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የChemistry Grade 12 Unit 5 Quiz ጥያቄዎች

💠 Archaea: Often called extremophiles, these prokaryotic microorganisms thrive in some of the harshest environments on Earth! 🌋❄️ They are incredibly diverse and play crucial roles in ecosystems, especially in nutrient cycling.

💠 Beneficial Aspects of Archaea

🔻 Biogeochemical Cycles
Archaea play a crucial role in carbon and nitrogen cycles, helping to decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients. ♻️

🔻 Biotechnology Applications🔬 
Their unique enzymes, known as extremozymes, are used in industrial processes, including biofuels and pharmaceuticals. They can withstand extreme conditions! ⚗️

🔻 Environmental Remediation🌿 
Certain archaea can help break down pollutants and waste, making them valuable for bioremediation efforts.🧹

💠 Factors Affecting Microbial Growth

🔸 Temperature🌡 
Each type of archaea has an optimal temperature range for growth; too hot or too cold can inhibit their function.

🔸 pH Levels ⚖️ 
Archaea can thrive in extreme pH levels, but each species has its preferred range for optimal growth.

🔸 Salinity 🌊 
Halophiles love high salt concentrations, while other archaea may not survive in such conditions.

🔸 Oxygen Levels 🌬 
Some archaea are anaerobic and thrive without oxygen, while others require it for their metabolic processes.

💠 Reproduction

Archaea primarily reproduce asexually through binary fission, similar to bacteria.
This allows them to rapidly colonize extreme environments under favorable conditions. 📈👶
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💠 Eubacteria

also known as "true bacteria," are a large group of prokaryotic microorganisms🦠 characterized by their simple cellular structure.
Eubacteria are incredibly adaptable and can thrive in diverse environments, from extreme heat 🔥 to high salinity 🌊.

💠 Structure of Bacterial Cells 🦠

Cell Wall: surrounds the bacterial cell, made mainly of a substance called peptidoglycan.
➤It provides structural support and helps determine the shape of the bacteria. 🛡️

Cell Membrane: inside the cell wall, the cell membrane acts like a gatekeeper.
This lipid bilayer controls what enters and exits the cell, ensuring that essential nutrients come in while waste products go out.🚪

Cytoplasm💧: is a jelly-like substance that fills the interior of the cell. ⚙️

Ribosomes: are tiny structures that play a crucial role in making proteins.
They read the genetic information and help assemble amino acids into proteins, which are vital for growth and reproduction. 📈

DNA 🧬 : Bacteria typically have a single circular strand of DNA located in a region called the nucleoid.
They may also carry small circles of DNA known as plasmids, which can provide extra traits like antibiotic resistance.

💠 Bacterial Shapes

👉 Cocci (Spherical) ⚪ 
These are round-shaped bacteria. They can exist alone, in pairs (diplococci), in chains (streptococci), or in clusters (staphylococci).

👉 Bacilli (Rod-shaped)📏 
Can be found alone or in chains, resembling tiny sausages.
They’re straight and elongated, which helps them move through liquids easily! 🧊

👉 Spirilla (Spiral)🌀 
These bacteria have a spiral shape and can move in a corkscrew motion. They’re like little swimmers doing a twisty dance in the water! 🚀

💠 Nutritional Types 🍽️

➤ Autotrophs 🌞 
Autotrophic bacteria can produce their own food! 
➤ Photoautotrophs
use sunlight to create energy, much like plants do.  ☀️ 
➤ Chemoautotrophs
obtain energy from chemical reactions involving inorganic substances ⚗️

➤ Heterotrophs🍕 
Heterotrophic bacteria rely on organic compounds for their energy and carbon needs.
Many are decomposers that break down dead material, returning nutrients to the ecosystem. They’re nature’s recyclers! 🦠💔

➤ Saprophytes🌱 
These bacteria feed on dead organic matter, playing a crucial role in decomposition and nutrient cycling. ♻️

➤ Parasites🦠💀 
Some bacteria are parasites that live off living hosts, often causing diseases.
They can be harmful, but they also play roles in ecological balance. It’s a complex relationship! 🚑

💠 Importance of Eubacteria

🔻Ecological Roles🌳 
Eubacteria are essential for nutrient cycling, especially nitrogen fixation, which helps plants grow. 🌾🌼

🔻Human Health❤️ 
While some bacteria can cause diseases, many are beneficial.
For instance, gut bacteria help us digest food and maintain our health. They’re our invisible allies! 🍽️🦠

🔻Biotechnology 🔬 
Eubacteria are used in various biotechnological applications, such as fermentation (think yogurt and cheese!), bioremediation (cleaning up pollutants), and genetic engineering (producing insulin).
They’re revolutionizing science and industry! 🥛🔧

💠 Reproduction

Eubacteria primarily reproduce asexually through a process called binary fission.
This means one bacterium splits into two identical cells, allowing for rapid growth under favorable conditions. 📈👶