UPSC Art and Culture Notes Quiz PDF

✅️ भारतीय युद्धकला

● कलारिपट्टू:-
• केरल की प्राचीन मार्शल आर्ट विद्या, इसको सिखाने वाले स्कूलों को कलारियाती कहा जाता है।

● सिलाम्बम:-
• तमिलनाडु की लाठी-युद्ध विद्या पाण्ड्य शासकों में इसका चलन शुरू हुआ। ‘शिल्पादिकारम्’ में भी उल्लिखित हैं। जब इसको बगैर लाठी के लड़ते हैं तो इसे कुट्टू वरसई कहते हैं।

● थांग-ता और सरित साराक:-
• मणिपुर की प्राचीन युद्ध विद्या। थांग मतलब तलवार और ता मतलब बरछी होता है। जबकि सरिक सारक में हथियार प्रयोग नही होता।

● ठोडा:-
• हिमाचल प्रदेश की युद्ध कला, धनुष बाण से प्रदर्शन होता है। एक दल कौरव और दूसरा पांडव बन कर लड़ता है।

● गतका:-
• सिख समुदाय द्वारा यह युद्ध कला प्रदर्शित की जाती है। इसका मूल क्षेत्र पंजाब है।

• छीवी-गद-गा - मणिपुर की जनजातीय यद्ध कला
• मर्दानी खेल – महाराष्ट्र
• पारीकदा – प० बंगाल
• कधी सामू – आंध्र प्रदेश
• पाईका अखाड़ा - ओड़िशा


✅️ Indian Martial Arts


● Kalaripayattu:-
• The ancient martial arts discipline originated in Kerala, the schools that teach this art, are called Kalariati.

● Silambam:-
• Its was started during the reign of the Pandya rulers of Tamil Nadu as cudgel war. It is also mentioned in 'Shilpadikaram'. When it is fought without sticks, it is called Kuttu Varsai.

● Thang-Ta and Sarit Sarak:-
• Ancient martial arts of Manipur. Thang means sword and ta means spear. Whereas weapons are not used in Sarik Sarak.

● Thoda:-
• The martial art of Himachal Pradesh is performed with bow and arrow. One squad fights emulating itself as Kauravas and the other as Pandavas.

● Gatka:-
• This martial art is performed by the Sikh community. Its origin is from Punjab.

• Cheevi-gad-ga - Tribal martial art of Manipur
• Mardaani Khel – Maharashtra
• Parikada - West Bengal
• Kadhi Samu – Andhra Pradesh
• Paika Akhada - Odisha

👯‍♀️ Tribal And Folk Dances In India 👯‍♀️
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🔹 Maharashtra
➨ Kathakeertan, Lezin, Dandaniya, Tamasha, Gafa, Dahikala, Lavani, Mauni, Dasavtar.

🔹 Karnataka
➨ Huttari, Suggi Kunitha, Yakashagana

🔹 Kerala
➨ Kaikottikali, Kaliyattam, Tappatikkali.

🔹 Tamil Nadu
➨ Kolattam, Pinnal Kolattam, Kummi, Kavadi, Karagam

🔹 Andhra Pradesh
➨ Ghanta Mardala, Veedhi Natakam, Burrakatha.

🔹 Odisha
➨ Ghumara Sanchar, Chadya Dandanata, Chhau

🔹 West Bengal
➨ Kathi, Chhau, Baul, Kirtan, Jatra, Lama.

🔹 Assam
➨ Bihu, Khel Gopal, Rash Lila, Tabal Chongli, Canoe

🔹 Punjab
➨ Giddha (women), Bhangra (men).

🔹 Jammu & Kashmir
➨ Rauf, Hikat

🔹 Himachal Pradesh
➨ Jhora, Jhali, Dangli, Mahasu, Jadda, Jhainta, Chharhi

🔹 Haryana
➨ Jhumar, Ras Leela, Phag dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khoria, Gagor

🔹 Gujarat
➨ Garba, Dandiya Rass, Tippani, Gomph.

🔹 Rajasthan
➨ Ginad, Chakri, Gangore, Terahtaal, Khayal, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini

🔹 Bihar
➨ Jata Jatin, Jadur, Chhau, Kathaputli, Bakho, Jhijhiya, Samochakwa, Karma, Jatra, Natna

🔹 Uttar Pradesh
➨ Nautanki, Thora, Chappeli, Raslila, Kajri

🟢 Famous musical instruments and their exponents

🔷 Sitar:
    - Ustad Vilayat Khan
    - Pt Ravi Shankar
    - Shujaat Hussain Khan
    - Shahid Parvez Khan
    - Anushka Shankar
    - Nikhil Banerjee
    - Mustaq Ali Khan
    - Budhaditya Mukherjee

🔶 Sarod:
    - Ustad Amjad Ali Khan
    - Allaudin Khan
    - Bahadur Khan
    - Zarin S Sharma
    - Sharan Rani
    - Ustad Ali Akbar Khan

🔷 Violin:
    - Lalgudi Jayaram
    - VG Jog
    - M Chandrasekharan
    - NR Murlidharan
    - MS Gopalakrishnan

   

🎨 FAMOUS INDIAN PAINTINGS

❣Madhubani Painting
🔷 Bihar

❣Patachitra Painting
🔷 Odisha

❣Kalamkari Painting
🔷Andhra Pradesh

❣Pithora Painting
🔷 Gujarat

❣Warli Paintings
🔷 Maharashtra

❣Kalighat painting
🔷 Kolkata West Bengal

🔮Classical Dances of India

🔷 Bharatanatyam  
🔶Tamil Nadu

🔷Kathak 
🔶Northern and Western India

🔷Kathakali  
🔶Kerala

🔷Kuchipudi  
🔶Andhra Pradesh

🔷Odissi  
🔶Odisha

🔷Sattriya  
🔶Assam

🔷Manipuri  
🔶Manipur

🔷Mohiniyattam  
🔶Kerala

Interesting Facts

🔮International Dance Day was introduced in 1982 by the International Dance Council (CID, Conseil International de la Danse), a UNESCO partner NGO, and is celebrated yearly, on April 29.

Bharatanatyam culture of South India

🔮Mridangam, Veena, Flute, Violin, and Talam are some of the instruments used in Bharatanatyam performance

🔮Kathak is intermingled with the culture of North India. This classical dance form is associated with the recital art of storytelling.

🔮Heavy makeup and colorful costume are the most amazing facets of Kathakali

🔮noble hero or god wears green makeup on the face while the dance playing a demon smears his face in green with red marks on the cheeks.

📚List of Ancient Indian Scripts📚

📄1. Indus Script

📗Related 👉 indus valley civilizations
📙Written 👉 right to left
📘 Example 👉 Boustrophedon style

📄2. Brahmi Script

📙originator of most of the present Indian scripts, including Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil, and Malayalam etc.
📘developed👉 two broad types
◾️Northern ( angular)
◾️Southern India(circular)
📕deciphered👉 1937 by James Princep.
📘best examples👉 are found in the rock-cut edicts of Asoka

📄3. Kharoshthi Script

📗It is the sister script and contemporary of Brahmi.
📕It was written from right to left.
📒It was used in the Gandhara culture of North-Western India and is sometimes also called the Gandhari Script.
📘Its inscriptions have been found in the form of Buddhist texts from present clay Afghanistan and Pakistan.

📄4. Gupta Script

📕It is also known as the Late Brahmi script.
📗It was used for writing Sanskrit in the Gupta period.
📔It gave rise to the Nagari, Sarada and Siddham scripts which in turn gave rise to the most important scripts of India such as Devanagari, Bengali etc

📄5. Sarada Script

📕It was a Western variant of the Gupta script.
📔 It evolved into Kashmiri and Gurmukhi (now used for writing Punjabi) scripts.
📘it was also used for writing Sanskrit. It is now rarely used.

📄6. Nagri Script

📔It was an Eastern variant of the Gupta script.
📕 It is an early form of the Devanagari script.
📗It branched off into many other scripts such as Devanagari, Bengali, and Tibetan etc.
📘 It was used to write both Prakrit and Sanskrit.

📄7. Devanagari script

📕It is the main script at present to write standard Hindi, Marathi and Nepali as well as Santhali, Konkani and many other Indian languages.
📙It is also used presently to write Sanskrit and is one of the most used writing systems in the world.
📗It is composed of Deva meaning, (God) and Nagari meaning, (city), which meant that it, was both religious and urbane or sophisticated.

📄8. Kalinga Script

📕Kalinga was the ancient name of Odisha and this script was used to write an ancient form of Oriya.
📘It is visually close to the original Brahmi.
📙Oriya language presently uses a different script, which has been derived from Bengali script.

📄9. Grantha Script

📚It is one of the earliest Southern scripts to originate from Brahmi.
It branched off into Tamil and Malayalam scripts, which are still used to write those languages, It is also the predecessor of the Sinhala script used in Sri Lanka.
📘 A variant of Grantha called Pallava was taken by Indian merchants in Indonesia, where it led to the development of many South-East Asian scripts.
📓 It was used in Tamil Nadu to write the Sanskrit Granthas and hence, was named Grantha.

📄10. Vatteluttu Script

📒It was a script derived from the Brahmi and was used in the Southern part of India. 
📓It was used to write Tamil and Malayalam.
📙 It removed those signs from Brahmi, which were not needed for writing the Southern languages.
📘Presently, both Tamil and Malayalam have moved on to their own Grantha derived scripts.

📄11. Kadamba Script

📘It is a descendant of Brahmi and marks the birth of the dedicated Kannada script.
📒 It led to the development of modern Kannada and Telugu scripts. It was used to write Sanskrit, Konkani, Kannada and Marathi.

📄12. Tamil Script

📗It is the script used to write the Tamil language in India and Sri Lanka. It evolved from Grantha, the Southern form of Brahmi. It is a syllabic language and not alphabetic.
📙It is written from left to right.

🔔According to the epigraphers- All Indian scripts are derived from Brahmi. There are three main families of scripts

📄Devanagari, which is the basis of the languages of northern and western India: Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, Dogri, Panjabi, etc.

📄Dravidian which is the basis of Telugu, Kannada

📄Grantha is a subsection of the Dravidian languages such as Tamil and Malayalam, but is not as important as the other two.

🔰 Important Notes on Indian Culture 🔰
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✅A stone sculpture of Nara Narayana has been found from the Dashavatara temple at Deogarh in Jhansi. Dashavatara Temple is an early 6th century Vishnu Hindu temple built during the Gupta period.

✅The Gupta period marked the beginning of the free-standing Temple Architecture in India. The rock-cut architecture reached its zenith. Some of the temples built during the Gupta period are Vishnu Temple of Tigawa Jabalpur, Shiva Temple of Bhumara, Parvati Temple of Nachria Kathura, Shiva Temple of Koh, etc.

✅The finest examples of the art during the Gupta period are Ajanta caves. Out of the 31 rock-cut cave monuments at Ajanta, five are Chaitya Grihas. The five chaitya grihas are cave numbers 9, 10, 19, 26, and 29.

✅Bhitargaon temple in Kanpur District is a great example of Gupta temples made entirely of brick. The temple at Bhitargaon has a pyramidal roof. The walls of this temple are decorated with terracotta panels.

✅16 Brahmanical and Jain temples were found at the small village of Osia, near Jodhpur. Eleven temples lie at the outskirts of the village and the rest are on a hill to the east of the village.

✅Sakatayana was a Jain writer of the 9th century A.D.He lived during the reign of Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha. He was the founder of a new school. His main work was Sabdansusana.

✅An important writer on Sanskrit metres named Utpala belonged to 10th century. With regards to metrics Utpala was the only important writer on Sanskrit metres. He lived in the latter hall of the tenth century AD.

✅Kumaradasa has been known by the names of Natha Kumara and Kumaradatta on the continent of India. Kumaradasa is the author of a Sanskrit Mahakavya called the Janaki-hara?a or Janaki’s abduction.

✅Rajashekhara was an eminent Sanskrit poet, dramatist, and critic. He was the court poet of the Gurjara Pratiharas. Rajasekhara, a great master of words, composed four dramas,viz., Balaramayana, Balabharata, Viddhasalabhanjika and Karpuramanjari.

✅The Medieval period is called the golden age of Sanskrit poetics. Many great poets and rhetoricians belong to the medieval period like Udbhat, Vamana, Rudrata, Anandavardhana, Ahinavagupta, and Kuntaka or Kuntala.

🔰 भारतीय संस्कृति पर महत्वपूर्ण नोट्स 🔰
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✅झांसी के देवगढ़ में दशावतार मंदिर से नारा नारायण की एक पत्थर की मूर्ति मिली है। दशावतार मंदिर 6 वीं शताब्दी का एक प्रारंभिक विष्णु हिंदू मंदिर है जिसे गुप्त काल के दौरान बनाया गया था।

✅गुप्त काल ने भारत में मुक्त मंदिर वास्तुकला की शुरुआत की। रॉक-कट वास्तुकला अपने चरम पर पहुंच गई। गुप्त काल के दौरान बनाए गए कुछ मंदिरों में तिगावा जबलपुर का विष्णु मंदिर, भुमरा का शिव मंदिर, नचरिया कथुरा का पार्वती मंदिर, कोह का शिव मंदिर आदि हैं।

✅गुप्त काल के दौरान कला का सबसे अच्छा उदाहरण अजंता की गुफाएँ हैं। अजंता में 31 रॉक-कट गुफा स्मारकों में से, पाँच चैत्य गृह हैं। पाँच चैत्य गृह गुफा संख्या 9, 10, 19, 26, और 29 हैं।

✅कानपुर जिले का भितरगाँव मंदिर पूरी तरह से ईंट से बने गुप्त मंदिरों का एक बड़ा उदाहरण है। भितरगाँव के मंदिर में एक पिरामिड छत है। इस मंदिर की दीवारों को टेराकोटा पैनलों से सजाया गया है।

✅जोधपुर के पास, ओसिया के छोटे से गांव में 16 ब्राह्मण और जैन मंदिर पाए गए। ग्यारह मंदिर गाँव के बाहरी इलाके में स्थित हैं और बाकी गाँव के पूर्व में एक पहाड़ी पर हैं।

✅सकतयाना 9वीं शताब्दी के जैन के लेखक थे। वे राष्ट्रकूट शासक अमोघवर्ष के शासनकाल में रहे थे। वह एक नए स्कूल के संस्थापक थे। उनका मुख्य काम था सबदानुसाना।

✅उत्पल नाम के संस्कृत मीटर पर एक महत्वपूर्ण लेखक 10 वीं शताब्दी का था। मेट्रिक्स के संबंध में उत्पल संस्कृत मीटर पर एकमात्र महत्वपूर्ण लेखक थे। वह दसवीं शताब्दी ईस्वी के उत्तरार्ध में रहता था।

✅कुमारदास को भारत के महाद्वीप पर नाथ कुमारा और कुमारदत्त के नामों से जाना जाता है। कुमारदासा संस्कृत के महावाक्य के लेखक हैं जिन्हें जानकी-हारा या जानकी का अपहरण कहा जाता है।

✅राजशेखर एक प्रख्यात संस्कृत कवि, नाटककार और आलोचक थे। वे गुर्जर प्रतिहारों के दरबारी कवि थे। राजशेखर, शब्दों के एक महान गुरु, ने चार नाटकों, बालारामायण, बलभारत, विद्दासलभंजिका और कर्पूरमंजरी की रचना की।

✅मध्यकालीन काल को संस्कृत काव्यों का स्वर्ण युग कहा जाता है। मध्ययुगीन काल के कई महान कवि और रैयतवादी उदभट, वामन, रुद्रता, आनंदवर्धन, अहिनवगुप्त और कुंतका या कुंतला के हैं।

✍️The Most Famous Temples in India

🔺Badrinath Temple:- Chamoli district, Uttarakhand

🔺The Konark Sun Temple:- Puri district of Odisha

🔺Brihadeeswara Temple:- Thanjavur city of Tamil Nadu

🔺Somnath Temple:- Saurashtra (Gujarat)

🔺Kedarnath Temple:- Garhwal area (Uttarakhand)

🔺Sanchi Stupa:- Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh

🔺Ramanathaswamy Temple:- Tamil Nadu

🔺Vaishno Devi Mandir:- J&K, near Katra.

🔺Siddhivinayak Temple:- Prabha Devi, Mumbai

🔺Gangotri Temple:- Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand

🔺Golden Temple or Sri Harmandir Sahib:- Amritsar

🔺Kashi Vishwanath Temple:- Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)

🔺Lord Jagannath Temple:- Puri (Orissa)

🔺Yamunotri Temple:Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand 

🔺Meenakshi Temple:- Madurai (Tamil Nadu)

🔺Amarnath Cave Temple:-State of J&K

🔺Lingaraja Temple:- Orissa

🔺Tirupati Balaji:- Tirumala (Andhra Pradesh)

🔺Kanchipuram Temples:- Tamil Nadu

🔺Khajuraho Temple:- Madhya Pradesh

🔺Virupaksha Temple:- Hampi, Bellary, Karnataka

🔺Akshardham Temple:-  Delhi

🔺Shri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir:- Oldest Jain temple in Delhi

🔺Gomateshwara Temple:- Shravanabelagola town of  Karnataka

🔺Ranakpur Temple:- Pali district of Rajasthan

🔺Shirdi Sai Baba Temple:- Shirdi town of Maharashtra

🔺Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple :- Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala

🔺Dwarkadhish Temple:Dwarka city (Gujarat)

🔺Laxminarayan Temple:- Delhi

Folk Dances in India

•Haryana
-Jhumar, Phag, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor.

•Himachal Pradesh
-Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu

•Jammu and Kashmir
-Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach

•Jharkhand
-Alkap, Karma Munda, Agni, Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Mardana Jhumar, Paika, Phagua

•Karnataka
-Yakshagana, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga

•Kerala
-Ottam Thullal, Kaikottikali

•Maharashtra
-Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar

•Madhya Pradesh
-Jawara, Matki, Aada, Khada Nach, Phulpati, Grida Dance, Selalarki, Selabhadoni

•Manipur
-Dol Cholam, Thang Ta, Lai Haraoba, Pung Cholom

•Mizoram
-Cheraw Dance, Khuallam, Chailam, Sawlakin, Chawnglaizawn, Zangtalam

•Nagaland
-Rangma, Bamboo Dance, Zeliang

•Odisha
-Savari, Ghumara

•Punjab
-Bhangra, Giddha.

•Rajasthan
-Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan

•Sikkim
-Chu Faat,  the Snow Lion, Yak Chaam

•Tamil Nadu
-Kumi, Kolattam, Karagattam

•Tripura
-Hojagiri

•Uttar Pradesh
-Nautanki, Raslila,

•Uttarakhand
-Garhwali, Raslila

❇️राज्य एवं उनके प्रमुख लोक नृत्य❇️

🔘 मध्य प्रदेश ➺  पंडवानी, गणगौर नृत्य

🔘 आन्ध्रप्रदेश ➺  कुचीपुडी

🔘  झारखंड ➺  विदेशिया, छऊ

🔘 उड़ीसा ➺ ओडिसी, धुमरा

🔘 छत्तीसगढ़ ➺ पंथी नृत्य

🔘 कर्णाटक ➺  यक्षगान

🔘 पजाब  ➺  भांगड़ा, गिद्दा

🔘 नागालैंड ➺  लीम, छोंग

🔘 गोवा ➺ मंदी, ढकनी

🔘 असम ➺ बिहू

🔘 उत्तरप्रदेश ➺  नौटंकी

🔘 गजरात ➺  गरबा

🔘 महाराष्ट्र ➺  तमाशा, लावणी

🔘 उत्तराखंड ➺ कजरी, छौलिया

🔘 पश्चिमबंगाल ➺   जात्रा,ढाली, छाऊ

🔘 बिहार ➺  छऊ, विदेशिया, जाट- जतिन

🔘 करल ➺  कथकली, मोहिनीअट्टम

🔘 जम्मू-कश्मीर ➺  कूद दंडीनाच, रुऊफ

🔘 हिमाचल प्रदेश ➺   छपेली,दांगी, थाली

🔘 राजस्थान ➺  कालबेलिया, घुमर, तेरहताली, भवाई नृत्य

❇️States and their main folk dances❇️

🔘 Madhya Pradesh ➺ Pandwani, Gangaur dance

🔘 Andhra Pradesh ➺ Kuchipudi

🔘 Jharkhand ➺ Foreigner, Chhau

🔘 Orissa ➺ Odissi, Dhumra

🔘 Chhattisgarh ➺ Panthi Dance

🔘 Karnataka ➺ Yakshagana

🔘 Pajab ➺ Bhangra, Gidda

🔘 Nagaland ➺ Lim, Chong

🔘 Goa ➺ recession, cover

🔘 Assam ➺ Bihu

🔘 Uttar Pradesh ➺ Nautanki

🔘 Gujarat ➺ Garba

🔘 Maharashtra ➺ Tamasha, Lavani

🔘 Uttarakhand ➺ Kajri, Chhauliya

🔘 West Bengal ➺ Jatra, Dhali, Chhau

🔘 Bihar ➺ Chhau, foreigners, Jat-Jatin

🔘 Karal ➺ Kathakali, Mohiniyattam

🔘 Jammu and Kashmir ➺ Jump Dandinach, Ruuf

🔘 Himachal Pradesh ➺ Chapeli, Dangi, Thali

🔘 Rajasthan ➺ Kalbeliya, Ghumar, Terhtali, Bhawai dance

🔘Thirunelly Temple

In News

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has urged the government to conserve the Thirunelly temple.

About

◾️The Thirunelly Maha Vishnu temple is an iconic temple in Wayanad, Kerala near Brahmagiri hills.

◾️It is also known as ”Sahyamala Kshetram” and ”Kashi of the South”.

◾️Thirunelly Temple embodies classical, traditional Kerala architecture.

◾️A famous pilgrim centre, this temple, which is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.

◾️It is considered an important pilgrimage centre for Hindus.

◾️It is located at the confluence of three rivers – Papanasini, the holy river, which is believed to have the power to wash away sins, Kudamurutti, and Koothappuzha.

◾️The temple has a unique circular structure made of granite stones, which is believed to have been constructed by Lord Brahma himself.

◾️Thirunelli Temple is the only temple in the world where the devotees can perform all the rituals related to one’s life, starting from birth to death and life after death.

🔘आद्य-ऐतिहासिक काल
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰

🔹इस काल में मानव द्वारा लिखी गई लिपी को पढ़ा नहीं जा सका है, किन्तु लिखित साक्ष्य मिले हैं।

🔹इस काल के जानकारी का स्त्रोत भी पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य ही है ।

🔹इसमें सिंधु सभ्यता को रखते हैं |

🔺🔻🔺🔻🔺🔻🔺🔻🔺🔻🔺🔻
🔘सिंधु सभ्यता
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰
🔹यह सभ्यता सिंधु नदी के तट पर मिली थी, इस लिए इसे सिन्धु सभ्यता कहते हैं ।

🔹इसकी जानकारी के लिए पहली खुदाई हड़प्पा से हुई थी ।
अतः इसे हड़प्पा सभ्यता भी कहते हैं ।

🔹सिंधु सभ्यता की जानकारी (Message) चार्ल्स मैशन ने दिया था।

🔹सिंधु सभ्यता सर्वेक्षण जेम्स कनिंघम ने किया ।

🔹सिंधु सभ्यता 13 लाख वर्ग किमी. में फैली है .

🔹सिंधु सभ्यता का नामकरण जॉन मार्शल ने किया था ।

🔹सिंधु सभ्यता की पहली खुदाई दयाराम साहनी ने की थी ।

🔹सिंधु सभ्यता का आकार त्रिभुजाकार है ।

🔹सिंधु सभ्यता विश्व की सबसे पहली शहरी सभ्यता थी |

🔹इसका विकास 2500 ईसा पूर्व से 1750 ईसा पूर्व तक हुआ ।

🔺🔻🔺🔻🔺🔻🔺🔻🔺🔻🔻🔺

1) इसकी पश्चिमी सीमा पाकिस्तान के सुतकार्गेडोर में थी, जो दाश्क नदी के तट पर थी।

(2) इसकी उत्तरी सीमा कश्मीर के मांडा में चिनाब नदी के तट पर थी ।

( 3 ) इसकी पूर्वी सीमा उत्तर प्रदेश के आलमगीरपुर में थी । जो हिन्डन नदी के किनारे थी ।

(4) इसकी दक्षिणी सीमा महाराष्ट्र के दयामाबाद में प्रवरा नदी के तट पर थी ।

What is Intangible Cultural Heritage?

Intangible Cultural Heritage refers to cultural practices, traditions, expressions, knowledge, and skills. It includes oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, social practices, festive events, traditional craftsmanship, and knowledge of nature and the universe.

👉 Intangible Cultural Heritage is transmitted from generation to generation. This is achieved through oral traditions and practical demonstrations.

👉 It is constantly evolving.

👉 It is often closely related to a community's identity and helps to strengthen social cohesion.

👉 It is an important way for communities to maintain a connection with their cultural history.

👉 Intangible Cultural Heritage recognizes the significance of safeguarding and promoting cultural diversity.

👉 It emphasizes the need to preserve cultural traditions and practices that are at risk of being lost.

📌 पत्रिकाएं / पुस्तकें लेखक

✍ कॉमनवील, न्यू इंडिया — एनी बेसेंट

✍ ‘हिन्द स्वराज’ — महात्मा गांधी

✍ इंडिया विन्स फ्रीडम — अबुल कलाम आजाद (आत्मकथा)

✍ ‘बापूः मई मदर’ शीर्षक संस्मरण — मनुबहन गांधी

✍ गीता रहस्य — बाल गंगाधर तिलक

✍ द लाइफ डिवाइन, द आइडियल ऑफ ह्यूमन यूनिटी, एस्सेज ऑन द गीता —अरविंद घोष

✍ एनल्स एंड एंटिक्विटीज ऑफ राजस्थान — कर्नल जेम्स टॉड

✍ केसरी, मराठा — बाल गंगाधर तिलक

✍ दुर्गेश नंदिनी — बंकिमचन्द्र चटर्जी

✍ पावर्टी एंड अन-ब्रिटिश रुल इन इंडिया —दादाभाई नौरोजी

📌 Magazines / books Authors

✍ Commonweal, New India —Annie Besant


✍ 'Hind Swaraj' — Mahatma Gandhi

✍ India Wins Freedom — Abul Kalam Azad (Autobiography)

✍ Bapu:My Mother’ Memoirs titled — Manubhan Gandhi

✍ Geeta Rahasya — Bal Gangadhar Tilak

✍ The Life Divine, The Ideal of Human Unity, Essays on the
Gita — Sri Aurobindo

✍ Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan — Colonel James Todd

✍ Kesari,Maratha — Bal Gangadhar Tilak

✍ Durgesh Nandini — Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

✍ Poverty and Un-British Rule in India — Dadabhai Naoroji

🤡 Mural Paintings ⚡️

🔍 The work on the walls or a solid structure are referred to as Murals.

💎 These have existed in India since ancient times and can be dated between 10th century BC and 10th century AD.

🔍 The evidence of such paintings can be found at several locations in India.

💎 The beauty and the exquisiteness of mural paintings can be seen in places like Ajanta, Armamalai Cave, Ravan Chhaya Rock Shelter, Bagh Caves, Sittanavasal Caves and Kailash Temple in Ellora.

🔍 Most of the mural paintings are either in natural caves or in rock cut chambers.

💎 The paintings follow a theme, the most common being Hindu, Buddhist and Jain.

🔍 Mural paintings were also made to adorn any mundane premise. For e.g. Ancient theatre room in Jogimara Caves

❓💬 Buddha's Life

📌 Sarnath – The Deer Park adjoining the Archaeological Complex at Sarnath that the Buddha is believed to have delivered his first sermon, Dharmachakrapravartana, after he attained enlightenment under a Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya. 

📌 Rajgir – It was the capital of Magadh Kingdom.  It was here that Gautama Buddha spent several months meditating, and preaching at Gridhra-kuta, (Vulture peak).

He also delivered some of his famous sermons and initiated king Bimbisara of Magadha and countless others to Buddhism.

It was here that Budhha delivered his famous Atanatiya Sutra.

📌 Sravasti – It was the capital of ancient Kosala kingdom and is sacred to the Buddhists because it is here that Lord Buddha performed the greatest of his miracles to confound the Tirthika heretics.

These miracles include Buddha creating multiple images of himself, which has been a favourite theme of Buddhist art. Buddha showed his divine prowess to impress upon the non-believers.

The Buddha passed the greater part of his monastic life in Sravasti.

Vulture peak – One of the several sites frequented by the Buddha and his community of disciples for both training and retreat.

📌 Kesariya – Kesariya Stupa is a Buddhist stupa in Kesariya, located at a distance of 110 kilometres  from Patna, in the Champaran (east) district of Bihar, India.

The first construction of the Stupa is dated to the 3rd century BCE.

Kesariya Stupa has a circumference of almost 400 feet (120 m) and raises to a height of about 104 feet.

📌 Vaishali – It is said that the Buddha visited this place thrice and spent quite a long time here.

The Buddha also delivered his last sermon at Vaishali and announced his Nirvana here.

📌 Kushinagar – It is one of the four sacred places of Lord Buddha. Buddha delivered his last sermon, attained Mahaparinirvana (salvation) in 483 BC and was cremated at Rambhar Stupa.

🛎 Award start

🏆1901 - Nobel Prize
🏆1929 - Oscar Award
🏆1954 - Bharat Ratna
🏆1961 - Jnanpith Award
🏆1995 - Gandhi Peace Prize
🏆1985 - Dronacharya Award
🏆1969 - Man Booker Prize
🏆1961 - Arjuna Award
🏆1917 - Pulitzer Prize
🏆1992 - Vyas Samman
🏆1952 - Kalinga Award
🏆1991 - Saraswati Samman
🏆1969 - Dadasaheb Phalke
🏆1957 - Ramon Magsaysay Award
🏆1992 - Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
🏆1955 - Sahitya Akademi Award
🏆1954 - National Film Award
🏆1958 - Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar

🔰 Symbols of 5 great events related to Gautam Buddha's Life 🔰


💧 Birth of Gautam Buddha
➜ Lotus and Bull

💧 The Great Renunciation (Maha bhinish kramana)
➜ Horse

💧 First sermon delivered by Gautam Buddha (Dharma chakra pravartan)
➜ Wheel

💧 Enlightenment (Nirvana )
➜ Bodhi Tree

💧 Death (Parinirvana)
➜ Stupa





🔰 गौतम बुद्ध के जीवन से जुड़ी 5 महान घटनाओं के प्रतीक 🔰

💧 गौतम बुद्ध का जन्म
➜ कमल और बैल

💧 महान त्याग (महाभिनिष्कर्ण)
➜ घोड़ा

💧 गौतम बुद्ध द्वारा दिया गया पहला उपदेश (धर्मचक्रप्रवर्तन)
➜ पहिया

💧 आत्मज्ञान (निर्वाण)
➜ बोधि वृक्ष

💧 मत्यु (परिनिर्वाण)
➜ स्तूप

🛕 SHREE RAM MANDIR (AYODHYA)

1. Temple Design:
- Follows traditional Nagar style.
- Dimensions: 380ft (length), 250ft (width), 161ft (height).
- Three-storied with 20ft tall floors, 392 pillars, and 44 doors.
- Main sanctum: Childhood form of Bhagwan Shri Ram; first floor: Shri Ram Darbar.
- Five Mandaps: Nritya, Rang, Sabha, Prarthna, and Kirtan Mandaps.
- Pillars and walls adorned with deity statues.

2. Entrance and Accessibility:
- East entry via 32 stairs through Singh Dwar.
- Ramps and lifts for differently-abled and elderly.
- Parkota: Rectangular compound wall (732m length, 14ft width).

3. Ancillary Structures:
- Mandirs at compound corners: Surya Dev, Devi Bhagwati, Ganesh Bhagwan, Bhagwan Shiv, Maa Annapurna, Hanuman ji.
- Historic well (Sita koop) nearby.
- Proposed Mandirs in the complex: Valmiki, Vashishtha, Vishwamitra, Agastya, Nishad Raj, Mata Shabri, Devi Ahilya.
- Kuber Tila: Restored Bhagwan Shiv Mandir with Jatayu installation.

4. Construction Features:
- No iron used.
- Foundation: 14m-thick roller-compacted concrete (RCC) for artificial rock appearance.
- Protection: 21ft-high plinth with granite against ground moisture.

5. Infrastructure and Facilities:
- Sewage treatment, water treatment, fire safety water supply, independent power station.
- Pilgrims Facility Centre (PFC): Capacity for 25,000 people, medical and locker facilities.
- Additional block with bathing area, washrooms, washbasin, open taps, etc.

6. Environmental Focus:
- Constructed using Bharat’s traditional technology.
- 70% of 70-acre area left green.

Source: Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra

📌 वैदिक संस्कृति –

✍ भारतीय इतिहास में हड़प्पा सभ्यता के पतन के बाद आर्यों ने भारत में वैदिक संस्कृति की नींव रखी। वैदिक काल को चार वेदों के आधार पर चार भागों में बाँटा गया है। भारत के संपूर्ण इतिहास में स्त्रियों की दशा वैदिक काल में सर्वाधिक सुदृढं थी।

✍ ऋग्वेद – होतृ/होता

• ऋक् का अर्थ – छन्दों व चरणों से युक्त मंत्र

• पहला व 10वां मण्डल सबसे अंत में जोड़ा गया

• 10वें मण्डल के पुरुष सूक्त में 4 वर्णों का उल्लेख – शूद्र शब्द का पहला उल्लेख इसी में पिता (335 बार), जन (275), इन्द्र (250), माता (234), अग्नि (200), गाय (176), विश (171), विष्णु (11)
ऋग्वेद की अनेक बातें ईरानी ग्रंथ अवेस्ता से मिलती हैं।

• सबसे पवित्र नदी सिंधु, फिर सरस्वती (नदीतमा), गंगा का जिक्र बस 1 बार, यमुना का 3 बार

• ऋग्वेद में नदियों की संख्या 25,
महिलाएं सभा व विदथ में भाग ले सकती थीं

✍ सामवेद – उद्गाता

• साम का अर्थ है गान, भारतीय संगीत का मूल, मुख्यतः सूर्य की स्तुति के मंत्र हैं।

✍ यजुर्वेद – अर्ध्वर्यु

• यजुर्वेद दो भाग में – कृष्ण यजुर्वेद व शुक्ल यजुर्वेद(वाजसनेयी संहिता)। यजु (यज्ञ), यह कर्मकाण्ड प्रधान वेद। यह गद्य व पद्य में।

✍ अथर्ववेद

• 20 अध्याय, 731 सूक्त, 6000 मंत्र। आर्य व अनाय्य विचारों का समन्वय। परीक्षित को कुरुओं का राजा कहा।

✍ उपनिषद

• सामवेद – छान्दोग्य, जैमिनी
• यजुर्वेद – कठोपनिषद, इशोपनिषद, श्वेताश्वर, मैत्रायणी।

🟢Famous musical instruments and their exponents

🔷 Sitar:
    - Ustad Vilayat Khan
    - Pt Ravi Shankar
    - Shujaat Hussain Khan
    - Shahid Parvez Khan
    - Anushka Shankar
    - Nikhil Banerjee
    - Mustaq Ali Khan
    - Budhaditya Mukherjee

🔶 Sarod:
    - Ustad Amjad Ali Khan
    - Allaudin Khan
    - Bahadur Khan
    - Zarin S Sharma
    - Sharan Rani
    - Ustad Ali Akbar Khan

🔷 Violin:
    - Lalgudi Jayaram
    - VG Jog
    - M Chandrasekharan
    - NR Murlidharan
    - MS Gopalakrishnan

  

📌Neolithic Age : Rock Art Found

🔸A rock art dating back to the Neolithic period was recently found in the Palnadu district of Andhra Pradesh

🔸The Neolithic Age, also called the New Stone Age, is the final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans

🔸The term Neolithic is most frequently used in connection with agriculture, which is the time when cereal cultivation and animal domestication were introduced

🔸Because agriculture developed at different times in different regions of the world, there is no single date for the beginning of the Neolithic age

🔸In India, the starting point of the Neolithic is generally thought to have occurred sometime around 7000 BCE

🔸The Neolithic followed the Mesolithic Period and preceded the Chalcolithic Age, or the early period of metal tools

📌Gangireddu Melam : Traditional Folk

🔸Gangireddu Melam, a traditional folk performance associated with the Sankranti harvest festival in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

🔸The bulls, adorned with colorful flowers and garments is the central motif of the dance

🔸The performance also incorporates elements of local folklore and storytelling, showcasing the region’s rich cultural heritage

🔸The harvest festival of ‘Sankranti’ is celebrated in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for three days as Bhogi, Sankranti, and Kanuma

🔸Sankranti marks the first day of the sun’s transit into the Makara, marking the end of the winter solstice and the start of longer days

🖍️TEMPLES IN KASHMIR

♦️The Kashmiri temple architecture has its unique features suited to local geography and are renowned for its exquisite stone carvings. Due to its location on the important trade routes, the architectural style is inspired by
many foreign sources.

♦️Temple making reached a great height under the rulers of Karkota dynasty and Utpala dynasty.

The main features of Kashmir style of architecture are:

♦️ Trefoil arches (Gandhara influence)Cellular layout and enclosed courtyard

♦️Straight-edged pyramidal roof

♦️Column walls (Greek influence)

♦️Triangular pediments (Greek influence)

♦️Relatively more number of steps

🛎 Award start

🏆1901 - Nobel Prize
🏆1929 - Oscar Award
🏆1954 - Bharat Ratna
🏆1961 - Jnanpith Award
🏆1995 - Gandhi Peace Prize
🏆1985 - Dronacharya Award
🏆1969 - Man Booker Prize
🏆1961 - Arjuna Award
🏆1917 - Pulitzer Prize
🏆1992 - Vyas Samman
🏆1952 - Kalinga Award
🏆1991 - Saraswati Samman
🏆1969 - Dadasaheb Phalke
🏆1957 - Ramon Magsaysay Award
🏆1992 - Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
🏆1955 - Sahitya Akademi Award
🏆1954 - National Film Award
🏆1958 - Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar

✅ कौनसा पुरुस्कार कब से शुरू हुआ
आगामी परीक्षाओं के लिए महत्वपूर्ण

■ 1901➨ नोबेल पुरस्कार
■ 1929 ➨ ऑस्कर अवार्ड
■ 1954 ➨ भारत रत्न
■ 1961➨ ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार
■ 1995 ➨ गांधी शांति पुरस्कार
■ 1985 ➨ द्रोणाचार्य पुरस्कार
■ 1969 ➨ मैन बुकर पुरस्कार
■ 1961 ➨अर्जुन पुरस्कार
■ 1917 ➨ पुलित्जर पुरस्कार
■ 1992 ➨ व्यास सम्मान
■ 1952 ➨ कलिंग पुरस्कार
■ 1991 ➨ सरस्वती सम्मान
■ 1969 ➨ दादा साहब फाल्के
■ 1957 ➨ रेमन मैग्सेसे पुरस्कार
■ 1992 ➨ राजीव गांधी खेल रत्न
■ 1955 ➨ साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार
■ 1954 ➨ राष्ट्रीय फिल्म पुरस्कार
■ 1958 ➨ शांति स्वरूप भटनागर

✅ Which award started when
important for upcoming exams

■ 1901➨ Nobel Prize
■ 1929 ➨ Oscar Award
■ 1954 ➨ Bharat Ratna
■ 1961➨ Jnanpith Award
■ 1995 ➨ Gandhi Peace Prize
■ 1985 ➨ Dronacharya Award
■ 1969 ➨ Man Booker Prize
■ 1961 ➨Arjuna Award
■ 1917 ➨ Pulitzer Prize
■ 1992 ➨ Vyas Samman
■ 1952 ➨ Kalinga Award
■ 1991 ➨ Saraswati Samman
■ 1969 ➨ Dadasaheb Phalke
■ 1957 ➨ Ramon Magsaysay Award
■ 1992 ➨ Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
■ 1955 ➨ Sahitya Akademi Award
■ 1954 ➨ National Film Award
■ 1958 ➨ Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar

🔹 List of Ten Sikh Gurus 🔹
==============================

1. Guru Nanak (1469-1539)

2. Guru Angad (1539-1552)

3. Guru Amar Das (1552-1574)

4. Guru Ram Das (1574-1581)

5. Guru Arjun Dev (1581-1606)

6. Guru Hargovind (1606-1645)

7. Guru Har Rai (1645-1661)

8. Guru Har Kishan (1661-1664)

9. Guru Teg Bahadur (1664-1675)

10. Guru Govind Singh (1675-1708)


✴ गुरु नानक (1469-1539)

◼सिख धर्म के संस्थापक गुरुनानक थे।
▪जन्म:-तलबड़ी (वर्तमान ननकाना साहिब)
▪मृत्यु:-करतारपुर (डेरा बाबा)
▪पिता का नाम:-कालू जी
▪माता का नाम:-तृप्ता
▪पत्नी का नाम:-सुलक्षणी
▪जाति:- खत्री
▪उपाधि:- हजरत रब्बुल मजीज

सिखों के पहले गुरु गुरुनानक थे, इन्होंने नानक पंथ चलाया। इनके शिष्य शिख कहलाये। इन्होंने अपने एक शिष्य लहना को अपना उत्तराधिकारी बनाया जो अंगद नाम से दूसरे गुरु बने।

✴ अंगद (1539-52)

▪ये गुरुनानक के शिष्य एवं जाति से खत्री थे। इन्होंने लंगर व्यवस्था को नियमित किया। गुरुमुखी लिपि के आविष्कार का श्रेय भी इन्हें दिया जाता है।

✴ अमरदास (1552-74)

इन्होंने अपनी गद्दी गोइन्दवाल में स्थापित की इन्होंने नियम बनाया कि कोई भी व्यक्ति बिना लंगर में भोजन किये गुरु से नहीं मिल सकता।

▪अपने उपदेशों का प्रचार करने के लिए इन्होने 22 गद्दियों की स्थापना की। सम्राट अकबर इनसे मिलने स्वयं गोइन्दवाल गया था। अमरदास ने अपने दामाद एवं शिष्य रामदास को अपना उत्तराधिकारी बनाया।

✴ रामदास (1574-81)

इनके समय से गुरु का पद पैत्रिक हो गया। अकबर ने इन्हें 500 बीघा जमीन प्रदान की जहाँ इन्होंने एक नगर बसाया जिसे रामदासपुर कहा गया।

▪यही बाद में अमृतसर के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ। रामदास ने अपने पुत्र अर्जुन को अपना उत्तराधिकारी बनाकर गुरु का पद पैत्रिक कर दिया।

✴ अर्जुन देव (1581-1606)

इन्हें सच्चा बादशाह भी कहा गया। इन्होंने रामदासपुर में अमृतसर एवं सन्तोषसर नामक दो तालाब बनवाये।

▪ अमृतसर तालाब के मध्य में 1589 ई0 में हरमिन्देर साहब का निर्माण कराया इसी आधारशिला प्रसिद्ध सूफी सन्त मियांमीर ने रखी। यही स्वर्णमन्दिर के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ।

▪ अर्जुनदेव ने बाद में दो 1595 ई में ब्यास नदी के तट पर एक अन्य नगर गोबिन्दपुर बसाया।

▪इन्हीं के समय में सिखों के धार्मिक ग्रन्थ आदिग्रन्थ की रचना की गई इन्होंने अनिवार्य आध्यत्मिक कर भी लेना शुरू किया, खुसरो को समर्थन देने के कारण जहाँगीर ने 1606 में इन्हें मृत्युदण्ड दे दिया।

✍️Buddhist Literature

➜It is written in Pali language.

➜Sutta Pitaka - It is the first of the three divisions of the Tripitaka. It contains more than 10,000 suttas (teachings or sermons) attributed to the Buddha.

➜Vinaya Pitaka - It contains rules of discipline in Buddhist monastries. It is one of the three parts that make up the Tripitaka.

➜Abhidhamma Pitaka - It is the last of the three pitakas. It contains philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion.

➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

➜यह पाली भाषा में लिखी गई है।

➜ सूता पिटक - यह त्रिपिटक के तीन प्रभागों में से पहला है। इसमें बुद्ध के लिए जिम्मेदार 10,000 से अधिक सुत्त (उपदेश या उपदेश) हैं।

➜ विनया पिटका - इसमें बौद्ध मठों में अनुशासन के नियम हैं। यह त्रिपिटक बनाने वाले तीन भागों में से एक है।

➜ अभिधम् पितक - यह तीन पितरों में से अंतिम है। इसमें बौद्ध धर्म के दार्शनिक सिद्धांत शामिल हैं।

❓💬 Buddha's Life

📌 Sarnath – The Deer Park adjoining the Archaeological Complex at Sarnath that the Buddha is believed to have delivered his first sermon, Dharmachakrapravartana, after he attained enlightenment under a Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya. 

📌 Rajgir – It was the capital of Magadh Kingdom.  It was here that Gautama Buddha spent several months meditating, and preaching at Gridhra-kuta, (Vulture peak).

He also delivered some of his famous sermons and initiated king Bimbisara of Magadha and countless others to Buddhism.

It was here that Budhha delivered his famous Atanatiya Sutra.

📌 Sravasti – It was the capital of ancient Kosala kingdom and is sacred to the Buddhists because it is here that Lord Buddha performed the greatest of his miracles to confound the Tirthika heretics.

These miracles include Buddha creating multiple images of himself, which has been a favourite theme of Buddhist art. Buddha showed his divine prowess to impress upon the non-believers.

The Buddha passed the greater part of his monastic life in Sravasti.

Vulture peak – One of the several sites frequented by the Buddha and his community of disciples for both training and retreat.

📌 Kesariya – Kesariya Stupa is a Buddhist stupa in Kesariya, located at a distance of 110 kilometres  from Patna, in the Champaran (east) district of Bihar, India.

The first construction of the Stupa is dated to the 3rd century BCE.

Kesariya Stupa has a circumference of almost 400 feet (120 m) and raises to a height of about 104 feet.

📌 Vaishali – It is said that the Buddha visited this place thrice and spent quite a long time here.

The Buddha also delivered his last sermon at Vaishali and announced his Nirvana here.

📌 Kushinagar – It is one of the four sacred places of Lord Buddha. Buddha delivered his last sermon, attained Mahaparinirvana (salvation) in 483 BC and was cremated at Rambhar Stupa.

📌 पत्रिकाएं / पुस्तकें लेखक

✍ कॉमनवील, न्यू इंडिया — एनी बेसेंट

✍ ‘हिन्द स्वराज’ — महात्मा गांधी

✍ इंडिया विन्स फ्रीडम — अबुल कलाम आजाद (आत्मकथा)

✍ ‘बापूः मई मदर’ शीर्षक संस्मरण — मनुबहन गांधी

✍ गीता रहस्य — बाल गंगाधर तिलक

✍ द लाइफ डिवाइन, द आइडियल ऑफ ह्यूमन यूनिटी, एस्सेज ऑन द गीता —अरविंद घोष

✍ एनल्स एंड एंटिक्विटीज ऑफ राजस्थान — कर्नल जेम्स टॉड

✍ केसरी, मराठा — बाल गंगाधर तिलक

✍ दुर्गेश नंदिनी — बंकिमचन्द्र चटर्जी

✍ पावर्टी एंड अन-ब्रिटिश रुल इन इंडिया —दादाभाई नौरोजी

📌 Magazines / books Authors

✍ Commonweal, New India —Annie Besant


✍ 'Hind Swaraj' — Mahatma Gandhi

✍ India Wins Freedom — Abul Kalam Azad (Autobiography)

✍ Bapu:My Mother’ Memoirs titled — Manubhan Gandhi

✍ Geeta Rahasya — Bal Gangadhar Tilak

✍ The Life Divine, The Ideal of Human Unity, Essays on the
Gita — Sri Aurobindo

✍ Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan — Colonel James Todd

✍ Kesari,Maratha — Bal Gangadhar Tilak

✍ Durgesh Nandini — Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

✍ Poverty and Un-British Rule in India — Dadabhai Naoroji

🛎 Award start

🏆1901 - Nobel Prize
🏆1929 - Oscar Award
🏆1954 - Bharat Ratna
🏆1961 - Jnanpith Award
🏆1995 - Gandhi Peace Prize
🏆1985 - Dronacharya Award
🏆1969 - Man Booker Prize
🏆1961 - Arjuna Award
🏆1917 - Pulitzer Prize
🏆1992 - Vyas Samman
🏆1952 - Kalinga Award
🏆1991 - Saraswati Samman
🏆1969 - Dadasaheb Phalke
🏆1957 - Ramon Magsaysay Award
🏆1992 - Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
🏆1955 - Sahitya Akademi Award
🏆1954 - National Film Award
🏆1958 - Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar

🛡Rock cut caves

1:- Ajanta - Maharashtra
2:-  Ellora - Maharashtra
3:-  Karle - Maharashtra
4:-  Barbara caves - Bihar
5:-  Lakhudiyar - Uttarakhand
6:-  Piklihal - Karnataka
7:-  Bhimbetaka - Madhya pradesh
8:-  Bagh - Madhyapradesh
9:-  Sittanavasal - Tamil nadu
10:-  Porivarai - Tamilnadu
11:-  Edakkal - Kerala

♦️IMPORTANT AWARDS AND THEIR FIELDS

❣Pritzker Prize - Architecture

❣Kalinga Prize - Science

❣Abel Prize - Mathematics

❣Grammy Award - Music

❣Aga Khan Award - Architecture

❣BihariPuraskar - Literature

❣Saraswati Samman -Literature

❣Jnanpith Award - Literature

❣Vyas Samman - Literature

❣Booker Prize - Literature

❣Moorti Devi Award - Literature

❣Arjuna Award - Sports & games

❣Stirling Prize - Architecture

❣Tansen Award - Music

❣Dhanvantri Award - Medical Sciences

❣Bowelay Award - Agriculture

❣Oscar Awards - Film Industry

❣Dadasaheb Phalke Award - Cinema

❣Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award - Sports

❣Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize - Science & Technology

❣World Food Prize -Agriculture & Food

❣Right Livelihood Award - Environment & social Justice

❣Sangeet Natak Akademi Award - Music, Drama & Dance

❣BAFTA Awards - Television, Films, Video Games & Animation.

💃Famous Folk Theatre 💃

🕺 Bhand Pather - J&K

💃 Swang- Rajasthan , Haryana, UP , Malwa (MP)

🕺 Nautanki - UP , Rajasthan, Punjab

💃 Rasleela -UP

🕺 Maach - MP

💃 Ramman - Uttarakhand

🕺 Jatra - Bengal

💃 Bhaona - Assam

🕺 Bhavai - Gujrat

💃 Tamasha - Maharashtra

🕺 Theyyam - Kerala

💃 Koodiyaatam / Kuttiyattam- Kerala

🕺 Yakshagaana- Karnataka

💃 Therukoothu - Tamil nadu

🕺 Veedi Natakam - Andhra pradesh

💃 Burrakata Hari Katta - Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , and Tamil Nadu

📌The 2024 Nobel Prizes have been announced!

🔸Here is a list of this year’s recipients👇

🔹1st:- Nobel Prize 2024 in Physics👇

#Recipient:- John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton
#Achievement:- For foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks

🔹2nd:- Nobel Prize 2024 in Chemistry👇

#Recipient:- David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John Jumper
#Achievement:- For computational protein design (David Baker), for protein structure prediction (Demis Hassabis and John Jumper)

🔹3rd:- Nobel Prize 2024 in Physiology or Medicine👇

#Recipient:- Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun
#Achievement:- The discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation

🔹4th:- Nobel Prize 2024 in Literature👇

#Recipient:- Han Kang
#Achievement:- For her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life

🔹5th:- Nobel Prize 2024 in Peace.👇

#Recipient:- Nihon Hidankyo
#Achievement:- For its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again.

🔹6th:- Nobel Prize 2024 in Economic Sciences.👇

#Recipients:- Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson.
#Achievement:- For studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity.

📌Shifting cultivation

This method is as old as the practice of agriculture. In this type of agriculture, a piece of forest land is cleared by cutting and burning, then crops are grown in it.

✔️Tribes practicing shifting cultivation

✔️Khond, Gond, Kurumba and Muduvan in Tamil Nadu
✔️Saora, Keria and Khond in Odisha
✔️Korea in Uttar Pradesh
✔️In Rajasthan, Garasiyas do hunting and fishing and live in groups. They do not do shifting agriculture.

📌Important Folk Paintings👇

✔️Warli  - Maharashtra
✔️Pattachitra - Odisha
✔️Kalamkari - Andhra Pradesh
✔️Kalighat - Calcutta
✔️Kalamezhuthu - Kerala
✔️Thangka - Sikkim
✔️Pithora Painting - Gujurat
✔️Thanjavur - Tami Nadu
✔️Madhubani, Manjusha (Snake painting)  - Bihar.

👍 Bronze Sculptures of The Natraj

✔️The dance of lord Shiva is associated with the end of the cosmic world.

✔️The meaning of nataraja is ‘Lord of the Dance’.

✔️Lord Shiva is seen balancing on his right leg in that statue. The foot of the right leg is suppressing the apasmara that is the demon of forgetfulness or ignorance.

✔️In his left hand is the Bhujanga Trasita stance that depicts kicking away tirobhava or we can say that the illusion from the devotee’s mind.

✔️The four arms which are outstretched.

✔️The very Main right hand is in the Abhayahasta.

✔️The right upper holds the Damaru that is his favourite musical instrument – a percussion instrument to keep rhythm.

✔️The main left hand is in the position of Dolahasta and connects with the right hand’s Abhayahasta.

✔️The left upper carries a flame.

✔️The entire process of dancing is surrounded by the jvala mala or the garland of flames.

✔️The lord Shiva locks fly on either side which is touching the jvala mala.

✔️There are many variations of this model.


🚩 नटराज की कांस्य मूर्तियाँ

✔️भगवान शिव का नृत्य ब्रह्मांडीय दुनिया के अंत से जुड़ा है।

✔️नटराज का अर्थ 'नृत्य का देवता' है।

✔️उस मूर्ति में भगवान शिव अपने दाहिने पैर पर संतुलन बनाते हुए दिखाई देते हैं। दाहिने पैर का तलवा अपस्मार अर्थात भूलने की बीमारी या अज्ञानता के राक्षस को दबा रहा है।

✔️उनके बाएं हाथ में भुजंगा त्रसीता मुद्रा है जो तिरोभाव या हम कह सकते हैं कि भक्त के मन से भ्रम को दूर करने का चित्रण करता है।

✔️चार भुजाएँ जो फैली हुई हैं।

✔️मुख्य दाहिना हाथ अभयहस्ता में है।

✔️दाहिने ऊपरी हिस्से में डमरू है जो उनका पसंदीदा संगीत वाद्ययंत्र है - लय बनाए रखने के लिए एक ताल वाद्य।

✔️मुख्य बायां हाथ दोलाहस्ता की स्थिति में है और दाहिने हाथ के अभयहस्ता से जुड़ता है।

✔️बाएँ ऊपरी हिस्से में एक लौ है।

✔️नृत्य की पूरी प्रक्रिया ज्वाला माला या आग की माला से घिरी होती है।

✔️भगवान शिव की जटाएँ दोनों ओर उड़ती हैं जो ज्वाला माला को छूती हैं।

✔️इस मॉडल के कई रूप हैं.

💠Classical languages of India


⚛Following criteria for "Classical Language in India”.

⚛High antiquity of early texts/recorded history over period of 1500–2000 years

⚛Body of ancient literature/texts, that considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers

⚛Literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community

⚛Classical language and literature being distinct from modern,

1. Tamil (in 2004)
2. Sanskrit (in 2005)
3. Kannada (in 2008)
4. Telugu (in 2008)
5. Malayalam (in 2013)
6. Odia (in 2014)


💠भारत की शास्त्रीय भाषाएँ

"भारत में शास्त्रीय भाषा" के लिए निम्नलिखित मानदंड।

⚛1500-2000 वर्षों की अवधि में प्रारंभिक ग्रंथों/अभिलिखित इतिहास की उच्च प्राचीनता

⚛प्राचीन साहित्य/ग्रंथों का संग्रह, जिसे वक्ताओं की पीढ़ियों द्वारा एक मूल्यवान विरासत माना जाता है

⚛साहित्यिक परंपरा मौलिक होनी चाहिए और किसी अन्य भाषण समुदाय से उधार नहीं ली जानी चाहिए

⚛शास्त्रीय भाषा और साहित्य का आधुनिक से भिन्न होना,

1. तमिल (2004 में)
2. संस्कृत (2005 में)
3. कन्नड़ (2008 में)
4. तेलुगु (2008 में)
5. मलयालम (2013 में)
6. उड़िया (2014 में)

⭐️ Indian Bronze Sculptures

Bronze is an alloy that we know is obtained from the mixing of tin and copper and the Indians have mastered the sculpture of bronze and casting process as well. There are most of the sculptures of bronze which are used for ritual worship and are distinguished by elegant beauty and aesthetic appeal and then later simultaneously the metal-casting process kept on being utilised for making articles of daily use. Such as utensils which were used for cooking, and eating, and drinking, etc.

⏺ The earliest Indian bronze sculptures perhaps dates back to 2500 BCE in the form of a girl who is dancing in a tribhanga posture that is Mohenjodaro.

⏺ At the Daimabad which is said to be the archaeological site in Maharashtra on the left bank of the Pravara River. These were the wheels of which were at that time represented in circular shapes: driver or human rider has been elongated. and along with that all the bulls in the forefront are modelled in muscular forms.

⏺ There were some of the interesting images of Jain Tirthankaras which have been discovered from Chausa, and state of Bihar.

⏺ Although we have also found out that the Tirthankaras are noted by their short curly hair, the depiction of Rishabhnath or Adinath. Which is Adinatha a title of Rishabhanatha the first Tirthankara of Jainism that is remarkable for the reason that he is identified with long hair locks dropping to his shoulders.


📍 Bronze Sculpture of Gupta And Non-Guptas

⏺ There were many standing images of Buddha with the right hand in abhaya mudra which is renoud as the gesture of fearlessness. And the gesture of safety and reassurance were cast in North India, that was during the Gupta and Post-Gupta periods which lasted for 5th, 6th ,7th Century AD.

⏺ The sanghati which is also Monastic Robe is wrapped to cover the shoulders which turn over the arms, specifically the right arm. while there was another end of the drapery that is wrapped over the left arm and the whole figure is treated with refinement. There is also a certain delicacy which we say frankly in the treatment of the torso that is the head and limbs. In comparison with the style of Kushana the figure generally appears youthful and proportionate.

⏺ In the typical bronze sculpture from Dhanesar Khera, and Uttar Pradesh, the Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image usually inscription provides an important documentation on the local dynasty of the Gupta that is the folds of the drapery are treated as in the Mathura style that is in a series of dropping down curves.

⏺ There is a very outstanding example of Sarnath-style bronzes which have foldless drapery is that of the image of Buddha at Sultanganj, at Bihar, that si the monumental bronze figure and the typical refined style of these bronzes is the hallmark of the which has this quality that is classical.


🔍 Bronze Sculptures of The Natraj
⏺ The dance of lord Shiva is associated with the end of the cosmic world.
⏺ The meaning of nataraja is ‘Lord of the Dance’.
⏺ Lord Shiva is seen balancing on his right leg in that statue. The foot of the right leg is suppressing the apasmara that is the demon of forgetfulness or ignorance.
⏺ In his left hand is the Bhujanga Trasita stance that depicts kicking away tirobhava or we can say that the illusion from the devotee’s mind.
⏺ The four arms which are outstretched.
⏺ The very Main right hand is in the Abhayahasta.
⏺ The right upper holds the Damaru that is his favourite musical instrument – a percussion instrument to keep rhythm.
⏺ The main left hand is in the position of Dolahasta and connects with the right hand’s Abhayahasta.
⏺ The left upper carries a flame.
⏺ The entire process of dancing is surrounded by the jvala mala or the garland of flames.
⏺ The lord Shiva locks fly on either side which is touching the jvala mala.
⏺ There are many variations of this model.