Profile of the 18th Lok Sabha
» National parties dominates with Regional parties too have substantial representation: National parties have won 346 seats (64%). State parties have won 179 seats (33%). 11 seats have been won by unrecognised parties, and seven by independents.
» Elders dominates: The average age of MPs elected to the 18th Lok Sabha is 56 years; this was 59 years in the 17th Lok Sabha. 11% of MPs are 40 years or younger, and 38% are between 41 and 55 years of age. 52% of MPs are older than 55 years. The oldest MP is 82 years old. Three MPs elected to the 18th Lok Sabha are 25 years old.
» Women representation low: 74 MPs (14%) elected to the 18th Lok Sabha are women. This is marginally lower than in 2019, when 78 women were elected.
» Education: 78% of MPs of the 18th Lok Sabha have completed at least undergraduate education. The proportion of MPs who have completed undergraduate education increased steadily from the 1st Lok Sabha till the 11th (1996-98). Since then, the proportion of MPs who have not attended college has increased. However, this figure has decreased from 27% in the 17th Lok Sabha to 22% in the 18th Lok Sabha.
» Many MPs declared agriculture and social work as their profession: Agriculture and social work are the most common professions among MPs elected to the 18th Lok Sabha. 7% of MPs elected to the 18th Lok Sabha are lawyers, and 4% are medical practitioners.
The 2024 Lok Sabha elections in India were projected to be the most expensive in the country's history, with total expenditures estimated between ₹1.2 lakh crore and ₹1.35 lakh crore. Also most expensive polls anywhere in the world - with average spending for single parliamentary seat around 100 crores. Approx average more than 1000 Rs per vote. [Source]
Nexus of Wealth, Crime and Politics
» Christophe Jaffrelot highlights that the rising dominance of the upper classes in politics exacerbates social and economic inequalities, skewing policy priorities in favor of elite interests
» Niraja Gopal Jayal contends that such disparities in representation lead to policies that fail to address the structural inequalities embedded in Indian society.
» Suhas Palshikar suggests that India’s democratic trajectory must focus on reforming electoral processes to reduce the influence of wealth and muscle power, while fostering grassroots political movements that challenge elite dominance.
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Navigating the UPSC Civil Services Examination: A Comprehensive Guide
The UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) is one of the most prestigious and competitive examinations in India, conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). The examination aims to recruit candidates for various civil services positions in the Indian government, including the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and Indian Police Service (IPS), among others. Candidates from diverse backgrounds aspire to clear this examination to serve the nation and make a difference in society. The CSE is known for its rigorous selection process, which comprises three stages: the Preliminary examination, the Mains examination, and the Personality Test (Interview). With an increasing number of aspirants each year, the examination has gained immense importance, making effective preparation strategies crucial for success. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of the UPSC CSE, including the syllabus, preparation techniques, and frequently asked questions that many candidates encounter throughout their journey.
What is the structure of the UPSC CSE?
The UPSC CSE consists of three distinct stages: the Preliminary examination, the Mains examination, and the Personality Test (Interview). The Preliminary examination is objective in nature, composed of two papers: General Studies (GS) Paper I and General Studies Paper II (also known as the Civil Services Aptitude Test, or CSAT). Candidates must qualify both papers to proceed to the Mains examination.
The Mains examination comprises nine papers, including Essay, General Studies I-IV, and optional subjects. This stage is subjective, requiring candidates to write detailed answers. Finally, the Personality Test involves an interview conducted by a panel, assessing candidates' suitability for a career in civil services. Each stage is critical, and candidates must prepare thoroughly to excel.
What subjects are covered in the UPSC CSE syllabus?
The UPSC CSE syllabus is vast, encompassing a wide range of subjects. The Preliminary examination primarily focuses on current affairs, basic numeracy, general knowledge, and comprehension skills. The Mains examination, on the other hand, covers various topics, including Indian Polity, Economy, History, Geography, Environment, and Ethics. Additionally, candidates can choose optional subjects based on their strengths and interests.
It is essential for candidates to stay updated with current affairs and build a strong foundation in core subjects. Many aspirants utilize resources such as NCERT textbooks, reference books, and online courses to prepare effectively. Understanding the syllabus is crucial for creating a structured study plan.
What are the best strategies for UPSC CSE preparation?
Successful UPSC CSE preparation requires a well-planned strategy. Firstly, creating a realistic timetable that allocates time for reading, revision, and practice is essential. Candidates should focus on understanding concepts rather than rote memorization. Daily newspapers and monthly magazines should be part of their routine to stay informed about current events.
Moreover, aspirants are encouraged to take mock tests regularly to assess their progress and identify areas of improvement. Joining coaching institutes or online forums can also provide additional guidance and support. Interaction with fellow aspirants can foster a conducive learning environment.
How can candidates manage stress during UPSC preparation?
The UPSC preparation journey can be stressful, and managing stress is crucial for maintaining mental health. Candidates should practice mindfulness techniques such as meditation or yoga to help alleviate anxiety. Regular breaks and physical activity can also contribute to reducing stress levels.
Additionally, it is essential for aspirants to maintain a support system, including friends and family, who can provide encouragement and motivation. Setting achievable goals and celebrating small milestones can also foster a positive mindset throughout the preparation process.
What resources are recommended for UPSC CSE preparation?
Several resources are widely recommended for UPSC CSE preparation. NCERT textbooks provide a solid foundation in various subjects, while standard reference books such as 'Indian Polity' by Laxmikanth and 'Economic Survey' help candidates delve deeper into specific topics. Online platforms and coaching institutes also offer valuable courses tailored for UPSC aspirants.
In addition to books, candidates should utilize online resources such as current affairs websites, educational YouTube channels, and mobile apps specifically designed for UPSC preparation. Engaging with various formats enhances learning and retention of critical information, preparing candidates effectively for the examination.
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