Civilsquare Academy

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-2/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission.

💡Synopsis will be sent at 10 PM everyday.

Schemes for Urea Production in India:
1.    Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS): Encourages balanced fertilisation and optimises subsidy allocation for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
2.    Neem-Coated Urea: Introduced in 2015 to curb diversion for non-agricultural uses and improve nitrogen use efficiency.
3.    Nano Urea: Launched in 2021 to reduce overuse of conventional urea and enhance crop productivity.
4.    Energy Efficiency Norms: Mandated adoption of energy-efficient technologies for new urea plants.
5.    Atmanirbhar Bharat Initiative: Boosts domestic manufacturing capacity to reduce reliance on imports.

#Government_schemes

🔆 HAND-IN-HAND (HIH) INITIATIVE: Key Facts

📍 Context
✅ Recently, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) Director-General opened the third Hand-in-Hand Investment Forum.

📍 About Hand-in-Hand Initiative :
Launched in 2019, it is a flagship program of the FAO.
✅ The initiative aims to:
✅ Eradicate poverty (SDG1),
✅ End hunger and malnutrition (SDG2),
✅ Reduce inequalities (SDG10).

It focuses on accelerating market-based transformation of agri-food systems to:
✅ Raise incomes,
✅ Improve nutrition,
✅ Empower vulnerable populations,
✅ Strengthen resilience to climate change.

Member countries: 72 countries have joined, but India is not a member.

📍 About FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation)
🌾 FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN), leading global efforts to defeat hunger.
🏛 It is the oldest permanent specialized UN agency, founded in October 1945.
🌱 Mandate:
✅ Improve nutrition,
✅ Increase agricultural productivity,
✅ Raise the standard of living in rural areas, and
✅ Contribute to global economic growth.
🌍 Members: 194 Member States plus the European Union.
🇮🇳 India has been a member since 1945, with the headquarters in Rome, Italy.

#security

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-1/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission.

💡Synopsis will be sent at 10 PM everyday.

North Sea is bounded by the coastlines:

Trick: " GuN SEND to BSF "

G - Germany
Nv- Netherland
Sc- Sweden
Ec- England
N - Norway
D - Denmark
B - Belgium
S - Scotland
F - France..

HP GK Class Link -
https://meet.google.com/kdb-kuum-jes

HP gk class at 8:00 PM.

Delhi CMs

HP Gk Class-
https://meet.google.com/qnf-kwfq-wig

Class Link - https://meet.google.com/uwe-irpp-rwp

HP Gk class at 8 PM.

Topic- River Beas

On Special Request of Aspirants.
Indian Polity Class is scheduled for today.

Link-
https://meet.google.com/puj-jeib-raj

Indian Polity Class.

For HAS Aspirants.
Don’t miss.

On GoogleMeet at 8:00 PM, today.

Schemes for Urea Production in India:

1.    Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS): Encourages balanced fertilisation and optimises subsidy allocation for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
2.    Neem-Coated Urea: Introduced in 2015 to curb diversion for non-agricultural uses and improve nitrogen use efficiency.
3.    Nano Urea: Launched in 2021 to reduce overuse of conventional urea and enhance crop productivity.
4.    Energy Efficiency Norms: Mandated adoption of energy-efficient technologies for new urea plants.
5.    Atmanirbhar Bharat Initiative: Boosts domestic manufacturing capacity to reduce reliance on imports.

HP Gk

Class link- https://meet.google.com/cxs-tnve-ozf

HP gk class will be at 8 PM.

Topic - Drainage in Himachal.
Discussion on River Satluj.

𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 🏆 🇮🇳

Congratulations India 👏

#U19WorldCup #SAvIND

Important Dates in February 2025.

Note -

HP gk class will be conducted tomorrow at 8 PM.

HP Gk Class Link-

https://meet.google.com/xxi-kbij-ubz

🌾 India’s Food Subsidy and Crop Production: Key Highlights

📊 Food Subsidy Trends (2017–2024)
✅ 2017-18: ₹1,00,000 crore
✅ 2018-19: ₹1,20,000 crore
✅ 2019-20: ₹1,50,000 crore
✅2020-21:₹6,00,000 crore(Peak)
✅ 2021-22: ₹2,50,000 crore
✅ 2022-23: ₹3,00,000 crore
✅ 2023-24: ₹2,50,000 crore


🌾 State-Wise Leading Crop Producers
✅ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan
✅ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat

🌱 Major Crops Overview

🌾 Rice
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal
✅ Temperature: 21–37°C
✅ Rainfall: 100 cm+

🌾 Wheat
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
✅ Temperature: 10–25°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–75 cm

🌽 Maize
✅ Global Producers: USA
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm

🌾 Sugarcane
✅ Global Producers: Brazil > India
✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 75–100 cm

🌿 Tea
✅ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya
✅ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 20–30°C
✅ Rainfall: 150–300 cm

☕️ Coffee
✅ Global Producers: Brazil
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu
✅ Temperature: 15–28°C

🌾 Cotton
✅ Global Producers: China > India > USA
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana
✅ Temperature: 21–27°C
✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm

🌱 Other Important Crops

🌿 Groundnut
✅ Global Producers: China > India
✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh

🌻 Sunflower
✅ Global Producers: Ukraine
✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha

🌾 Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL
✅ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh

🌾 Jute and Mesta
✅ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh
✅ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam

🌱 Rubber
✅ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India
✅ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka
✅ Temperature: 25°C+
✅ Rainfall: 200 cm+

Hp gk Class Link -

Join the meeting: https://meet.google.com/ppn-xbvh-trz

For HAS Prelims and Allied Services.

🔆Anterior Pituitary Hormones

📍6 Key Hormones
✅ F – FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
✅ L – LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
✅ A – ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
✅ T – TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
✅ P – Prolactin
✅ G – GH (Growth Hormone)

📍Trick to Remember
🧠 FLAT PiG
✅F – FSH
✅L – LH
✅A – ACTH
✅T – TSH
✅P – Prolactin
✅G – Growth Hormone

Class Link

Join the meeting: https://meet.google.com/poh-ceec-kaf

Shobhla Himachal.

Thanks to the brave efforts of Dr. Y.S Parmar for championing the cause of statehood. This day holds profound significance, marking the formal recognition of the state within the constitutional framework of India.

#HappyHimachalStatehoodDay

HP gk class -

Join the meeting: https://meet.google.com/vun-qrzq-cgs

Link

Join the meeting: https://meet.google.com/kgn-fxbc-xes

HP Gk Class at 8 PM

Topic- Mid Himlayas.

On GoogleMeet

ऑल इंडिया रेडियो के आर्काइव से नेताजी सुभाष चंद्र बोस जी का ओजस्वी भाषण सुनिए.

उनके शब्दों में ऐसा ओज और संकल्प था जो लाखों भारतीयों के दिलों में आजादी की लौ जलाने का काम करता था. नेताजी ने भारत के स्वतंत्र और सशक्त भविष्य का सपना देखा और उसे साकार करने के लिए अपना सर्वस्व न्योछावर कर दिया.

नेताजी के जन्म जयंती "पराक्रम दिवस" के अवसर पर उन्हें सादर नमन.

#नेताजी_सुभाष_चंद्र_बोस

There will be NO class today.
Recordings will be provided from tomorrow.

HP GK Class-

https://meet.google.com/ixd-ibby-rjg

Join Newspaper WhatsApp group -
https://chat.whatsapp.com/IfMa2lImxTz6Qo4MQXewJ7

Kindly share the link further.

🔆 Bay of Biscay: A Key Feature of the North Atlantic

📍 Location
✅ Situated along the western coast of Europe, bordered by France (east) and Spain (south).
✅ Lies between 46°N and 43°N latitude, connected to the North Atlantic Ocean.

📍 Key Features
✅ Shape & Size: Triangular-shaped bay, spanning approximately 225,000 km².
✅ Depth: Shallow near the coast; Bay of Biscay Abyssal Plain reaches depths of up to 4,735 meters.
✅ Major Rivers: Receives waters from Loire, Gironde, and Adour in France.

📍 Oceanographic Importance
✅ Strong Tides: Known for its high tidal ranges and rough seas.
✅ Winter Storms: Frequent storms and powerful waves, especially in the northwestern part.
✅ Marine Life: Rich biodiversity, with whales, dolphins, and seabirds commonly sighted.

📍 Historical Significance
✅ Ancient Navigation: Vital for early maritime trade and fishing activities.
✅ Naval History: Site of major battles during the Napoleonic Wars and World War II.

📍 Economic Importance
✅ Fishing Industry: Historically a major fishing zone, though overfishing has led to reduced stocks.
✅ Port Cities: Key ports like Bordeaux (France) and Bilbao (Spain).

📍 Unique Insights
✅ Underwater Features: Includes submarine canyons like Capbreton Canyon and sedimentary basins.
✅ Climate Impact: Affected by the Gulf Stream, contributing to milder climates in coastal regions.
✅ Rare Marine Species: Home to unique cold-water coral ecosystems and rare cetacean species.

Class link
Join the meeting: https://meet.google.com/zph-ydfi-gqi

HP Gk Class @ 8 PM
For Prelims and Mains. With complete map learning.
Topic - Shivaliks.
On GoogleMeet.
Don’t miss.

HP GK class LIVE
LINK
Join the meeting: https://meet.google.com/izd-zjgq-udy

Class Link --
Join the meeting: https://meet.google.com/ovp-qyvp-wqp

💡HAS Online Class
🎯Subject- HP Gk
Topic- Relief of Himachal.

📖 Class at 8 PM. On GoogleMeet

What are the various tenets proposed by him?
• Promoted secularism – He outrightly rejected fanatism, sectarianism, and bigotry that led to violence.
• He argued that ridiculing another’s God was tantamount to ridiculing one’s own religion.
• Idea of oneness – This idea of his stemmed from the ideals of Vedanta and monism, which affirm the unity of all existence.
• Feed the hunger - Vivekananda preferred to feed the hungry before preaching about God.
• In his Chicago speech in 1983, he also criticised Christian missionaries for prioritising the construction of churches over addressing the plight of the starving.
Vivekananda stated, “I do not believe in God or religion which cannot wipe the widow’s tears or bring a piece of bread to the orphan’s mouth.”
• Promotes unity – He expressed regret for those who envisioned the exclusive survival of their religion, saying that true religion embraces unity in diversity.
What is Vivekananda’s idea of India’s nationalism?
• Nationalism – He criticised modern material civilization and asserted the cultural roots of nationalism in India.
• It is because of its spiritual foundation, Indian civilization survived the test of time, unlike the Greek, Roman, and Egyptian civilizations.
• Idea of centre – He argued that every nation has a centre and its survival depends on preserving this core.
• He found religion as the centre of India.
• Centre of the world’s spirituality – He urged to begin a wave of spirituality to rejuvenate the nation.
• Vedantic spiritualism – He viewed it as the solution to India’s subjugation and the means to saving humanity from the destructive effects of Western materialism.
How his spiritual nationalism helped in freedom struggle?
In The Discovery of India, Jawaharlal Nehru wrote that Vivekananda “came as a tonic to the depressed and demoralized Hindu mind.”
• Inculcated nationalism – By the 19th century, Hindu mysticism and spirituality played a dominant role in inculcating a sense of national spirit among the masses.
• Vivekananda emerged as one of its earliest and vocal exponents.
• Influenced leaders - Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Mahatma Gandhi got influenced with this idea during India’s national movement.
What are the attributes he emphasised for the youth?
• He emphasised that to regenerate the nation, it’s important to overcome physical weakness and embrace masculine qualities like courage, strength, and resilience.
• Focus on physical strength – He argued that the first step toward national regeneration was strengthening the body.
• He justified the use of physical force in self-defense, stressing the importance of fighting against oppression.
• Emphasis on sports – He believed that the young would be closer to heaven through football than reading the Gita.
• Ascetic nationalist masculinity – It is a combination of physical strength with spiritual discipline.
• He urged his disciples to be ready to engage in deep meditation and rise from it to go to the field.
◦ Physical vigour – symbolised by biceps
◦ Gita – Way to overcome challenges posed by British rule in India.


His historic clarion call to “arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached” inspired Indian leaders to awaken colonial India from its long slumber.

Ideologies and Vision of Swami Vivekananda
Why in News?
Swami Vivekananda Jayanti, also known as National Youth Day since 1984 is celebrated annually on January 12, 2025 to marks his birth anniversary.

What is practical Vedanta of Vivekananda?
Early Life of Swami Vivekananda
• Birth date - January 12, 1863.
• Birth name - Narendra Nath Datta.
• Life span – 39 years (1863-1902).
• Guru - Ramakrishna Paramahamsa of Bengal, who was introduced in 1881 by Keshab Chandra Sen, the founder of Brahmo Samaj of India where Vivekananda stayed.

• After Ramakrishna’s death – He devoted his life to the regeneration of Hindu society.

• He sought to reconcile the dualistic philosophy he inherited from his master with his belief in Advaita philosophy.

• He believed in the supreme authority of Vedas and the immutable status of Upanishads.

• For him, Vedic religion was both universal and tolerant.

• Need for a change - He was of the view that the truths of Vedanta have little appeal for people suffering from hunger and poverty and which led him to introduce his version of practical Vedanta. 

• Practical Vedanta – It harmonised seemingly incompatible philosophies, including dualism and monism.

◦ Aim - To integrate devotion to God with compassion for fellow beings.
• Prioritised the alleviation of poverty - He found it futile, insulting, and meaningless to preach scriptures without providing food to people suffering from poverty.
• Social service – Inspired by his master’s words that religion is not for empty stomachs, he emphasised the significance of social service.
Vivekananda returned to India in 1897 and went on to establish Ramakrishna Mission (1897), which primarily worked through social service and preaching.  In 1899, he established the Belur Math in Howrah, West Bengal, which became his permanent abode.

How he revived Hinduism?
• Vivekananda’s address at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago on September 11, 1893 marked a turning point in the universal assertion of Hindu identity.
• He presented a liberal and humane Hinduism as the path towards progress and unity.
• Stated the antiquity of Hinduism - He referred to Hinduism as the “mother of religions”, and asserted its legacy of tolerance and universal acceptance.
• Projected quality of tolerance – He reiterated that tolerance is the core of Hinduism.
• He highlighted Hinduism’s historic role in offering refuge to persecuted sects from around the world and affirmed that this sense of tolerance is intrinsic to the “blood of the nation”.
• Interdependence of Hinduism and Buddhism – He said that “Hinduism cannot live without Buddhism, nor Buddhism without Hinduism.
• Buddhists cannot stand without the brain and philosophy of the Brahmins, nor the Brahmin without the heart of the Buddhist.

No HP GK class today.

Happy Lohri to all.

Class link https://meet.google.com/mdx-eerj-fco

HP Gk Class at 7PM on Google Meet.

Lecture 2. - Geography of Himachal.
Prelims and Mains Oriented Class.

Don't miss !!

Class Link -
https://meet.google.com/wbr-oidq-zhz

HP Gk Class at 7PM on Google Meet.
Prelims and Mains Oriented Class.

Don't miss !!

Buddhist council ( BC) :

✅1st BC - Rajgriha , ajatshatru
✅2nd BC - Vaishali , Kalasoka
✅3rd BC - Pataliputra , Ashoka
✅4th BC - Kashmir , Kanishka

Jain council ( JC) :

✅1st JC : pataliputra , Sthulbahu
✅2nd JC : Valabhi , svetambar , Devardhi Kshamasramana.

HPAS 2024 selected candidates optional subject list.

Rank
1 Economics
2 Physics
3 Zoology
4 Sociology
5 Sociology
6 History
7 Sociology
8 Sociology
9 Pol science
10 Sociology
11 Civil
12 Anthropology
13 Agri
14 Sociology
15 Geography
16 History
17 Pub add
18 History
19 Anthropology
20 Zoology

Do you agree with this ?

HP GK online classes starting from tomorrow.
Prelims & Mains Dedicated Batch.
At 7:00 PM.

Don’t miss.

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-2/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission.

💡Synopsis will be sent at 10 PM everyday.

🔆GPS Spoofing:

✅GPS spoofing, also known as GPS simulation, refers to the practice of manipulating or tricking a GPS receiver by broadcasting false GPS signals. 
✅Essentially, it misleads the GPS receiver into believing it is located somewhere it is not, resulting in the device providing inaccurate location data.
✅This form of cyberattack undermines the reliability of GPS data, which is vital for a variety of applications, from navigation to time synchronization and more.

📍How Does GPS Spoofing Work?

✅It exploits the inherent vulnerabilities in the GPS infrastructure – the weak signal strength of GPS satellites.
✅The Global Positioning System (GPS) functions by sending signals from satellites to GPS receivers on Earth.
✅These receivers then calculate their position based on the time it takes for these signals to arrive.
✅However, due to the weak signal strength of the GPS satellites, these signals can be easily overwhelmed by fake signals, resulting in inaccurate location data on the receiving device.
✅Typically, a GPS spoofer begins by acquiring a basic understanding of the victim’s GPS setup, including the types of signals it uses and how they are processed.
✅With that information, the attacker then sends counterfeit GPS signals that mimic the real ones.
✅These fake signals are stronger, causing the receiver to recognize them as authentic signals.
✅As a result, the victim’s GPS receiver ends up processing these counterfeit signals, leading to erroneous location information.

First factory of Europeans

✅ Portuguese - Calicut
✅ Britishers - Surat
✅ Dutch - Masulipatnam
✅ Danish - Tranquebar in Tamil Nadu
✅ French - Surat

#HAS_PrelimsFacts

Congratulations to all the selected candidates.

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-1/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission.

💡Synopsis will be sent at 10 PM everyday.

UNGA declared 2025 - year of quant science technology, cooperatives, peace and trust

2024- camellias
2023- millets

76th United Nation general assembly president Abdullah shahid

77th UNGA president - Philemon Yang is the current President of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA

Goodbye Sir!! History shall not only be kind but provide you a higher pedestal forever.

#ManmohanSingh

For HAS 2025 Prelims.

PM Modi has had 20 state honours since 2014.

Important for Disaster Management.

🔆Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (UDHR) & NHRC

✅The UDHR serves as a foundational document for the work of organizations like the NHRC in upholding human rights at the national level.
✅ Human Rights Day is celebrated on the 10th of December every year to commemorate the UDHR. 10 December 2023 marks the 75th anniversary of UDHR.
✅In December 1966, two global treaties were embraced by the UN General Assembly, significantly contributing to the development of international human rights. These treaties are:
✅ The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), overseen by the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
✅ The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), under the purview of the Human Rights Committee.
✅ The UDHR and these two Covenants together are known as the International Bill of Human Rights. India is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and has ratified ICESCR and ICCPR.

#polity #prelims

🔆The Types of Mountain

📍Based on Mode of Origin: 

✅Volcanic Mountains: Formed by the eruption of magma from the Earth's crust, creating peaks like those in Hawaii and Fiji. 
✅Fold Mountains: Created by the collision and folding of tectonic plates, such as the Himalayas and the Andes. 
✅Block Mountains: Formed by faulting and the movement of large blocks of the Earth's crust, leading to raised or dropped sections, like the Sierra Nevada. 
✅Dome Mountains: Created by magma pushing the Earth's crust upward, forming a dome-like structure, often exposed after erosion like Black Hills (US). 
✅Plateau Mountains: These mountains resemble dome mountains but are formed by colliding tectonic plates pushing up the land, shaped by weathering and erosion. 

📍Based on Period of Origin: 

✅Precambrian Mountains: Precambrian mountains are ancient ranges formed during the Precambrian era (4.6 billion to 541 million years ago).   
They have experienced extensive erosion and metamorphism over billions of years, leaving behind residual formations (e.g., Aravallis in India). 
✅Caledonian Mountains: Formed around 430 million years ago (e.g., Appalachians).
✅Hercynian Mountains: These mountains originated from the Carboniferous to Permian Period (approximately 340 million years and 225 million years) (e.g., Ural Mountains).
✅Alpine Mountains: The youngest mountain systems formed during the Tertiary period(66 million years ago) (e.g., Himalayas, Alps).

#geography

#ZakirHussain RIP

🔆Lion

✅ Symbol of Power: The lion is often associated with power and royalty
✅ In Hindu mythology, deities like Goddess Durga and Narasimha (an avatar of Lord Vishnu) are depicted riding or having a lion as their mount, symbolizing their divine authority and strength.
✅ Vehicle of Goddess Durga: In particular, the lion is the vahana (vehicle) of Goddess Durga.
✅ Lion capital of ashok: Its crowning features are four life-sized lions set back to back on a drum-shaped abacus
✅ Depict on numismatics forn example Western Chalukyas.
✅ Used in painting throughout history.
✅ Lion used as symbol in buddhism as a bodhisattava.

🔆India’s Antarctic Programme

✅India’s Antarctic Programme, managed by the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCPOR), began in 1981 with the first Indian expedition. NCPOR was established in 1998.
✅ Dakshin Gangotri: Dakshin Gangotri was India’s first research base in Antarctica, established in 1983. It was submerged in ice in 1988-89 and later decommissioned.
✅ Maitri: India’s second research station, was completed in 1989 in the Schirmacher Oasis. It also features Lake Priyadarshini, a freshwater lake created by India.
✅ Bharti: Operational since 2012, Bharti is India’s latest research station, located 3,000 km east of Maitri. It is designed to withstand harsh weather conditions.
✅ Sagar Nidhi: Commissioned in 2008, this ice-class vessel by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) can cut through 40 cm of ice. It supports various research activities, including ROV operations, deep-sea mining, and tsunami studies.

Important for ethics.

HAS MAINS Result Out.

Maori Haka

— Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke, a 22-year-old Maori Party MP, performed a powerful Maori haka in parliament in protest of a contentious Bill.

— The haka is of deep cultural significance to Maori identity and is traditionally performed by warriors on the battlefield or to welcome another tribe.

— The Haka traces its roots to the Maori people, the indigenous Polynesian inhabitants of Aotearoa (the Maori name for New Zealand). Traditionally, the haka was a ceremonial dance or challenge performed by warriors before battle.

— It was designed to intimidate opponents with synchronised movements, powerful chants, and piercing expressions.

#culture

Today in History
• 2005 World’s first successful partial face transplant
Drs Bernard Devauchelle, Benoit Lengelé, and Jean-Michel Dubernard used donor tissue to reconstruct the face of Isabelle Dinoire in Amiens, France. Isabelle Dinoire’s face had been mauled by a dog.

• 2001 Hubble detects the first planetary atmosphere outside the Solar System
The space telescope detected sodium on HD 209458 b, an exoplanet also known as Osiris. Belonging to a class of planets called hot Jupiter, because they are similar in size to Jupiter. Unlike Jupiter, however, these planets orbit very close to their stars and consequently have very high temperatures on their surfaces.

• 1989 World’s first living liver transplant
21-month old Alyssa Smith became the first person to receive a liver transplant from a living donor, her mother Teresa Smith at the University of Chicago Medical Center. The transplant occurred under the supervision of surgeons Christoph Broelsch, Richard Thistlethwaite, Thomas Heffron, and Jean Emond.

• 1978 Harvey Milk and George Moscone are assassinated
Milk was the first openly-gay person to be elected in local government in California. He and George Moscone, San Francisco's mayor at the time, were killed by a former member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.

• 1895 Alfred Nobel signes his last will
Alfred Nobel signed his last will which called for his estate and fortune that he made as the inventor of dynamite to be used for creating awards for those who contributed to the benefit of mankind. The will created 5 awards - in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace, and was signed in the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris.

Arrest warrants issued for Netanyahu, Gallant and Hamas commander over alleged war crimes

Judges at the International Criminal Court (ICC) have issued arrest warrants for Israel’s prime minister and former defence minister, as well as the military commander of Hamas.

A statement said a pre-trial chamber had rejected Israel’s challenges to the court’s jurisdiction and issued warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant.

Important 🚨

Q2. Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation – one election” principle. (Answer in 150 words)

#GS2 #Polity #HAS

Sunday Thought.

HP news -
मुख्य संसदीय सचिव मामले में प्रदेश सरकार को बड़ा झटका - मुख्य संसदीय सचिवों की नियुक्ति को असंवैधानिक करार।

HP News-

गुड गवर्नेंस सूचकांक में कांगड़ा जिला अव्वल - पुरस्कार के रूप में प्राप्त हुई 50 लाख की राशि।

Four Maps of #Africa that have high chance of scoring a Q in #HAS2025

Answer is ……

Very important

Justice Sanjiv Khanna Sworn In as 51st Chief Justice of India

Important

🔆 "Bharatiya Antriksh Station"

✅India will have its own Space Station by 2035, which will be known as "Bharatiya Antriksh Station"

✅ISRO and Department of Biotechnology Sign Landmark MoU, Ushering in New Era of Space and Biotech Innovation

✅A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains in orbit and hosts humans for extended periods of time. It therefore is an artificial satellite featuring habitation facilities.

✅The first space station was Salyut 1 (1971), hosting the first crew, of the ill-fated Soyuz 11. Consecutively space stations have been operated since Skylab (1973) and occupied since 1987 with the Salyut successor Mir. Uninterrupted occupation has been sustained since the operational transition from the Mir to the International Space Station (ISS), with its first occupation in 2000.

✅Currently there are two fully operational space stations – the ISS and China's Tiangong Space Station (TSS), which have been occupied since October 2000 with Expedition 1 and since June 2022.

Karmayogi Saptah and Mission Karmayogi

🔆𝗥𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗡𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝘆𝗰𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗲🌪🚨

1. Typhoons - China Sea
2. Tropical Cyclones - Indian Ocean
3. Hurricanes - Caribbean Sea
4. Tornadoes - USA
5. Willy Willies - Northern Australia
6. Baguio - Philippines
7. Taifu - Japan

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-8/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission

Note - Daily Answer Writing will resume from Monday.

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-7/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-6/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission

Day 6 Questions will be sent at 6 PM today.

🔆Torgya Festival, Arunachal Pradesh

✅Torgya festival is a monastic festival celebrated in the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. This festival is celebrated every year towards the end of January.

✅Torgya festival is very significant in Arunachal Pradesh as it celebrates the destruction of negative forces and the ushering in of prosperity, peace and good will. It is believed that the rituals performed during this festival would help ward off natural calamities and other disasters.

✅Rich presence of colour is one of the main features of this festival. Colourful dances mark the occasion along with the gaiety displayed everywhere.

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-5/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-4/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission.

For HAS Mains 2025.

All the Answers of Day 3 have been evaluated.

Note -

There will be no Questions and Saturdays and Sundays.

You can write and send the Answers of previous days’ questions.

Dusshera in Minto Park Lahore, 1923

All the Answers of Day 2 have been evaluated.

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-3/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission.

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-2/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission.

✅ All the Answers of Day 1 have been evaluated.

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-1/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to @BhushanRohta

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission.