Electrical and electronics engineering

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Measuring Voltage Unbalance

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By following these steps, you can systematically select electrical components that meet the design requirements and ensure the circuit’s success.

How to select electrical components for circuit design??

Selecting electrical components for circuit design involves several key steps to ensure the circuit functions as intended, is reliable, and meets all design requirements. Here’s a structured approach to selecting electrical components:

👉### 1. Define Circuit Requirements
- Functionality: Clearly define the purpose of the circuit (e.g., amplification, filtering, power supply).
- Performance Specifications: Determine key parameters such as voltage, current, power, frequency, and signal levels.🔋🔌
- Environmental Conditions: Consider operating temperature, humidity, vibration, and other environmental factors.
- Size and Weight Constraints: Specify any physical limitations for the circuit.🔌🔌
- Regulatory Compliance: Ensure the design meets relevant standards (e.g., FCC, CE, RoHS).
🚥🚥
👉### 2. Choose the Right Components
- Resistors: Select based on resistance value, power rating, tolerance, and temperature coefficient.
- Capacitors: Choose based on capacitance, voltage rating, tolerance, and type (e.g., ceramic, electrolytic, film).
- Inductors: Consider inductance value, current rating, and quality factor (Q).
- Diodes: Select based on forward voltage, reverse voltage, current rating, and switching speed.
👉🔋🚦 - Transistors: Choose based on type (BJT, MOSFET, etc.), voltage/current ratings, gain, and switching speed.
- Integrated Circuits (ICs): Select based on functionality (e.g., op-amps, microcontrollers), voltage/current ratings, and package type.
- Connectors and Switches: Ensure they match the mechanical and electrical requirements.

👉### 3. Consider Component Characteristics
- Tolerance: Ensure components have appropriate tolerance levels for the application.
- Temperature Coefficient: Consider how component values change with temperature.
- Frequency Response: Ensure components can handle the operating frequency range.
- Power Rating: Verify components can handle the expected power dissipation.
- Reliability and Lifespan: Choose components with a proven track record for reliability.

👉### 4. Simulate and Prototype
- Simulation: Use circuit simulation tools (e.g., SPICE, LTspice) to model the circuit and verify component choices.
- Prototyping: Build a prototype to test the circuit in real-world conditions and validate component selections.

👉### 5. Evaluate Cost and Availability
- Cost: Balance performance with budget constraints.
- Availability: Ensure components are readily available and not obsolete.
- Lead Time: Consider the lead time for components, especially for custom or specialized parts.

### 6. Review and Iterate
👉 - Testing: Thoroughly test the circuit to ensure it meets all specifications.
👉 - Feedback: Gather feedback from testing and make necessary adjustments to component selections.
👉 - Documentation: Keep detailed records of component choices, specifications, and test results.

### 7. Finalize Design
👉 - Bill of Materials (BOM): Create a comprehensive BOM listing all components with part numbers, values, and specifications.
👉 - Layout and Assembly: Ensure the PCB layout accommodates the selected components and consider manufacturability.

### Example: Selecting a Resistor for a Voltage Divider
👉1. Define Requirements: Need a voltage divider to output 3V from a 9V source.
👉2. Calculate Values: Use the voltage divider formula to determine resistor values.
👉3. Select Resistors: Choose resistors with appropriate resistance values, power rating (e.g., 1/4W), and tolerance (e.g., 1%).
👉4. Simulate: Verify the design using a simulation tool.
👉5. Prototype: Build and test the voltage divider circuit.
👉6. Evaluate: Check cost and availability of the selected resistors.
👉7. Finalize: Document the resistor choices in the BOM.

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👉Voltage and Current Values in Three-Phase Systems 👍👏

🔋🔌When we measure voltage and current in three-phase systems, we need to be specific as to where we’re measuring.

🔋🔌Line voltage refers to the amount of voltage measured between any two line conductors in a balanced three-phase system. With the above circuit, the line voltage is roughly 208 volts.

🔋🔌Phase voltage refers to the voltage measured across any one component (source winding or load impedance) in a balanced three-phase source or load.

🔋🚦🔌For the circuit shown above, the phase voltage is 120 volts. The terms line current and phase current follows the same logic: the former referring to the current through any one line conductor, and the latter to the current through any one component🔥

🔋👉🔌Y-connected sources and loads always have line voltages greater than phase voltages, and line currents equal to phase currents. If the Y-connected source or load is balanced, the line voltage will be equal to the phase voltage times the square root of 3.👍👏🔥🔥

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Blockchain Technology

👉 Blockchain is a system of recording information in a way that makes it difficult or impossible to change, hack, or cheat the system.

👉 A blockchain is essentially a digital ledger of transactions that is duplicated and distributed across the entire network of computer systems on the blockchain.

👉 Each block in the chain contains a number of transactions, and every time a new transaction occurs on the blockchain, a record of that transaction is added to every participant’s ledger.

👉 The decentralised database managed by multiple participants is known as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT).

Non-Conventional Power Plants

The non-conventional sources of energy are being continuously produced in nature and are not exhaustible. Examples include wood, geothermal energy, wind energy, tidal energy, nuclear fusion, biomass, solar energy etc.

The following are the power plants from non-conventional sources of energy.

Thermoelectric Generator

Thermionic generator

Fuel-cells Power Plants

Photovoltaic solar cells Power System

MHD Power Plants

Fussion Reactor NPP Power System

Biogas, Biomass Energy Power system

Geothermal Energy

Wind Energy Power System

Ocean Thermal energy conversion (OTEC)

Wave and Tidal Wave

Energy Plantation Scheme

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A magnetic coupling is a device that transmits torque between two shafts via a magnetic field, eliminating the need for a physical mechanical connection. This technology is widely used in various propulsion systems, such as vehicles and remotely operated underwater vehicles, to transfer torque from electric motors to propellers.

ELIX Wireless employs Magneto Dynamic Coupling (MDC) technology, which integrates rotating magnets with a built-in motor generator system for wireless power transfer.

A similar technology is showcased by the WiPASS Magnetodynamic Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system. This system features a transmitter that generates a time-varying magnetic field, while the receiver consists of a magnet that moves within a coil. The changing magnetic field produced by the transmitter applies a force or torque on the magnet, causing it to move or rotate.

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Happy new year to you all 🎉😍🎊🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉

https://engineeringstudyy.blogspot.com/2024/06/uni-junction-transistor-ujt.html

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Electrical cable sizing

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Basics of differential protection relays pdf 🤩🤩💖🥰👍👏

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📔 Electronic schematic cheat sheet

This cheat sheet would be very useful to those trying to study electronic components. It can be printed as a poster or as a classic A4 cheat sheet. Would be very useful for reading electric schematics.

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Here are some notes about MOSFETs:
Structure
A MOSFET is a four-terminal device with terminals called the source, drain, gate, and body. The body is usually connected to the source terminal, making it a three-terminal device in appearance. 
Working
A MOSFET works by varying the width of a channel where charge carriers flow. The width of the channel is controlled by the voltage applied to the gate, which is located between the source and the drain. 
Uses
MOSFETs are used in both analog and digital circuits. They are the most common type of transistor because they use less power, have higher switching speeds, and can be miniaturized easily. 
Small-signal analysis
In small-signal analysis, a small AC signal is applied on top of the DC bias voltage. The resulting output AC voltage is amplified based on the slope of the transfer characteristic at the bias point. 
Drain punch-through
Drain punch-through can lead to leakage or breakdown between the source and the drain. This can cause loss of gate control. 

 

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🔺 Basic electronics cheat sheet

A small A4-format cheat sheet with the most basic information from the electrical engineering course which includes basic electric components and formulas.

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⁠⁠Voltage Divider

A voltage divider produces an output voltage that's a fraction of its input voltage, determined by the two resistors R1 and R2.

The output voltage is determined by Vo=Vi(R2/R1+R2).

Resistor dividers are often used to generate reference voltages or as level shifters; their high impedance means that attempting to draw significant current from them will cause the voltage to vary.

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