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Carnivorous plants typically grow in nutrient-poor soils, such as marshy and boggy areas, and use their predatory methods to obtain necessary nutrients.
1. Venus Flytrap
• Uses a deadly gin trap design in its leaves.
• Has a timing mechanism to avoid snapping shut due to non-prey stimuli like raindrops.
• Attracts prey with sweet sticky nectar and slowly dissolves it using digestive juices and enzymes.
2. Nepenthes Rajah
• Can grow up to 41 cm high and 20 cm wide.
• Its tankard-like bloom can hold up to 3 litres of nectar-water and another 2.5 litres of digestive juices.
• Traps insects, rodents, lizards, and small birds which drown and dissolve inside.
Mutualistic Relationships
• Certain small species of shrew have a symbiotic relationship with Nepenthes rajah, where they sip nectar and defecate in the plant, supplying it with nitrogen.
Plant Competition in Dense Forests
• In dense forests, plants fiercely compete for sunlight, often receiving as little as 2% of the sunlight that reaches the forest floor.
• Lianas and Vines:
• Grow rapidly to reach the canopy.
• Wind around and use other plants for support, competing for sunlight, nutrients, and water, which stunts the growth of the supporting plants.
Strangler Figs
• Banyan Tree:
• Birds deposit seeds high in other trees, where they take root.
•The fig’s roots encase and gradually strangle the host tree, leading to its slow death.
• Despite their lethal nature, banyans are keystone species, providing shelter and resources for numerous animals.
Epiphytes
• Plants like orchids, ferns, and mosses grow on trees for support but derive their nutrients from leaf debris and rainwater, not harming the host tree.
Parental Strategies in Plants
• Parent plants often prevent their progeny from growing nearby to avoid competition.
• Seed Dispersal Mechanisms:
• Some plants, like the Himalayan balsam, explode their seed pods to scatter seeds far away.
• Others produce juicy fruits that attract animals, ensuring seeds are carried away.
• Some seeds are equipped with wings or parachutes to catch the wind.
Wood-Wide-Web: Cooperation and Competition
• Trees exchange nutrients and support each other through hyphae, filamentous fungi threads at their roots.
• They may also use these networks to send poisons to deter competitors.