commonly used on steel and other metal surfaces, such as bridges, to extend their lifespan and improve their durability.

~Zinc is commonly used in the metallizing process for painting bridges in Indian Railways due to its excellent corrosion resistance properties.

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30 Oct, 11:38

【Surveying】

◆Subtense bar◆
~Subtense bar is a bar made up of a fixed length with targets at the ends and with a spirit level at the center for leveling the bar on it stand or tripod.

~Subtense bar can measure horizontal and vertical distance in places where chaining is impossible because of undulations and rough topography. But it can measure short distance up to 200m.

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29 Oct, 15:43

【Surveying】

◆Variation of magnetic declination◆
1. Secular variation:
Due to over a long period of time due to gradual shift in earth’s magnetic field.

2. Annual variation:
Due to revolution of earth around the sun (yearly).

3. Diurnal variation:
Due to rotation of earth about its own axis. It’s more at pole, in day & summer time.

4. Irregular variation:
Due to magnetic disturbances in earth’s magnetic field.

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29 Oct, 15:04

【Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure】

◆Thumb Rule for Steel in percentage◆

~Thumb rule for Steel in general RCC structure is 1% - 4% of wet volume of concrete.

~Thumb Rule for Steel in column is 2% - 4% of wet volume of concrete.

~Thumb Rule for Steel in beam is 1% - 2% of wet volume of concrete.

~Thumb Rule for Steel in footing is 0.5% - 1% of wet volume of concrete.

~Thumb Rule for Steel in slab is 1% - 1.5% of wet volume of concrete.

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29 Oct, 14:59

PSC Interview Question:

◆What is geyser?◆

A geyser is an instant water heater, not a storage unit.

It heats water as it passes through the device, providing hot water on demand.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

29 Oct, 14:54

【Earthquake Engineering】

◆Earthquake Resistant Buildings◆
~R.C.C. structures are designed to withstand seismic forces, making them suitable for earthquake-resistant buildings.

~The steel reinforcement within the concrete helps to absorb and dissipate the energy generated during an earthquake, reducing the risk of structural failure.

~These buildings are specially designed to absorb and dissipate seismic energy, ensuring they remain standing and functional after an earthquake.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

29 Oct, 13:43

【Building Construction】

◆Types of Roofs◆
1. Hipped roof:
~It has slopes on all four sides.

~The sides are all equal length and come together at the top to form a ridge.

2. Shed roof:
~It is also referred to as a skillion.

~It is a single, sloping roof, usually attached to a taller wall.

3. Gable end roof:
~It is also known as pitched or peaked roof and is recognized by triangular shape.

4. Hipped roof:
~ It has slopes on all four sides.

~The sides are all equal length and come together at the top to form a ridge.

5. Gambrel roof:
~It is also known as a barn roof.

~It is similar to mansard, the difference between the two is that the Gambrel only has two sides, while the mansard has four.

~The lower side of the Gambrel roof has an almost vertical, steep slope, while the upper slope is much lower.

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

29 Oct, 13:35

【Building Materials】

◆Putty◆
~Putty is a material with high plasticity, similar in texture to clay or dough.

~It is made up of powdered chalk and raw linseed oil.

●Types of putty:

1. Wood filler putty
2. Epoxy putty
3. Painter's putty
4. Wall putty

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

29 Oct, 13:32

【Concrete Technology】

◆Various Tests for Aggregates with IS codes◆

1. Crushing test - IS : 2386 (part 4) -1963

2. Los Angeles abrasion test - IS : 2386 (Part 5)-1963

3. Aggregate impact test - IS : 2386 (Part 4)-1963

4. Soundness test- accelerated durability test - IS : 2386 (Part 5)-1963

5. Shape test - IS : 2386 (Part 1)-1963

6. Specific gravity test and water absorption test - IS : 2386 (Part 3)-1963

7. Stripping value of aggregate - IS: 6241-1971

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

29 Oct, 12:13

【Highway Engineering】

◆Types of milestone color for Indian roads◆
1. National Highway - Yellow and White strips

2. State Highway - Green and White strips

3. City or Main District Roads - Blue or Black and White strips

4. Village Roads - Orange and White strips

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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

29 Oct, 12:02

【Hydraulics / Fluid Mechanics】

◆Rotameter◆
~A rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate of fluid in a closed tube.

~It is a variable area type of flow meter. In this, a float rises inside a conically shaped glass tube, as the flow increases, its position on a scale can be read off as the flow rate.

●Limitations:
~Cannot be placed horizontally without amendments.

~Cannot bear high pressure and temperature.

~Only for measuring small flow rates.

~Free from solid impurities.

@dhrumilshahds
@dsmaterialadda
@dsmaterialaddaguj
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Civil Engineering World - Dhrumil Shah (DS)

28 Oct, 15:35

PSC Interview Question:

◆What do you mean by Bell Mouth Spillway?

These are uncontrolled spillways in which water can enter around the entire perimeter.

It is also known as Morning Glory spillway.

@dhrumilshahds
@dsmaterialadda
@dsmaterialaddaguj
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