Samapti Sinha Mahapatra Mam

Zaroor ♥️

Morphology

NEET PYQS

Gynoecium

✓Gynoecium is the female reproductive
part of the Flower and is made up of
one or more carpels

✓Carpel Consist of three parts namely
-Stigma
-Style
-Ovary

✓Ovary is the enlarged basal parts on
which lies the englonged tube(Style)

✓Style connects the ovary to the stigma

✓Stigma is usually at the tip of the style
and is recepective surface for pollen grain

✓Each ovary bears one or more ovules
attached to a flattened , cushion like placenta

✓When more than one carpel is present.
they may be

1 Apocarpous (Lotus and rose)
Carpel are Free

2 Syncarpous (Mustard and Tomato)
Carpel are Fused

✓After Fertilisation
1 Ovules Develop into seeds
2. Ovary matured into a Fruit

Give Hearts❤️❤️

𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 🫁

Pulmonary respiration (intake of atmospheric oxygen and release of CO2 rich alveolar air) → Diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the alveolar membrane → Transportation of gases by blood → Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues → Cellular respiration (catabolism of food using O2 to release energy and CO2)

Fig.: A diagram of a section of an alveolus with a pulmonary capillary

𝗘𝗫𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗔𝗦𝗘𝗦

Alveoli are the primary sites of exchange of gases.

Gaseous Exchange in Lungs

● At alveoli level, gaseous exchange occur through respiratory membrane (diffusion membrane) which is 0.2 mm thick (total thickness is much less than a mm).

● 𝗜𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗲𝗿𝘀:

(i) Alveolar epithelium (thin squamous epithelium)

(ii) Basement substance in between them (composed of a thin basement membrane supporting the squamous epithelium and the basement membrane surrounding the single layer endothelial cells of capillaries)

(iii) Endothelium of alveolar blood capillaries

● Exchange of gases also occur between blood and tissues.

● O2 and CO2 are exchanged in these sites by simple diffusion mainly based on pressure/concentration gradient

● Pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases is called partial pressure and is represented as pO2 for oxygen and pCO2 for carbon dioxide.

𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 ﮩـﮩﮩ٨ـ🫀ﮩ٨ـﮩﮩ٨ـ

➩ The end of the T-wave marks the end of systole.

➩ Counting the number of QRS complexes that occur in a given time period, one can determine the heart beat rate of an individual.

➩ A patient is connected to the machine with the three electrical leads (one to each wrist and to the left ankle).

➩ P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria, which leads to the contraction of both the atria.

➩ QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ventricles.

➩ T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to normal state (repolarisation).

Fig. Neural tissue (Neuran with neuroglea)

𝗡𝗘𝗨𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗦𝗨𝗘

❖ The most complex tissue in the body composed of densely packed interconnected nerve cells called neurons (excitable cells and unit of neural system).

❖ Neural tissue exerts the greatest control over the body's responsiveness to changing conditions.

❖ The Neuroglial cell which constitute the rest of neural system protect and support neuron and make up more than 50% volume of neural tissue.

❖ It is specialised in communication between the various parts of the body and in integration of their activities.

❖ When a neuron is suitably stimulated, an electrical disturbance is generated which swiftly travels along its plasma membrane.

❖ Arrival of the disturbance at the neuron's endings or output zone, triggers events that may cause stimulation or inhibition of adjacent neurons and other cells.

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𝗦𝗞𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗖𝗟𝗘

❖ Closely associated with the skeletal components of the body.

❖ Primarily involved in locomotion and body posture.

Skeletal muscle
⇓
Muscle bundles/Fascicles
⇓
Fascia
(collagenous connective tissue)

❖ Each muscle bundle contains a number of muscle fibres.

❖ Muscle fibre is a syncitium (sarcoplarm contains many nuclei).

❖ Endoplasmic reticulum, i.e., sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibre is the store house of calcium ions.

❖ Each muscle fibre has many parallelly arranged myofibrils/ myofilaments.

❖ Each myofibril has dark and light bands due to actin and myosin distribution that establish striated appearance.

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𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝗮𝗶𝗰 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝘀𝗺𝗮 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗲

❖ This model was proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 which is widely accepted.

❖ It described protein as ice bergs in a sea of lipids.

❖ According to this model, the quasi-fluid nature of lipid enables lateral movement of proteins within the overall bilayer. This ability to move within the membrane is measured as its fluidity.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿

❖ Cell growth

❖ Formation of intercellular junctions

❖ Secretion

❖ Endocytosis

❖ Cell division

TYPES OF BACTERIA 😴

1. On the basis of their shape:

(i) Coccus (pl: Cocci) – Spherical shaped, e.g.,  Streptococcus lactis

(ii) Bacillus (pl: Bacilli) – Rod shaped, e.g., E. coli,  Lactobacillus

(iii) Spirillum (pl: Spirilla) – Spiral shaped bacteria, e.g.,  Spirillum volutans, Spirochete.

(iv) Vibrium (pl: vibrium) – Comma shaped, e.g., Vibrio cholerae

(v) Pleomorphic bacteria – Variable in shape, e.g., Rhizobium.

Thanks preety for making this beautiful sketch 😍 ❤️

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