---
Sample MCQs:
1. What is the most common substance in the human body?
A) Oxygen
B) Water
C) Sodium
D) Glucose
Answer: B) Water
2. Which of the following factors affect body water content?
A) Age, sex, and amount of fat cells
B) Blood type and exercise
C) Diet and sleep patterns
D) Height and weight
Answer: A) Age, sex, and amount of fat cells
3. What percentage of total body water is found in intracellular fluid?
A) 25%
B) 33%
C) 42%
D) 60%
Answer: C) 42%
4. Which type of dehydration involves the equal loss of water and electrolytes?
A) Hypotonic dehydration
B) Hypertonic dehydration
C) Isotonic dehydration
D) Hyponatremic dehydration
Answer: C) Isotonic dehydration
5. Which hormone plays a key role in regulating fluid balance by influencing kidney water reabsorption?
A) Insulin
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Growth hormone
D) Melatonin
Answer: B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
6. What is the primary role of aldosterone in fluid balance?
A) Increases sodium and water retention in the kidneys
B) Increases potassium excretion in the liver
C) Stimulates thirst sensation in the hypothalamus
D) Decreases blood volume during hypovolemia
Answer: A) Increases sodium and water retention in the kidneys
7. What condition occurs due to an abnormal retention of water and sodium in the extracellular fluid?
A) Hypovolemia
B) Hypernatremia
C) Hypervolemia
D) Hypokalemia
Answer: C) Hypervolemia
8. Which process involves the movement of water and diffusible substances across a membrane from higher pressure to lower pressure?
A) Osmosis
B) Filtration
C) Active transport
D) Diffusion
Answer: B) Filtration
9. Which solution is commonly used to treat a hypotensive patient with fluid volume deficit?
A) Dextrose 5% in water
B) 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Normal Saline)
C) 0.45% Sodium Chloride
D) Dextrose 10% in water
Answer: B) 0.9% Sodium Chloride (Normal Saline)
10. What does the sodium-potassium pump primarily regulate?
A) Potassium levels in the bloodstream
B) The movement of sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells
C) The excretion of sodium through the kidneys
D) The release of potassium from the liver
Answer: B) The movement of sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells
---