Biology Notes Class 11th 12th

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Locomotion and movement 🧠💀

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✅cell division hand written short notes
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✪ DNA Replication Notes ✨

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Evolution Complete Notes

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Evolution Complete Notes

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𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 ﮩـﮩﮩ٨ـ🫀ﮩ٨ـﮩﮩ٨ـ

➩ The end of the T-wave marks the end of systole.

➩ Counting the number of QRS complexes that occur in a given time period, one can determine the heart beat rate of an individual.

➩ A patient is connected to the machine with the three electrical leads (one to each wrist and to the left ankle).

➩ P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria, which leads to the contraction of both the atria.

➩ QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ventricles.

➩ T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to normal state (repolarisation)




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Biomolecules hand written short notes
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🛑Major Role of Nutrients

Various elements perform the following major role in the plants:

(1) Construction of the plant body: The elements particularly C, H and O construct the plant body by entering into the constitution of cell wall and protoplasm. They are, therefore, referred to as frame work elements. Besides, these (C, H and O) N, P and S also enter in the constitution of protoplasm. They are described as protoplasmic elements.

(2) Maintenance of osmotic pressure: Various minerals present in the cell sap in organic or inorganic form maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell.

(3) Maintenance of permeability of cytomembranes: The minerals, particularly Ca++, K+ and Na+ maintain the permeability of cytomembranes.

(4) Influence the pH of the cell sap: Different cations and anions influence on the pH of the cell sap.

(5) Catalysis of biochemical reaction: Several elements particularly Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl act as metallic catalyst in biochemical reactions.

(6) Toxic effects: Minerals like Cu, As, etc. impart toxic effect on the protoplasm under specific conditions.

(7) Balancing function: Some minerals or their salts act against the harmful effect of the other nutrients, thus balancing each other


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Locomotion and movement 👍short notes ...give some reaction of this type of notes ❤️😊

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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Biology Notes 😮

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🌺 Citric acid cycle compounds 🌺

Trick :- "Oh Citric Acid Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny Molecule":

Oh - Oxaloacetate
Citric - Citrate
Acid - Aconitate
Is - Isocitrate
Ofcourse - Oxalosuccinate
A - Alpha-ketoglutarate
SilLy sTupid - SuccinyL-CoA SuccinTe
Funny molecule - Fumarate Malate

📍*SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe*

🌺Citric acid cycle compounds🌺

Trick :- "Can I Ask Sharon Stone For My Orgasm?":

Citrate Isocitrate
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA Succinate
Fumerate Maleate Oxaloacetate

🌺Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation🌺

Trick :- "4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy"

Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH FADH2 3 CO2 1 GTP


Enzymes classification

Trick :- "Over The HILL":

Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases

👉 Enzymes get reaction over the hill.

😌❤️ Hope so it's helpful ☺️👍

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B vitamin names 🌺

📍 Trick :- "The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":

👉 In increasing order:

The - Thiamine (B1)
Rhythm - Riboflavin (B2)
Nearly - Niacin (B3)
Proved - Pyridoxine (B6)
Contagious - Cobalamin (B12)


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Plant Physiology Tricks : 🌺

📍 Glycolysis steps

"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies":

Goodness - Glucose
Gracious - Glucose-6-P
Father - Fructose-6-P
Franklin - Fructose-1,6-diP
Did - Dihydroxyacetone-P
Go - Glyceraldehyde-P
By - 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
Picking - 3-Phosphoglycerate
Pumpkins - 2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Prepare - Phosphoenolpyruvate Pies - PEP Pyruvate ·

'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
· 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.

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Anatomy hand written notes


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➡️Biotechnology NCERT Important Points Part -2 ✨⬅️

🔴The concept of genetic engineering was the outcome of two very significant discoveries made in   bacterial research. These were–

✅Presence of extrachromosomal DNA fragments called plasmids in the bacterial cell, which replicate independent of chromosomal DNA of the bacterium.

✈️Presence of enzymes restriction endonucleases which cut DNA at specific sites. 

🟢These enzymes are, therefore, called‘molecular scissors’. 

🦁The main basis of Recombinant DNA Technology is DNA

🔴cloning :- It is making multiple 
identical copies of any template DNA. Three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism (of DNA cloning) -
 
✅(a) identification of DNA with desirable genes;

✅(b) introduction of the identified DNA into the host;

✅(c) maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny.

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⚡️⚡️ MOST IMPORTANT⚡️⚡️

SUMMARY OF HUMAN BODY

1: Number of Bones *206*
2: Number of Muscles *639*
3: Number of Kidneys *2*
4: Number of Milk Teeth *20*
5: Number of Ribs *24 (12 pair)*
6: Number of Heart Chamber *4*
7: Largest artery *Aorta*
8: Normal blood pressure *120/80mmHg*
9: Ph of Blood *7.35-7.45
10: Number of vertebrae in the Spine *33*
11: Number of vertebrae in the Neck *7*
12: Number of Bones in Middle Ear *6*
13: Number of Bones in Face *14*
14: Number of Bones in Skull *22*
15: Number of Bones in Chest *25*
16: Number of Bones in Arms *6*
17: Number of Muscles in Human Arm *72*
18: Number of Pumps in Heart *2*
19: Largest Organ *Skin*
20: Largest gland *Liver*
21: Biggest cell *female Ovum*
22: Smallest cell *male Sperm*
23: Smallest Bone *Stapes*
24: First transplanted Organ *Heart*
25: Average length of Small Intestine *7m*
26: Average length of Large Intestine *1.5m*
27: Average weight of new Born baby *2.6kg*
28: Pulse rate in One Minute *60-100
29: Normal body temperature *37 C° (98.4 F°)*
30: Average Blood Volume *4 to 5 litrs*
31: Life Span of RBC *120 days*
32: Life Span of WBC *10 to 15 days*
33: Pregnancy Period *280 days (40 week)*
34: Number of Bones in Human Foot *33*
35: Number of Bones in Each wrist *8*
36: Number of Bones in Hand *27*
37: Largest Endocrine gland *Thyroid*
38: Largest Lymphatic Organ *Spleen*
39: Largest part of Brain *Cerebrum*
40: Largest & Strongest Bone *Femur*
41: Smallest Muscle *Stapedius (Middle Ear)*
41: Number of Chromosome *46 (23 pair)*
42: Number of Bones in new Born baby *306*
43: Viscosity of Blood *4.5 to 5.5*
44: Universal Donor Blood Group O negative
45: Universal Recipient Blood Group *AB*
46: Largest WBC *Monocyte*
47: Smallest WBC *Lymphocyte*
48: Increase RBC count called *Polycethemia*
49: Blood Bank in the Body is *Spleen*
50: Non Nucleated Blood cell is *RBC*
51: RBC produced in the *Bone Marrow*
52: River of Life is Called *Blood*
53: Normal Blood Cholesterol level *250mg/dl*
54: Fluid part is Blood!



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BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

🚥2 kingdom classification - Carlous Linnanous
🚥5 kingdom classification - RH whittaker (1969)
🚥 Bacteria are of two types 1)archaebacteria (old) 2) eubacteria (true)
🚥Mycoplasma doesnt posses cell wall smallest living cells can survive without oxygen
🚥Chrysophytes (includes diatoms nd golden algae) walls are made of silica. These are chies producers in ocean
🚥 Dinoflagellates (cell wall has stiff cellulose plates) have two flagella one longituuone transverse.
(Red tides)
🚥Euglenoids (protein rich layer k/as pellicle)
🚥Slime moulds in suitable condition form aggregation k/as plasmodium nd during unfavorable condition it forms fruty bodies
🚥Protozoans (primitive relative of animals)
🚥 Kingdom fungi
Fungi are filamentous contain thread like structure called hyphae mass of hypahe called mycelium
🚥 Meiosis in zygote result in haploid spores
🚥Phycomytes
Mycelium is aseptate nd coenocytic asexual rep takes place by zoospores(motile) nd aplanospores(non motile)
🚥Ascomytes (sac fungi)
Mycelium us branch nd septate asexual spores sre conidia nd sexual spores are ascospores
🚥Basidiomycetes (bracket fungi)
Asexual spores absent nd vegetative rep by fragmentation
🚥Deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi) rep only by asexual spores called conidia
🚥 Kingdom plantae
Life cycle of plants has two phase
1) diploid sporophytic
2)haploid gametophytic
🚥Kingdom animalia
Heterotypic multicellular eukaryotic org that lacks cell wall
🚥 Viruses (non cellular org) these are obligate parasites mostly virus have single strand rna protein coat called capsid protects nucleic acid
🚥 Viroids (rna of Viroid is low molecular weight)
🚥Prions (similar to virus has abnormal protein)
🚥Lichens symbotic ass bw algae nd fungi algal comp called phycobiont nd fungal component called mycobiont
🚥mycorrhiza fungi in association with algae as lichens with roots of higher plants
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IMPORTANT years in ncert :-

1731 - Many people of Bishnoi community sacrifice their lives saving trees (Jodhpur)

1770 - Priestley's experiment by Bell Jar, Mice & Mint plant, Candle.

1774 - Discovery of oxygen by Joseph Priestley

1838 - Matthias Schleiden-Cell Theory                                                   

1829 - Theodore Schwann- Cell Theory

1850s -  Before industrialization => more white wing Moth

1854 - Julius von Sachs proved that glucose is formed in photosynthesis & stored as starch.

1855 - "Omnis cellula cellula" by Rudolf Virchow & complete the cell theory.

1856 - 1863 Mendel work on garden pea.

1860 - Hydroponics technique developed by Julie Von Sache

1865 - Mendel publishes his workon inheritance of character

1866 - Down's Syndrome discovered by Langdon Down.

1869 - DNA as a acidic substance was 1st identified by Friedrich Meischer & termed a "Nuclein"

1891 - Fossils of Java man discovered in Java
          - Henking discovered X-body (X-chromosome) in insect. (XO- type sex determination)

1892 - Discovery of TMV by D.J. Ivanowsky

1898 -  M.W. Beijerinck demonstrated infectious nature of TMV
          - Discovery of Golgi Body by Camillo Golgi.

1900 - Rediscovery of Mendel's work by ---> • Hugo de Vries
           • Karl Corrence
           • Tschemark

1902 - Chromosomal theory of inheritance given by Sutton & Bovery.

1905 - Law of limiting factors for plants given by Blackmann

1920 - After Industrialisation => more black moth

1928 - Frederick Griffith's Transformation  experiment on Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria

1933 – 1944 - Avery, Macleod McCarty used transformation principle of Griffith's experiment & concluded that DNA is genetic material.

1938 - Coelacanth/Lobe Fines caught in South Africa ---> Ancestor of amphibia.

1947 - At the time of our independence India's population, was approximately 350 million .

1950 -  Electron microscope invention
            -  Tissue culture started

1951 - Family planning was initiated

1952 - Hershey & Chase experiment more correctly proved that DNA ie genetic material [ unquivocal_proof ]

1953  - Discovery of ribosome by George Palade.
          - S.L Miller Experiment of evolution.
          - Double helical structure model of DNA given by Watson & Crick.

1958 - Matthew Meselson of Franklin Stahl experiment (E. coli in NH4CI medium) proved that DNA replication is semiconservative )
         -  Taylor study on vicia faba plant (used radioactive thymidind and proved  semiconservative nature of DNA)

1960 -  Green Revolution.

1963 - Restriction endonuclease isolated from E. coli.

1963 - Wheat varieties Sonalika f Kalyan Sona (High yield & Disease resistant ) introduced in INDIA

1966 - Derived semi dwarf varieties of rice introduced in India.

1969 - R.H. Whittaker proposed FIVE-KINGDOM Classification

1971 - Discovery of viroids by T.O. Diener
          -  Govt. of India legalised MTP.

1972 - Fluid Mosaic model of plasma membrane by Singer & Nicolson
          - 1st recombinant DNA developed by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
          - National committee for environmental planning and Coordination was established.
          - Wild life protection act in India.

1974 -  Water Act.  &  also Chipko movement

1980 -  Joint Forest movement

1981 - Air act.
           - AIDS was fired reported
           - Intrinsic growth rate of India (r= 0.0205) 

1983 - Eli Lilly American company human Insulin from E. coli.

1984 - Bhopal Tragedy
          - Ministry of Environment amd Forest.

1986 - Environment Act (NEPA)

1987 - Noise included in air pollution  
          - Montreal protocol (Canada)

1988 - National Forest Policy

1989 -  Montreal Protocol became effective.

1990 -  Delhi ranked 4th among 41 most polluted cities.

1990 - First clinical gene therapy was given to 14 yr old girl with ADA deficiency eye.
- Human Genome Project (HGP) launched.

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