Python Tkinter

Besides Frame, there is a similar class LabelFrame - a frame with a signature. Unlike a simple frame, it has a text property.

… 
f_top = LabelFrame(text="Верх")
f_bot = LabelFrame(text="Низ")
…

Result

Frames are placed on the main window, and widgets are placed in the frames:

from tkinter import *
 
root = Tk()
f_top = Frame(root)
f_bot = Frame(root)
l1 = Label(f_top, width=7, height=4, bg='yellow', text="1")
l2 = Label(f_top, width=7, height=4, bg='orange', text="2")
l3 = Label(f_bot, width=7, height=4, bg='lightgreen', text="3")
l4 = Label(f_bot, width=7, height=4, bg='lightblue', text="4")
 
f_top.pack()
f_bot.pack()
l1.pack(side=LEFT)
l2.pack(side=LEFT)
l3.pack(side=LEFT)
l4.pack(side=LEFT)
 
root.mainloop()

The problem of the last two options is that if you need to place widgets in a square, that is, two on the top, two on the bottom exactly under the two upper ones, then this is problematic, if at all possible. Therefore resort to an auxiliary widget - a frame, which is generated from the class Frame.
#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #geometry #widgets
The pack() method has a side parameter that takes one of four tkinter values - TOP, BOTTOM, LEFT, RIGHT. By default, when pack () does not specify side, its value is TOP. This causes the widgets to be placed vertically.

Let's create four painted labels.

...
l1 = Label(width=7, height=4, bg='yellow', text="1")
l2 = Label(width=7, height=4, bg='orange', text="2")
l3 = Label(width=7, height=4, bg='lightgreen', text="3")
l4 = Label(width=7, height=4, bg='lightblue', text="4")
...

and consider different combinations of side values:

#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #geometry #widgets
Example

Try the following example by moving cursor on different buttons



# !/usr/bin/python3
from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
frame = Frame(root)
frame.pack()

bottomframe = Frame(root)
bottomframe.pack( side = BOTTOM )

redbutton = Button(frame, text = "Red", fg = "red")
redbutton.pack( side = LEFT)

greenbutton = Button(frame, text = "Brown", fg = "brown")
greenbutton.pack( side = LEFT )

bluebutton = Button(frame, text = "Blue", fg = "blue")
bluebutton.pack( side = LEFT )

blackbutton = Button(bottomframe, text = "Black", fg = "black")
blackbutton.pack( side = BOTTOM)

root.mainloop()


When the above code is executed, it produces the following result ⬇️

Style Guide for Python Code (PEP8)
This document gives coding conventions for the Python code comprising the standard library in the main Python distribution.

https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/

The most simple and popular is method pack() which is in all widget-objects.

If you don't pass argument to pack() all widgets will located vertical, one under one.
That object who first called pack() will be at the top. Who will be second - under first etc.

Here is the list of possible options :

* expand − When set to true, widget expands to fill any space not otherwise used in widget's parent.

* fill − Determines whether widget fills any extra space allocated to it by the packer, or keeps its own minimal dimensions: NONE (default), X (fill only horizontally), Y (fill only vertically), or BOTH (fill both horizontally and vertically).

* side − Determines which side of the parent widget packs against: TOP (default), BOTTOM, LEFT, or RIGHT.

* ipadx and ipady - internal indents

* padx and pady - external indents

* anchor - used to define where text is positioned relative to a reference point. List of possible constants : NW, N,
NE, W, CENTER, E, SW, S, SE (abbreviation of : north, south, east, west)

#pack #geometry #widgets

#pack #grid #place #geometry #widgets

Geometry manager organizes widgets in blocks before placing them in the parent widget.

If you don't use any geometry manager for element of interface it don't show up in window

There are three geometry managers:
1) pack ()
2) grid ()
3) place ()

At the same time in the same window (or any other parent widget) you can't combine different managers.
For example, if you started placing widgets with the pack () method, then you shouldn't immediately use the grid () and place () methods.


#pack #grid #place #geometry #widgets

#If we need download image with extension other than .png we must include library PIL (python image library) in our project

from PIL import ImageTk

master.image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(file='E:/pp/image2.jpg')

# Create window with background image

from tkinter import *
class StartWindow:
def __init__(self, master):
master.geometry('1024x720') # window size
master.title("Window with background")
master.image = PhotoImage(file='E:/pp/water.png')
bg_label = Label(master, image=master.image)
bg_label.grid(row=0, column=0)

root = Tk()
my_gui = StartWindow(root)
root.mainloop()