NEET Biology Physics Chemistry question and answer by careeradvice.in

💈Tissues💈

Tissues are categorized as −
Plant Tissue
Animal Tissue

♦️Plant Tissue
Following are the major types of plant tissue −
➖Meristematic Tissues
➖Permanent Tissues

▪️Simple Permanent Tissues
➖Parenchyma
➖Collenchyma
➖Sclerenchyma
➖Epidermis

▪️Complex Permanent Tissue
➖Xylem
➖Phloem

▪️Meristematic Tissue
➖Meristematic tissue mainly consists of actively dividing cells, and helps in increasing the length and thickening the stems of the plant.

➖Meristematic tissue, commonly, present in the primary growth regions of a plant, for example, in the tips of stems or roots.

➖Depending on the region (where the meristematic tissues are found); meristematic tissues are classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary (see the image given below).

➖Apical meristem (as shown in the above image) is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and helps in their growth.

➖Lateral Meristem is found in stem or root region and helps in their growth.

➖Intercalary meristem is found at the base of the leaves or internodes (on twigs) and helps in growth.


🔸Permanent Tissue
Cells of meristematic tissue later differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue.

Permanent Tissue is further categorized as −
➖Simple Permanent Tissue and
➖Complex Permanent Tissue

🔸Simple Permanent Tissue
Simple Permanent Tissue further categorized as −
➖Parenchyma
➖Collenchyma
➖Sclerenchyma
➖Epidermis

🔸Parenchyma tissue provides support to plants and also stores food.
🔸Sometimes, parenchyma tissue contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis, in such a condition, it is known as collenchyma.
🔸The collenchyma tissue provides flexibility to plant and also provides mechanical support (to plant).
🔸The large air cavities, which are present in parenchyma of aquatic plants, give buoyancy to the plants and also help them float, are known as aerenchyma.
🔸The Sclerenchyma tissue makes the plant hard and stiff. For example, the husk of a coconut is made up of sclerenchymatous tissue.
🔸The cells of Sclerenchyma tissue normally are dead.
🔸The outermost layer of cells is known as epidermis.
🔸The epidermis is usually made up of a single layer of cells.
🔸The entire surface of a plant has the outer covering of epidermis, which protects all the parts of the plant.


🔷Complex Permanent Tissue
The complex tissue, normally, consists of more than one type of cells which work together as a unit.

Complex tissues help in the transportation by carrying organic material, water, and minerals up and down in the plants.

🔸Complex Permanent Tissue is categorized as;
➖Xylem
➖Phloem

🔸Xylem, normally, consists of tracheid, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibers.

🔸Xylem is accountable for the conduction of water and mineral ions/salt.

🔸Phloem, normally, is made up of four types of elements namely −
➖Sieve tubes
➖Companion cells
➖Phloem fibers and
➖Phloem parenchyma

🔸Phloem tissue transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Louis Pasteur (French 1862) –
Pasteur is popular for Germ Theory of Diseases or Germ theory and he disproved abiogenesis.
He prepared sterlized syrup of sugar and yeast by boiling them in flasks.
He took two flasks one of broken neck and another of curved neck (swan neck flask). No life appeared in
swan neck flask because germ laden dust particles in the air were trapped by the curved neck which serves
as filter while in broken neck flask colonies of microorganism were developed.

ORIGIN OF LIFE

Big-Bang Theory :
Proposed by Abbe Lemaitre.
According to it, the universe originated about 20 billion years ago due to a thermonuclear explosion.
This thermonuclear explosion is called Big-bang.
Flat-disc like structure is called SOLAR-NEBULA formed.
About 4.5 billion years ago, the origin of our solar system took.
The very hot central part of this solar Nebula became still hotter & converted into the sun. Now, due to
condensation of atoms & dust particles moving around the sun, formation of the other planets took place
[Mercury, venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune].
The solid part of our planet earth was called Lithosphere & the gaseous part was known as atmosphere.
When the earth's surface cooled down and its temperature decreased to 100°C, water formed on it.
Ancient Theories for origin of life :
1. Theory of special creation –
The greatest supporter of this theory was father Suarez According to Bible life and everything was created
by god in 6 days.
on first day : Earth and heaven
on second day : Sky and water
on third day : Land and plants
on forth day : Sun, moon and stars
on fifth day : Fishes and birds
on sixth day : Land animals and first man Adam and from his 12th Rib first woman Eve.
According to hindu mythology the world was created by God Brahma. (The first man was Manu and the
first woman was Shraddha)
According to it life has not changed ever since its origin.
Special creation theory lacks scientific evidences so is not accepted.
2. Theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis or Autogenesis) –
This hypothesis was supported by ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, Xenophanes, Plato.
Empedocles, Aristotle.
According to this theory life was originated from nonliving things spontaneously.
They believed that the mud of the Nile river could give rise to frogs, snakes, crocodiles.
Abiogenesis was strongly supported by Von Helmont. He claimed formation of mice in 21 days. If a sweat
soaked dirty shirt is kept in wheat barn.
3. Cosmozoic Theory –
Proposed by Richter.
Protoplasm reached on earth in the form of spores or other simple particles from some unknown part of the
universe with cosmic dust and they gave rise to various forms of life.
4. Cosmic panspermia theory –
Proposed by Arrhenius.
According to this theory organisms existed throughout the universe and their spores could freely travel
through space from one star to the other.

5. Theory of Eternity of Life –
Helmholz believed that life is immortal.
6. Theory of Biogenesis –
Harvey (1651) and
Huxley (1870)
{Omnis vivum ex ovo or vivo.}
New organisms can be originated on earth only by pre-existing life.
This theory rejected the theory of Spontaneous generation but cannot explain origin of life.
To prove Biogenesis and to disprove abiogenesis experiments were performed by –
Francesco Redi (Italian 1668) –
He took cooked meat in three jars, one was uncovered, the second was covered with parchment and the
third was air tight.
He observed that maggots developed only in the uncovered jar while maggots could not develop in the meat
in closed jars.
This proved that larvae were formed from eggs laid by the flies in open jars. Since the meat in closed jars
could not be visited by flies so no larvae could develop. Therefore life originated from pre existing life.
Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian 1767) –
He boiled vegetables and meat to prepare a sterlized nutritive soup and he kept some of it in air sealed
flasks and some in loosely corked flasks.
He observed that the soup in sealed flask remained sterile while micro organisms appeared in the soup in
loosely corked flasks.
Thus even micro organisms were formed from pre existing ones in the air rather then spontaneously.

P-Block Elements for NEET 2025
P-block elements are located in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. They are characterized by having their valence electrons in the p-orbital. These elements include metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Here's a brief summary of key concepts about P-block elements that are relevant for NEET 2025:
1. General Characteristics of P-Block Elements:
• They include elements from Groups 13 to 18 (III-A to VIII-A).
• They show a wide variety of properties, such as non-metallic, metallic, and metalloid characteristics.
• They have variable oxidation states, with some elements having multiple oxidation states.
• P-block elements exhibit a trend of decreasing metallic character across the period and increasing metallic character down the group.
• They can form covalent bonds and have high electronegativity, especially for non-metals like halogens.
2. Group-Wise Overview:
Group 13 (Boron Family):
• Elements: Boron (B), Aluminum (Al), Gallium (Ga), Indium (In), Thallium (Tl).
• Characteristics: Boron is a non-metal, while others are metals. Aluminum is amphoteric.
• Important compounds: Boron trichloride (BCl₃), Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), Gallium arsenide (GaAs).
Group 14 (Carbon Family):
• Elements: Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb).
• Characteristics: Carbon forms a variety of compounds including organic molecules, Si and Ge are semiconductors.
• Important compounds: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Silicon dioxide (SiO₂), Lead oxide (PbO).
Group 15 (Nitrogen Family):
• Elements: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Bismuth (Bi).
• Characteristics: Nitrogen is a diatomic gas, phosphorus exists in multiple allotropes, and Bismuth is a heavy metal.
• Important compounds: Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), Ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃).
Group 16 (Oxygen Family):
• Elements: Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po).
• Characteristics: Oxygen is the most electronegative element, sulfur is abundant in nature.
• Important compounds: Water (H₂O), Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), Ozone (O₃).
Group 17 (Halogens):
• Elements: Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At).
• Characteristics: Highly reactive non-metals, form salts when combined with metals.
• Important compounds: Hydrofluoric acid (HF), Sodium chloride (NaCl), Chlorine gas (Cl₂).
Group 18 (Noble Gases):
• Elements: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn).
• Characteristics: Inert gases with full valence shells, used in lighting and refrigeration.
• Important compounds: Xenon tetrafluoride (XeF₄), Krypton difluoride (KrF₂).
3. Key Trends in P-Block Elements:
• Electronegativity: Increases across a period from left to right and decreases down the group.
• Oxidation States: P-block elements exhibit multiple oxidation states due to the involvement of d-orbitals in bonding, particularly for transition elements.
• Ionization Energy: Generally increases across a period and decreases down a group.
•Acidity/Basicity: Oxides and halides of non-metals are acidic, while those of metals are basic

INORGANIC IN SHOTS🔰

✌️Increasings or Decreasing Order

✨01. Melting point=
Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs

✨02. Colour of the flame=
Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green

✨03. Stability of hydrides =
LiH > NaH > KH > RbH> CsH

✨04. Basic nature of hydroxides=
LIOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH

✨05. Hydration energy=
Li> Na > K> Rb > Cs

✨06.) Reducing character=
Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na

✨07. Stability of +3 oxidation state=
B> Al > Ga > In > T1

✨08. Stability of +1 oxidation state= Ga < In < TI

✨09. Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides=
B< Al< Ga < In < TI

✨10. Relative strength of Lewis acid= BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3

✨11. Ionisation energy=
B> Al In SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2

✨15. Reducing nature of hydrides=
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4

✨16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides=
CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4

✨17. Oxidising character of M+4 species=
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4

✨18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides=
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4

✨19. Acidic strength of trioxides=
N203 > P2O3 > As2O3

✨20. Acidic strength of pentoxides=
N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Bi‌202

✨21) Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen=
N2O < NO PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3

✨23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen=
NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3

✨24.Lewis base strength=
NF3 PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3

✨26.Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb=
PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3

✨27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides
PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3

✨(28) Melting and boiling point of hydrides=
H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S

✨29. Volatility of hydrides=
H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S

✨30. Reducing nature of hydrides=
H2S < H2Se < H2Te

✨31. Covalent character of hydrides=
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te

✨32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)=
SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2
SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3

✨33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)=
SO < SO2 < SO3
SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2

✨34. Bond energy of halogens=
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2

✨35. Solubility of halogen in water =
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

✨36. Oxidising power=
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

✨37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion=
F- > Cl- > Br- >I-

✨38. Reactivity of halogens:=
F> Cl> Br > I

✨39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides
= M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I

✨40. Reducing character of X ion:=
I- > Br- > Cl- > F-

✨41. Acidic strength of halogen acids=
HI > HBr > HCI > HF

✨42 Reducing property of hydrogen halides
= HF < HCL < HBr < HI

✨43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine
= Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7

✨44. Decreasing ionic size=
02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+

✨45 Increasing acidic property=
Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205

✨46 Increasing bond length=
N2 <02 < F2 < CL2

✨47 Increasing size=
Ca2+ < Cl- < S2-

✨48 Increasing acid strength=
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4

🛑Major Role of Nutrients

Various elements perform the following major role in the plants:

(1) Construction of the plant body: The elements particularly C, H and O construct the plant body by entering into the constitution of cell wall and protoplasm. They are, therefore, referred to as frame work elements. Besides, these (C, H and O) N, P and S also enter in the constitution of protoplasm. They are described as protoplasmic elements.

(2) Maintenance of osmotic pressure: Various minerals present in the cell sap in organic or inorganic form maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell.

(3) Maintenance of permeability of cytomembranes: The minerals, particularly Ca++, K+ and Na+ maintain the permeability of cytomembranes.

(4) Influence the pH of the cell sap: Different cations and anions influence on the pH of the cell sap.

(5) Catalysis of biochemical reaction: Several elements particularly Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl act as metallic catalyst in biochemical reactions.

(6) Toxic effects: Minerals like Cu, As, etc. impart toxic effect on the protoplasm under specific conditions.

(7) Balancing function: Some minerals or their salts act against the harmful effect of the other nutrients, thus balancing each other

BIOLOGY TRICKS ✨✨

Learn the type of epithelium present at various sites in our body:

1. Simple Squamous: BLEM
B - Bowmans Capsule
L- Lung Alveoli
E- Endothelium
M - Mesothelium

2. Simple Cuboidal: ROT
R- Renal tubules
O -Outer Enamel Epithelium
T- Thyroid Follicles

3. Simple Columnar: BIG SIR
B - Brain
I - Intestines
G- Gall Bladder
S- Stomach
I - Inner Enamel Epithelium
R - Resp Tract

4. Pseudostratified Columnar: Pls doNNT Booze
P - Paranasal Sinus
N- Nasal Cavity
N- Nasopharynx
T-Trachea
B- Bronchi

BIOLOGY TRICKS ✨✨

Learn the type of epithelium present at various sites in our body:

1. Simple Squamous: BLEM
B - Bowmans Capsule
L- Lung Alveoli
E- Endothelium
M - Mesothelium

2. Simple Cuboidal: ROT
R- Renal tubules
O -Outer Enamel Epithelium
T- Thyroid Follicles

3. Simple Columnar: BIG SIR
B - Brain
I - Intestines
G- Gall Bladder
S- Stomach
I - Inner Enamel Epithelium
R - Resp Tract

4. Pseudostratified Columnar: Pls doNNT Booze
P - Paranasal Sinus
N- Nasal Cavity
N- Nasopharynx
T-Trachea
B- Bronchi

✅Properties of monosaccharide

(a) Monosaccharides are colourless, sweet tasting, solids.
(b) Due to asymmetric carbon, they exist in different isomeric forms. They can rotate polarized light hence they are dextrorotatory and leavorotatory.
(c) D-glucose after reduction gives rise to a mixture of polyhydroxy alcohol, sorbitol or mannitol.
(d) The sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group reduce Cu++ to Cu+ (cupric to cuprous)
(e) Sugars show oxidation, esterification and fermentation.
(f) The aldehyde or ketone group of a simple sugar can join an alcoholic group of another organic compound bond C-O-C the process involves loss of water and is called condensation (H-O-H) or H+OH → H2O.

Physics Formulas

Liquid Solution Short Notes

Nitrogen Family Handwritten Notes

Important Notes - Electrochemical Cells

► An electrochemical cell can convert electrical energy to chemical energy and can also convert electrical energy to chemical energy. There are two types of electrochemical cells- Galvanic cell and Electrolytic cell.

► Cathodes are usually metal electrodes. It is the electrode where reduction takes place. The cathode is the positive electrode in a galvanic cell and a negative electrode in an electrolytic cell. Electrons move into the cathode.

► A half-cell is half of an electrochemical cell (electrolytic or galvanic), where either oxidation or reduction occurs. At equilibrium, there is no transfer of electrons across the half cells. Therefore, the potential difference between them is nil.

► A salt bridge is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (a type of electrochemical cell). Strong electrolytes are generally used to make the salt bridges in electrochemical cells. Since ZnSO4 is not a strong electrolyte, it is not used to make salt bridges.

► Emf of a cell is equal to the maximum potential difference across its electrodes, which occurs when no current is drawn through the cell. It can also be defined as the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.

► Cell potential is an intensive property as it is independent of the amount of material present. Gibbs free energy is defined for an electrochemical cell and is an extensive property as it depends on the quantity of the material.

► Electrode potential is the tendency of an electrode to accept or to lose electrons. Electrode potential depends on the nature of the electrode, temperature of the solution and the concentration of metal ions in the solution. It doesn’t depend on the size of the electrode.

► The salt bridge connects the two half-cell solutions to complete the circuit of the electrochemical cell. The electrolytes of the salt bridge are generally prepared in agar-agar or gelatin so that the electrolytes are kept in a semi-solid phase and do not mix with the half-cell solutions and interfere with the electrochemical reaction.

► A salt bridge is a junction that connects the anodic and cathodic compartments in a cell or electrolytic solution. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit, preventing the cell from rapidly running its reaction to equilibrium.

► A Voltaic or Galvanic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Photovoltaic cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy. An Electrolytic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts electrical energy into chemical energy. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity.

► For all spontaneous chemical reactions, the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) is always negative. For a spontaneous reaction in an electrolytic cell, the cell potential (E°cell) should be positive.

► In an electrochemical cell, when an opposing externally potential is applied and increased slowly, the reaction continues to take place. When the external potential is equal to the potential of the cell, the reaction stops. Once the externally applied potential is greater than the potential of the cell, the reaction goes in the opposite direction and the cell behaves like an electrolytic cell.

► Primary cells cannot be used again and again. Since there is no fluid inside, these cells are also known as dry cells. The internal resistance is high and the chemical reaction is irreversible. Their initial cost is cheap.

► A secondary battery (a series of cells) is one which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times. Nickel-cadmium cell, Lead storage cell and Mercury cell are examples of secondary cells. Leclanche cell is an example of a primary cell.

Hydrocarbon Short Notes

Rotational Motion & Fluids
Short Notes

Examples of Common Names and IUPAC of important Organic Compounds

Hydrogen Derivatives Notes

Chemical Bonding Short Notes

Atomic Structure

Magnetism Short Notes

KTG & Thermodynamics 
Short Notes

Current Electricity Short Notes

𝐏𝐇𝐘𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐇𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐒

▸ Phenols are colorless crystalline solid or liquid having a characteristic odour.

▸ Due to hydrogen bonding phenols has higher boiling point.

▸ The solubility of phenols in water is decreases with increase in size of aryl groups. Hydrophobic character increases as number of aryl groups increases

Structure of Atoms - Short Notes