Mentor Match

Trick to Remember Some bi-carboxylic acid

1.Oxalic acid-0 carbon- Oh

2.Maleic acid- 1 carbon- My

3.Succinic acid- 2 carbon- Sun

4.Glutamic acid-3 carbon-Go

5.Adipic acid- 4 carbon- And

6.Palmitic acid- 5 carbon- play

Number of carbons refers number of -CH2 group between two COOH group.

For e.g HOOC-COOH (OXALIC ACID) there is no CH2 group between carboxyl. Maleic acid is HOOC-CH2-COOH there is one CH2 group in betwen. This is how you can remember some bi-carboxylic acid.

✌️IMP OF PLANT KINGDOM✌️

👉Isogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Ulothrix (flagellated)
Spirogyra (non-flagellated)

👉Anisogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Udorina

👉Oogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Volvox, Fucus

👉Algin- Brown Algae

👉Carragreen - Red Algae

👉Agar- Gelidium, Gracilaria
(Red algae)

👉Motile asexual spores in algae- Zoospores

👉Laminarin, Mannitol- Complex carbohydrates of Brown algae

👉Fucoxanthin- Brown Algae

👉Phycoerythrin- Red Algae

👉Floridean Starch Found in Red algae, similar to amylopectin and glycogen

👉The main plant body is a gametophyte- Bryophytes

👉Peat- Sphagnum

👉Microphylls- Selaginella

👉Macrophylls- Fern

▒ EXAMPLES OF ANALOGOUS ORGAN

■WINGS OF BAT AND BIRDS ARE ANALOGOUS TO WINGS OF INSECTS

■STING OF BEE AND SCORPION

■PHYLLOCLADE OF RUSCUS AND LEAF

■CHLORAGOGANE CELL OF PHERETIMA AND LIVER OF VERTEBRAE

■POTATO AND SWEET POTATO

■EYES OF OCTOPUS AND MAMMALS (DIFFERENT IN THEIR RETINAL POSITION)

■FLIPPERS OF PENGUIN (BIRD) AND DOLPHINS (MAMMALS)

🔰 Role of nutrients and their deficiency Symptoms 🔰

#Nitrogen

▪️Impart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth

▪️ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein

▪️ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.

▪️ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin

#Deficiency

▪️ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.

▪️V shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.

#Disease

▪️Starvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.

▪️Buttoning in cauliflower.

#Phosphorous

▪️Increase the disease resistance.

▪️ Enhance new cell formation and necessary for root development.

▪️Required for grain formation and maturity of grains.

▪️Phosphorus is essential constituent for nucleic acid and phytin.

▪️Most essential functions are energy storage and transfer energy act as "energy currency".

#Deficiency

▪️Due to deficiency of single element the life cycle of plant can't be completed hence (Agricultureexamslibrary) Phosphorus is called " key of life "

▪️Deficiency imparts dark green colour in leaves.

▪️Later develops red purple colourration.

#Disease

▪️Sickle leaf diseases.

#Potassium

▪️Most essential function of K+ is stomata regulation.

▪️Provides disease resistance in plants.

▪️Cofactor for enzymes.

▪️Formation and translocation of Sugars.

▪️Helps in chlorophyll formation.

#Deficiency

▪️Spot of dead tissue at tips.

▪️Scorching and burning on margins of autumn leaves.

#Disease

▪️Rottle/ dieback disease.

#Calcium

▪️ It is constituent of cell wall

▪️ Calcium is a mobile in plants and deficiency symptoms appear on Meristem tip portion.

# Deficiency

▪️ Terminal bud die

#Disease

▪️Tip hooking.

▪️ Blossom end rot of tomato(BER).

▪️Popping in groundnut.


#Magnesium

▪️ Essential constituent of chlorophyll.

▪️ Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.

▪️Chlorosis between veins.

#Disease

▪️Sand -drown disease of tobacco.

#Sulphur

▪️ Sulphur oxidizing Bacteria is Thiobacillus.

▪️Sulphur is essential for oil seed and pulses because it improves oil content and protein content in oil seeds and pulses, respectively.

#Disease

▪️Akiochi disease of rice due to Excess of hydrogen sulphide.

▪️Tea yellow disease of tea.

#Iron

▪️Fe is the component of nitrate reductase.

▪️Required for nitrogen fixation.

▪️During respiration act as O2 carrier.

#Deficiency

▪️Interveinal complete chlorosis.

▪️Scorching of leaf margin.

▪️Yellowing of iron chlorosis in groundnut.

#Manganese

▪️Formation of chlorophyll.

▪️Co-factor of enzyme.

▪️Mn toxicity causes crinckle leaf of cotton.

#Deficiency

▪️Dead spot on leaves.

#Desease

▪️Marsh spot of pea.

▪️Pahala blight of sugarcane.

#Copper
@agricultureexams2020

▪️Compound of plastocyanin.

▪Essential for photosynthesis/ respiration.Agriexams library

▪️Dieback and reclamation disease of cereals.

#Boron

▪ Necessary for Pollen germination.

▪️Boron is the only non-metal element among the micronutrient.

▪️It is necessary for translocation of Sugars and is involved in reproduction and germination of pollen.

#Disease : due to deficiency

▪️Browning of cauliflower is caused by Boron deficiency.

▪️Top sickness of tobacco.

▪️Fruit cracking of tomato.

▪️Hard fruit of citrus.

▪️Hen and chick disease of grape.

#Zinc

▪️In plants it is required for biosynthesis of hormones.

▪️Zn deficiency causes-

-White bud of maize.
-Khaira disease of rice.
-Little leaf of cotton.
-Mottled leaf of citrus.
-Rosette formation.

#Cobalt

▪️It is component of Vitamin B

▪️It is essential for formation of type of hemoglobin in N-fixing nodule tissue known as leghaemogloin.

▪️Act as O2 carrier in roots.

▪️Also known as animal protein factor.

#Molybdenum

▪️Mo: absorbed as molybdate MoO4-2 forms.

▪️Mo is important component of enzyme: Nitrate reductage.

▪️N-fixation in pulses.

▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to deficiency of Mo.

▪️Mo is required for carrot & raphanus for sweetness.

♦️TRICK TO LEARN PLACENTATION
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■MP

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■ FREE DATA WANTS PREM

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■ BASKET OF SUNFLOWER & MARIGOLD

★BASAL ⮕ Sunflower ;Marigold

❇️ MNEMONIC TO LEARN ❇️

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✍️Revision Notes on Vectors✍️
➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

Some Basic Results of Vector Calculus:
1) Vectors in the same direction can be added by simply adding their magnitudes. But if the vectors to be added are in opposite directions, then their magnitudes are subtracted and not added.

2) Column vectors can be added by simply adding the values in each row.

3) You can find the magnitude of a vector in three dimensions by using the formula a2 = b2 + c2 + d2, where a is the magnitude of the vector, and b, c, and d are the components in each direction.

4) If l1a + m1b = l2a + m2b then l1 = l2 and m1 = m2

5) Collinear Vectors are also parallel vectors except that they lie on the same line.

6) When two vectors are parallel, the dot product of the vectors is 1 and their cross product is zero.

7)Two collinear vectors are always linearly dependent.

😍 Two non-collinear non-zero vectors are always linearly independent

9) Three coplanar vectors are always linearly dependent.

10) Three non-coplanar non-zero vectors are always linearly independent

11) More than 3 vectors are always linearly dependent.

12) Three vectors are linearly dependent if they are coplanar that means any one of them can be represented as a linear combination of other two.

🔥Notes on Chemical Bonding🔥

🔻Chemical bond:-

Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule.

There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate Bond.

🔻Octet Rule:

Atoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. eight electrons in their valence shell.

🔥Lewis Structures:

Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a ‘dash’ (-) usually called a ‘bond’.

Lone pairs or ‘non-bonded’ electrons are represented by ‘dots’.

Electrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons.

✌️Exceptions to the Octet Rule:

🔻Species with odd number of electrons: NO, NO2,

🔻Incomplete octet for the central atom: LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3

🔻Expanded octet for the central atom: PF5, SF6 and H2SO4

🔻Formal Charge:

Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure.

Formal charge = Total number of valence electrons in the free atom ) - (Total number of lone pairs of electrons) -1/2(Total number of shared electrons i.e. bonding electrons)

🔥Resonance:

For molecules and ions showing resonance it is not possible to draw a single Lewis structure.

All the properties of such species can only be explained by two or more Lewis structures. Example: Resonance of O3

🔥Ionic Bonding:

🔻Formation of Ionic Bond:
Formation of ionic bond takes place between a metal and a non-metal by transfer of electron.

🔥Ionization Energy

Formation of gaseous cations

A(g) + I.E. → A+ (g) + e


🔥Electron Affinity

Formation of gaseous anions

X(g) + e → X- (g) + E.A


🔥Lattice energy

Packing of ions of opposite charges to form ionic solids

A+ (g) + X- (g) →AX (s) +Energy


Conditions required of formation of ionic bonds:

🔻Low I.E of cation.

🔻High E.A of anion.

🔻High lattice energy.


⚡Covalent Bonding:

Covalent bond is formed between two non-metals by sharing of electrons.

🔻Electron pairs which participate in bonding are called bond pairs.

🔻Electron pairs which do not participate in bonding are called lone pairs.

There could be single, double or triple covalent bonds between two elements depending on the number of electrons being shared.

🔥VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory:

The shape of the molecule is determined by repulsions between all of the electron pairs present in the valence shell.

🔻Order of the repulsion: Lone pair.Lone pair > Lone pair. Bond pair > Bond pair. Bond pair.

🌡️Repulsion among the bond pairs is directly proportional to the bond order and electronegativity difference between the central atom and the other atoms.

Biology Daily Practice: Sharpen your skills and knowledge with daily exercises

🌟 Important Points of NCERT 🌟

1. 1770 : Joseph Priestley - Essential role of air in growth of green plant.
2. 1774 : Joseph Priestley - Discovered O2
.
3. 1831 : Robert Brown - Ist discovered and described nucleus.
4. 1838 : Schleiden (German Botanist) - Work on plants.
5. 1839 : Schwann(British Zoologist) - Work on both plants & animals.
6. 1855 : Rudolf Virchow - Omnis cellula-e-cellula (cells arises from
pre-existing cells).
7. Life originate from pre-existing life : Pasteur (Yeast).
8. Life originate from non-living (decaying & rotting matter) : Spontaneous
generation.
9. Life originate from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (RNA,
Protein)- Oparin (Russia) & Haldane (England)- Chemical Evolution.
10. 1856 - 1863 : Mendal experiment on garden pea. (7 years)
11. 1860 : Julius von Sachs - Developed hydroponics.
12. 1865 : Mendal published his work.
13. 1866 : Langdon Down - Down’s syndrome.
14. 1869 : Friedrich Meischer - Ist identified DNA and named it nuclein.
15. 1891 : Henking - Discovered X-body.
16. 1891 : Fossil discovered in Java - Homo erectus.
17. 1892 : Ivanowsky - Discovered virus.
18. 1898 : Beijerinek - Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).
19. 1898 : Camillo Golgi - Discovered (observed) G.B.
20. 1900 : de Vries, Corre ns and von Tsche rmak inde pende ntly
rediscovered Mendel’s results.
21. 1902 : Chromosome movement during meiosis has been worked out.
22. 1905 : Law of limiting factor (Blackmann).
23. 1928 : Fredrick Griffith - Transforming experiment with Streptococcus
pneumoniae (Diplococcus).
24. 1935 : Stanley - Crystallised viruses.
25. 1937 : Ramde o Misra obtained Ph.D. in Ecology from Lee ds
university (U.K.).
26. 1938 : Coelocanth fish caught in South Africa.
27. 1945 : Fleming, Chain & Florey - Awarded Nobel prize.
28. 1950 : Watson obtained Ph.D. on a study of the effect of hard X-rays
on bacteriophage multiplication.
29. 1951 : Family planning programme started in India.
30. 1952 : Hershey & Chase-experiment on bacteriophage or Bacterial virus
gives unequivocal proof that DNA is the genetic material.
31. 1953 : Miller experiment - Methane, ammonia, hydrogen & water
vapour.
32. 1953 : Watson & Crick - Double helical structure of B-DNA &
replication scheme.
33. 1953 : Palade : Discovered ribosome.
34. 1954 : Ramachandran - Triple helical model of collagen, published
in Nature.
35. 1954 : Crick complete d Ph.D. on a thesis “X-rays diffraction :
polypeptides and proteins.
36. 1958 : Meselson & Stahl - Work on E.coli proves semiconservative
replication of DNA in prokaryotes.
37. 1958 : Taylor - Work on Vicia faba proves semiconservative replication
of DNA in eukaryotes.
38. 1960 : Katherine Esau - Published “Anatomy of Seed Plants.”
39. 1961 : Melvin Calvin - Nobel Prize.
40. 1962 : Watson, Crick and Wilikins - Nobel Prize.
41. 1963 : Wheat varieties (Sonalika & Kalyan sona) introduced.
42. 1963 : Two enzyme responsible for restricting growth of bacteriophage
in E.coli were isolated.
43. 1966 : Derivative of IR-8 & Taichung native-I introduced.
44. 1969 : Whittaker - Five kingdom classification.
45. 1971 : Govt. of India legalized MTP.
46. 1971 : Diener- Discovered Viroid(free RNA without capsid).
47. 1972 : Singer & Nicolson - Fluid mosaic model.
48. 1972 : Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer - Formed Ist recombinant DNA.
49. 1972 : Establishme nt of NCEPC - National Committe e for
Environmental Planning & Coordination.
50. 1974 : Water act.
51. 1980 : Joint forest management, (JFM).
52. 1981 : AIDS was Ist reported.
53. 1981 : Air act.
54. 1983 : Eli Lily (An American company) produces insulin in E.coli by
recombinant DNA technology.
55. 1984 : Establishment of MOEF : Ministry of Environment & Forest.
56. 1986 : Environment Protection Act.
57. 1987 : Montreal protocol. Held in Montreal, Canada.

बेवजह यूँ खामोश हो के बैठा है, ना जाने कौन सा अफ़सोस ले के बैठा है I ख्वाइशों की पतंग को थोड़ी ढील दे, अपने ख्वाबों के उड़ान को नई मोड़ दे II - Good Morning

BIOLOGY TRICKS ✨✨

Learn the type of epithelium present at various sites in our body:

1. Simple Squamous: BLEM
B - Bowmans Capsule
L- Lung Alveoli
E- Endothelium
M - Mesothelium

2. Simple Cuboidal: ROT
R- Renal tubules
O -Outer Enamel Epithelium
T- Thyroid Follicles

3. Simple Columnar: BIG SIR
B - Brain
I - Intestines
G- Gall Bladder
S- Stomach
I - Inner Enamel Epithelium
R - Resp Tract

4. Pseudostratified Columnar: Pls doNNT Booze
P - Paranasal Sinus
N- Nasal Cavity
N- Nasopharynx
T-Trachea
B- Bronchi



Click Here 🚀 to Clear Your Questions :https://mentormatch.onelink.me/Q6VB/post

Do you Know?

Learn the atomic masses of elements from 1 - 20

Just learn five exceptions i.e. - Hydrogen (1), Beryllium (9), Nitrogen (14), Chlorine (35.5) and Argon (40)

Rest you just take an atomic number say n. If n is odd, then the mass number is (2n+1) and if n is even the mass number is (2n).

Say N = 8, Oxygen, Mass Number is 16
Say N = 11, Sodium, Mass Number is 23

रात भर अच्छी नीड लेनी है

तो दिनभर ईमानदारी से मेहनत करनी पड़ेगी…

🙏 सुप्रभात 🙏

🔰 Important Facts About Human Body 🔰
=========================

🔸 Normal Sperm Count:
➖ 250-400 million/ejaculation

🔸 Menstrual cycle:
➖ 28 days

🔸 Menopause age:
➖ 45-50 years

🔸 Blood clotting time:
➖ 3-5 minutes

🔸 Weight of Brain:
➖ 1300-1400 gm in human adult

🔸 Normal Blood Pressure (B.P.):
➖ 120/80 mm Hg

🔸 Average body weight:
➖ 70 kg

🔸 Normal body temperature:
➖ 37 degree celsius

🔸 Breathing Rate at rest:
➖ 12-16/minute

🔸 Number of Spinal Nerves:
➖ 31 pairs

🔸 Largest Endocrine Gland:
➖ Thyroid gland

🔸 Gestation period:
➖ 40 weeks or 9 calendar months

🔸 Normal Heart Beat at rest:
➖ 72 beats per minute

🔸 Largest Gland:
➖ Liver

🔸 Largest Muscle in the body:
➖ Gluteus Maximus or Buttock Muscle

🔸 Smallest Muscle in the body:
➖ Stapedius

🔸 Largest Artery:
➖ Aorta

🔸 Largest Vein:
➖ Inferior Vena Cava

🔸 Largest and longest Nerve:
➖ Sciatic Nerve

🔸 Longest Cell:
➖ Neurons (nerve cells)

🔸 Minimum distance for proper vision:
➖ 25 cm

कामयाब होना है तो एक बात गांठ बाँध लो,

पाँव भले ही फिसल जाए

लेकिन जुबान कभी नहीं फिसलनी चाहिए

✍️Revision Notes on Vectors✍️
➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

Some Basic Results of Vector Calculus:
1) Vectors in the same direction can be added by simply adding their magnitudes. But if the vectors to be added are in opposite directions, then their magnitudes are subtracted and not added.

2) Column vectors can be added by simply adding the values in each row.

3) You can find the magnitude of a vector in three dimensions by using the formula a2 = b2 + c2 + d2, where a is the magnitude of the vector, and b, c, and d are the components in each direction.

4) If l1a + m1b = l2a + m2b then l1 = l2 and m1 = m2

5) Collinear Vectors are also parallel vectors except that they lie on the same line.

6) When two vectors are parallel, the dot product of the vectors is 1 and their cross product is zero.

7)Two collinear vectors are always linearly dependent.

8) Two non-collinear non-zero vectors are always linearly independent

9) Three coplanar vectors are always linearly dependent.

10) Three non-coplanar non-zero vectors are always linearly independent

11) More than 3 vectors are always linearly dependent.

12) Three vectors are linearly dependent if they are coplanar that means any one of them can be represented as a linear combination of other two.

भरोसा अगर खुद पर है तो वो आपकी ताकत है

और अगर दूसरों पर है तो वो आपकी कमजोरी।

गुड मॉर्निंग।

Important Scientists & their theories frm Molecular Basis

1) Fredrick Griffith (1928) - Transformation Principle

2)Avery,Mcleoid &Maclarty (1933-44) - Neither Protein Nor Rna its Dna

3)Harshy Chase(1952) - Bacteriophage exp

4)Maselson &Sthal -Semi cons model of rep(prokaryotes)

5)Taylor -Vicia Fabea Plant (Eukaryotes)

6)Willkins - X ray Crystallography

7)Rosen & Franklin -Helical st of Dna

8)Watson & Crick(1953) -Double helical Dna

9)Crick - Central Dogma

10)Benzer - Benzer Model of Dna (Cistron,Recon ,Muton)

11) Jacob & Monad (1961) - Lac Operon

12)Nirenberg & Khorana - cracking of genetic code

13)Nirenberg - Dicephering Of Codon

14)Hugo De Varies - Mutation Theory

15)Holley - Clover leaf Model

16)Gammow - Codon Is Triplet


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Various forms and function of essential nutrients-

Nitrogen- required by plants in greatest amount, it is absorbed by plants as NO2–, NO3– and NH4+ . It is one of the major constituent of proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins.

Phosphorus- Absorbed by plants from soil in the form of phosphate ions. It is the constituent of cell membrane. All nucleic acids and nucleotides require phosphorus.

Potassium – absorbed as potassium ions (K+). Help to maintain cation-anion balance in cells. It is involved in protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata.

Calcium – absorbed by plants from soil in form of Calcium ions (Ca2+). Used in synthesis of cell wall. It activates certain enzymes.

Magnesium- absorbed by plants in form of Mg2+ ions. It activates the enzymes for respiration, photosynthesis, and involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is constituent of chlorophyll.

Sulphur- plants obtain sulphur in form of sulphate (SO42-). Present in amino acids (cysteine, methionine) and is main constituent of coenzymes and vitamins.

Iron- obtained in the form of ferric iron (Fe3+). It is important constituent of protein involved in transport system.

Manganese-absorbed in form of Mn2+ ions. Main function is splitting of water to liberate Hydrogen and Oxygen during photosynthesis.

Zinc-obtained as Zn2+ ions. Activate enzymes like carboxylases. Needed in formation of Auxin.

Copper –absorbed as cupric ions(Cu2+). Involved in various metabolic activities and redox reactions.

Boron-absorbed as BO33- or B4O72- ions. Required for uptake of calcium, cell elongation and pollen germination.

Chlorine – it is absorbed in form of Cl– ions. Determine the solute concentration and splitting of water during photosynthesis