⚕️𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐭 𝐔𝐆 (𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐨𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫'𝐬)🩺

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❇️💡Can You guess what Physic experiments illustrating in the diagram ?🤔🤔 Can you answer?

Public Notice dated 17 October 2024 for Discontinuation of optional questions for selection in Section B of Joint Entrance Examination (Main)-2025 Examination.

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NEET UG 2024 All India MCC Counselling MBBS 3rd Round Cutoff

OPEN 24842 Marks 652
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SC 122872 Marks 553
ST 166849 Marks 527

Blood Groups

*ABO Blood Group System:
- Blood Types: A, B, AB, O.
- Antigens: A (A blood group), B (B blood group), both (AB blood group), none (O blood group).
- Antibodies: Anti-B (A), Anti-A (B), none (AB), Anti-A and Anti-B (O).
- Universal Donor: O; Universal Acceptor: AB.

*Rh Factor:
Rh+: Presence of Rh antigen.
Rh–: Absence of Rh antigen.

- Erythroblastosis Fetalis: A condition in Rh– mothers carrying an Rh+ fetus; can lead to hemolytic disease in newborns if not managed with anti-Rh antibodies.

*Coagulation of Blood
- Process: Involves the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel, forming a clot.
-Prothrombin to Thrombin: Enzyme thrombokinase converts prothrombin into thrombin.
-Fibrin Formation: Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms a mesh that traps blood cells to create a clot.
-Role of Ca++: Calcium ions are essential for various steps in the clotting cascade.
Lymph

*Lymph: A clear fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system, helping to maintain fluid balance, transport fats, and contribute to immune responses.
-Function: Returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, transports fats absorbed from the intestine, and plays a role in immune defense by housing lymphocytes.

Erythrocytes (RBCs):

*Structure: Biconcave, disk-shaped cells without a nucleus in their mature form, which increases their surface area for gas exchange and allows them to deform as they pass through capillaries.

*Function: RBCs contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues. They also help in transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

*Lifespan: Approximately 120 days. After this, they are destroyed in the spleen, which is often referred to as the "graveyard of RBCs."

*Formation: Occurs in the red bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis, which is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin, primarily produced by the kidneys.

Leucocytes (WBCs):

Types:
*Granulocytes:
-Neutrophils: Phagocytic cells, first responders to infection.
-Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections and are involved in allergic reactions.
-Basophils: Release histamine during inflammatory responses.

*Agranulocytes:
-Lymphocytes: Key players in the immune system; includes B cells (produce antibodies) and T cells (attack infected cells).
-Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells; involved in phagocytosis.

*Lifespan: Typically 3-4 days, though it varies by type.

Blood Composition:

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that plays a critical role in transporting nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It has a slightly alkaline pH of approximately 7.4.

*Plasma: Constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. Plasma is a viscous, straw-colored fluid, consisting mainly of:

*Water: 90-92%, which acts as a solvent and medium for carrying various substances.

*Proteins: 6-8%, including:
-Fibrinogens: Essential for blood clotting.
-Albumins: Help in maintaining osmotic balance and blood pressure.
-Globulins: Involved in immune responses (antibodies).
-Other Solutes: Includes amino acids, glucose, electrolytes (such as Na+, Ca++, Cl–), hormones, waste products, and dissolved gases.

*Formed Elements: The cellular components of blood, which include:
-Erythrocytes (RBCs): The most abundant cells in the blood, responsible for oxygen transport.
-Leucocytes (WBCs): Cells of the immune system that defend against infection.
-Thrombocytes (Platelets): Cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Characteristics of Fungi (In Points):

•Eukaryotic: Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, meaning they have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

•Non-vascular and Non-motile: They do not have vascular tissues and are non-motile (cannot move).

•Heterotrophic: Fungi are heterotrophic, obtaining nutrients by absorbing organic matter, as they cannot produce their own food.

•Unicellular or Filamentous: Fungi can be unicellular (e.g., yeast) or filamentous (e.g., molds).

•Spore Reproduction: They reproduce through spores, which can be spread by wind, water, or other organisms.

•Alternation of Generation: Fungi exhibit alternation of generations in their life cycle.

•Lack of Chlorophyll: Fungi do not have chlorophyll, so they cannot perform photosynthesis.

•Food Storage: Fungi store food as starch, unlike animals that store glycogen.

•Chitin Synthesis: They biosynthesize chitin, a key component of their cell walls.

•Small Nuclei: The nuclei in fungal cells are typically very small.

•No Embryonic Stage: Fungi develop directly from spores, without an embryonic stage.

•Reproduction Modes: Reproduction can be either sexual or asexual.

•Parasitic Nature: Some fungi are parasitic, infecting hosts and sometimes causing diseases.

•Pheromone Production: Fungi produce pheromones that facilitate sexual reproduction.

•Examples: Common examples of fungi include mushrooms, molds, and yeast.

Note on Fungi : Fungi are a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. They are characterized by their heterotrophic mode of nutrition, meaning they absorb nutrients from organic matter rather than producing their own food like plants. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, a strong and flexible polysaccharide.

Structurally, fungi are composed of hyphae, which are thread-like structures that form a network called mycelium, the main body of the fungus. Fungi reproduce through spores, which can be asexual (e.g., conidia) or sexual (e.g., ascospores in Ascomycota and basidiospores in Basidiomycota).

Fungi play essential ecological roles as decomposers, breaking down dead organic matter and recycling nutrients in ecosystems. Some fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants (mycorrhizae), while others can be parasitic, causing diseases in plants, animals, and humans.

Fungi are also economically important, being used in food production (yeasts in baking and brewing), medicine (antibiotics like penicillin), and biotechnology.

This kingdom is diverse and has a significant impact on both natural ecosystems and human industries.Fungi

⭐️ Neet Past Year's Trend Analysis (Physics)

For more details about their contribution visit here: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/press-release/